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非谓语动词作状语用法详细讲解

非谓语动词作状语用法详解

一、不定式作状语

不定式作状语常常考查的有以下三方面知识：

⒈不定式作目的状语

一方面不定式可以独立作目的状语；另一方面不定式还可以用在

so as (to) 或 in order (to) 后，表示目的。从结构上讲，不定式作目的状语放于句首时，通常用逗号和句子隔开；如果放于句末，通常不用逗号：

【名题1】 (2003北京海淀区高三第二学期期中练习· 26)

_____ their service, the workers of the hotel are active in learning English.

A. Improving

B. To improve

C. Improved

D. Having improved

【解析】本题考查非谓语动词作状语。不定式放于句首，说明了酒店员工积极学习英语的目的。答案为B。

【名题2】 (2003北京东城区高三总复习练习（一）· 26)

______ time and labour, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their charac ters with only three fingers and a thumb.

A. To save

B. Saved

C. Saving

D. Having saved

【解析】本题考查非谓语动词作状语。不定式放于句首，说明了漫画家在画人物的手指时为什么只画三个手指和一个大拇指。答案为A。

【名题3】(’99SHMET· 18)

—Mum. Why do you always make me eat an egg every day?

—_______ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.

A. Get

B. Getting

C. To get

D. To be

【解析】本题考查非谓语动词作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况；不定式作状语多表示目的和结果。问句以why 开头，暗示了要用非谓语动词作目的状语。作目的状语的不定式可用in order to 来引起；有时为了强调，也常常放在句首。答案为C。

2．不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语时放于句末，其前面时常有副词only （In the last analysis or final outcome:—最后的分析，最终结果：）：

【名题4】 (2004陕西省高三调研题· 27)

The American troops tried many times to break into the mosque, _______eac h time.

A. beaten back

B. only to be beaten back

C. being beaten back

D. having been beaten back

【解析】本题考查动词不定式作结果状语。A项为过去分词，其基本属性是表示“一个早于谓语动词而发生的被动动作”，通常说明谓语动词发生背景；C项为现在分词的被动体，其基本属性是表示“一个和谓语动词同时发生的被动动作”，但这种形式一般不用于作状语；D项为分词完成体的被动形式，用以强调该被动动作在位于发生之前已经完成。答案为B。

3．不定式作原因状语用作原因状语的不定式一般放于句末，偶尔也见于句首。说明谓语动作或状态产生的原因：

【名题5】 (2001陕西省高三调研题（一）· 27)

We all jumped with great joy ______ the news that our country would have j oined WTO by the end of the year.

A. hearing

B. to have heard

C. being heard

D. to hear

【解析】本题考查动词不定式作原因状语。现在分词放于句末作状语时，一般要用逗号和句子隔开；根据题干可以看出这里只说明高兴得跳起的原因，而不是动作是否已经完成。答案为D。

不定式的这种用法常见于表示人的心理感受的形容词作表语的句式中。这类形容词常见的有：

happy, glad, sorry, lucky, fortunate, unfortunate, ashamed, surprised, frighten ed, shocked, delighted, disappointed, anxious, impatient, foolish, rude, cruel, wrong, considerate, prompt, etc. 如：

⑴ Many people are eager to take part in the coming Olympic Games.

⑵ We shall be happy to co-operate with you in the work.

⑶ I was annoyed to hear them talk like that.

二、现在分词作状语

使用现在分词作状语时，分词动作的执行者必须是句子的主语。通常有以下三种题型：

1．作伴随状语，表示分词动作同句子谓语动词所表示动作同时进行：

【例题6】 (2002天津市高三模拟试题（二）· 29)

______ the merry tune, Jack fixed the tire.

A. Whistling

B. To whistle

C. Whistled

D. Having been whistled

【解析】题干中的the merry tune作非谓语动词的宾语，所以排除表达被动意义的C, D两项；不定式放于句首只能作目的状语；现在分词放于句首时，可以作伴随状语，说明“杰克一边吹这欢乐的小调，一边装这轮胎”。答案为A。

但也有相当一部分只能放句子后面，都可以放：

【例题7】 (2004陕西省高三调研题· 31)

All night long he lay awake, _______ how to drive the American invaders bac k home.

A. to think

B. thinking

C. thought

D. being thought

【解析】现在分词作伴随状语。（译文：他彻夜未眠，思量着如何把美国鬼子赶回家。）答案为B。

2．作原因状语。例如：

【名题8】 (2003南昌高三测试题· 26)

______good , the food was sold out soon.

A. Tasting

B. Tasted

C. Being tasted

D. Having been tasted

【解析】 taste 可作系动词，所以没有被动形式。C项是现在分词一般体的被动形式，

表示一个和句子谓语同时进行的被动动作；D项是动名词完成体的被动形式表示一个

早于谓语动词的被动动作，但动名词不可以作状语。作状语时，如果要表示一个早于

谓语动词的被动动作，用过去分词即可。答案为A。

【名题9】 (2004南阳市高三第二次模拟试题· 34)

—A traffic jam?

—Oh, no. _______, the right side of the road is closed for the time being.

A. To be repaired

B. Being repaired

C. Repaired

D. Having repaired

【解析】句子的主语是the right side of the road，它和非谓语动词“维修”之间属被动关系，所以排除D；而C过去分词虽然也表示被动，但在时间上却早于句子的谓语；A项虽为被动，但表示的是将来，只说明暂时封闭的目的；B项说明路正在维修，作原因状语。答案为B。

现在分词短语作原因状语，尤其见于be，feel，know，recognize，fear等状态动词的现在分词(短语)，以及现在分词的否定式用作状语时。例：

⑴ Seeing the door locked, he realized that he would have to turn back in v ain again.

⑵ Not knowing her address, I can’t write to her to express my gratitude to him.

⑶ Not having finished her work, she had to work extra hours.

⑷ They sent us their statement, hoping to get our support.

3．作时间状语，相当于when 引起的从句：

【名题10】 (2003天津市重点中学联考题· 34)

______the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of her life.

A. Seeing; frightened

B. Seeing; frightening

C. Seen; frightened

D. To see; frightening

【解析】首先小姑娘看见蛇说明see 和句子的主语是主动关系；C项是过去分词，其根本属性是表示被动，表示一个在句子谓语发生之前已经发生的一个被动动作；D项虽然表示了和主语之间的主动关系，但不定式的根本属性是表示将来。所以，C, D均可排除。而frightened （受惊的）作状语说明了主语受惊后的状态；

frightening （令人恐惧的）说明主语的特点。答案为A。

【名题11】 (2004太原市高考模拟试题· 26)

_______ to her apartment, she found her necklace missing.

A. To return

B. Returned

C. Being returned

D. Returning

【解析】题中的return意为“返回”，因而不可能有被动形式；不定式放于句首通常只能是作目的状语，因此不和题义。而这里现在分词放于句首相当于一个由when连接的时间状语从句，表示这动作一发生，谓语表示的动作立即发生。答案为D。

如果两个动作是同时发生，多用when或while加分词这种结构,例：

⑴ Be careful when crossing the street.

⑵ When leaving the room, she forgot to lock the door.

⑶ She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.

⑷Don’t mention this while talking to him.

4．如果分表示的动作发生于谓语所表示的动作之前，就用分词的完成体：

【名题12】 (2001NMET · 35)

______ such heavy pollution already, it may not be too late to clear up the ri ver.

A. Having suffered

B. Suffering

C. To suffer

D. Suffered

【解析】本题考查非谓语动词作状语。按照传统语法，现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语相一致，但这里分词的逻辑主语是river(作宾语)，又有already 提示“suffer”发生在谓语之前，故用现在分词完成体作状语。答案为A。

【名题13】 (2003广州市高三调研题· 27)

______a seat, she left her books on it.

A. Found

B. Finding

C. To find

D. Having found

【解析】根据题义，只有找到座位，才可以把书本放在上面。只有现在分词的完成体

D才说明了“find”发生在谓语动作发生之前。答案为D。

三、过去分词作状语

过去分词作状语，用来说明谓语动作发生的背景或情况，通常有以下几种题型：

1.作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句：

【名题14】 (2003辽宁省重点中学连考题· 35)

______ , the young man is healthy and strong..

A. Fully developed

B. Fully growing

C. Full developing

D. Full grown

【解析】本题考查非谓语动词作状语。首先，分词前要用副词来修饰；其次，grow是

不及物动词，可以说grow quickly（长地快）、grow old （变老），但

fully growing就不和逻辑了。而developt （使发展）。A和句子的主语是被动关系，说明了该年轻人身体强健的原因是因为得到了全面发展。答案为A。

【名题15】 (2004昆明市高三模拟试题· 28)

______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing

B. Having lost

C. Lost

D. To lose

【解析】 Lose 是及物动词，意思是“专心致志于…”,后接反身代

词； lost in thought源于lose oneself in thought。答案为C。

2.表示一个假设情况，相当于一个条件从句：

【名题16】 (2002辽宁省重点中学连考题· 25)

______ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing...

A. To look at

B. Looked at

C. Looking at

D. To be looked at

【解析】题中的look at 是及物动词，而句子的主语situation 和 look at 只能是被动

关系；D项虽为被动体，但不定式放于句首时只能作目的状语，其语法功能和题义不符。答案为B。

【名题17】 (2003太原市高三统一练习题（三）· 30)

_______ with developed countries, we still have a long way to go.

A. To compare

B. Compared

C. Comparing

D. Being compared

【解析】本句可以转换为复合句

“If we are compared with developed countries, we still have a long way to go.”由此得知句子的主语we和compare之间属于被动关系，所以要用过去分词。答案为B。

4. 一般情况下非谓语动词作状语时，要求非谓语动词表示的动作和谓语动词的主语相同，但也有少数分词短语实际上已经成为固定结构，表示说话人对说话内容所持的

态度。如：

【名题18】 (2000高考春招· 17)

______the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover fro m the operation.

A. Given

B. To give

C. Giving

D. Having given

【解析】 given在此意为“鉴于”、“考虑到”。这种评说性的独立成分作状语，其逻辑主语不要求和句子的主语保持一致。这种情况下，分词短语的逻辑上的主语和句子的主语是不一致的，可以看作是一种独立成分.例：

⑴ Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.

⑵ Considering his age, the child reads well.

⑶ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong.

⑷ Given their inexperience, they have done a good job.

答案为A。

5. 分词作状语时，有时前面可以加上一个连词。连词

than, as, once, if, unless, though, even if等之后，均可以接一个过去分词作状语，这时，分词的逻辑主语是分词的动作对象。

【名题19】 (2002NMET

The research is so designed that once _______nothing can be done to chang e it.

A. begins

B. having begun

C. beginning

D. begun

【解析】 :本题考查的是过去分词作条件状语从句时的用法.在这儿once begun可换成once it is begun,故最佳答案是D项.

【名题20】 (2002上海春招)

When _______, the museum will be open to the public next year.

A. completed

B. completing

C. being completed

D. to be completed

【解析】该题考查过去分词充当时间状语的用法.同样把when completed还原成when it is completed便可知最佳答案为A.

【名题21】（2002合肥市高三第二次抽样考试· 28）

______ who she was, she said she was Mary’s cousin.

A. Asked

B. When asked

C. When asking

D. Asking

例：⑴ Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.

⑵ Though beaten by the opposite team, the players didn’t lose heart.

⑶ If carefully done, the experiment will be successful.

要学习掌握非谓语动词作状语，就必须牢记不定式、现在分词和过去分词的基本属

性，并据此从句子的整体结构去理解句子的含义。只有这样，才能有效地排除干扰项，并作出正确选择。

非谓语动词作状语的用法

分考点 1 不定式作状语 Point 1 做目的状语，意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。 To pass the college entrance exam, we must work hard. 为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。 Mike had to shout to make himself heard above the sound of the music. 麦克不得不大声说话，以便能在如此大的音乐下被别人听见。【特别注意】也可用in order to 或so as to 表示目的，但so as to 不能用于句首。 The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 公交车停下来以便搭载乘客。 He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起是为了赶上第一版公交车。 Point 2 作结果状语。常表示令人意外的结果。 Only/just to do 表示意想不到的结果 Enough to do 足够做... Too...to do 太...而不能..... So/such... as to...如此...以至于.... I went to see him last night only/ just to find him out. 我昨晚去找他。结果发现他出去了。（表示出乎意料的结果） Mary is too tired to do the job. 玛丽太累了，做不了这项工作。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学的年龄了。 Point 3 作原因状语。常用在表示情感或态度的sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad,happy 等形容词后，常用结构为“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”。 Tom was very happy to see his mother. 汤姆看到她的妈妈很高兴。 I was surprised to find him here. 发现他在这里我很开心。【特别注意】easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good 等形容词表示主语的特征或性质，后面接不定式作状语时，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主语形式表示被动意义。 English is easy to learn. 英语学起来很容易。 The book is very hard to understand. 这本书很难理解。分考点 2 分词作状语形式意义 Doing 主动，进行 Having doing 主动，完成 Done 被动，完成；用作形容词，表状态 Being done 被动，进行，意为“正在被做”

非谓语动词作状语之分词作状语

非谓语动词作状语之分词作状语一、考点风向标高考完形填空、阅读理解中（长难句分析）怎么考高考语法填空中（已给单词正确形式填空）高考短文改错中运用在高考作文中，必得高分二、考场点将台动词不定式（to do）非谓语动词作状语现在分词（doing）过去分词（done）构成形式：总结：分词做状语（时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等）：doing 与句子主语是主动关系，表示与谓语动词同时或基本同时发生having done 与句子主语是主动关系，表示先于谓语动词发生

done与句子主语是被动关系，表示完成 being done与句子主语是被动关系，表示与谓语动词同时发生，一般在句首做原因状语 having been done与句子主语是被动关系，表示先于谓语动词发生三、开始练兵请观察下列例句，找出非谓语动词，并且判断做什么成分 1. Asked why he did it，he said it was his duty. ( ) 2. Hearing the news, they immediately set off for shanghai.( ) 3. He wandered down the street, not knowing where to go. ( ) 4. His parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan. ( ) 5. Knowing where I live，he never comes to see me. ( ) 6. The old man got on the bus, supported by a girl. ( ) 7. Having finished his homework, Tom went to play basketball. ( ) 8. Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes. ( ) 9. Working hard, you’ll succeed one day. ( ) students came into the classroom, talking and laughing. ( ) 11. Being repaired now，this classroom can not be used. ( ) TIPS:仔细观察主从句的结构，看看它和复合句有什么区别总结归纳：（1）非谓语句式特点复合句句式特点 1. 非谓语动词+句子 1. 主句+连词+从句 2. 句子+非谓语动词 2. 连词+从句+主句

非谓语动词用法讲解

非谓语动词讲解 1. 动词不定式（1）动词不定式的构成：不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to，这里的to是不定式符号，本身无词义，动词不定式的否定形式是not+(to+)动词原形。（2）动词不定式的句法功能： 1)不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，其结构为：It + be + adj. +(for/of sb.)+动词不定式。如： To learn English well is useful．→It is useful to learn English well．

学好英语很有用。 It’s important for us to protect the environment．保护环境对我们来说很重要。注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如： It’s very kind of you to help me．你帮助我真是太好啦。 It’s very clever of you to do like that．你那样做真是太聪明啦! 2)不定式作宾语 ①一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如：would like，like，want，wish，hope，decide，plan，expect等。如：Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看电影吗? ②在find，think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。如：I find it easy to read English every day．我发现每天读英语很容易。 ③常见的一些不带to的动词不定式 why not do...，why don’t you do...，had better(not) do...，would rather do，could/would/will you please(not) do... 如：I would rather stay in the room．我宁愿待在房间里。 3)不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：tell，ask，want，allow，get，would like，encourage 后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：Lucy asked him to turn down the radio．露西让他关小收音机。 My mother encourages me to learn Japanese．我妈妈鼓励我学日语。注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有：一感(feel)、二听(hear，listen to)、三让(let，make，have)、四看(look at，see，watch，notice)，但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如：My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss．老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。 4)不定式作定语

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