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American History美国历史

American history

United States is reputed for diversity and freedom from its historic period of colonialism. Initially, however, the freedom of Americans was tied to ethnic and religious affiliations mixture that granted privileges to some North America inhabitants over others. Although the idea of liberty in Europe created liberty possibilities, those liberties were different in North America colony, where African and indigenous cultures and peoples had little influence. As a result, there was greater liberty or freedom for some while others faced unprecedented dispossession and slavery, which made America’s colony a society with much diversity as compared to Europe (Alexander & Rucker, 2010).

The indigenous traditions of freedom and immigration in the United States led to creation of a context, which made colonization of Europeans possible. For a long time, the initial America inhabitants were habituated to handle and deal with strangers. The Americans counterfeited exchange and alliances networks, accepted refugees, and allowed people who needed protection and land to secure and settle in in territories under control but were denied to share (Johnson, 2012). Initially, those who arrived in small numbers, carrying with them valuable trade items, and with offer of protection from enemies resulted to strengthening of indigenous communities by the Europeans. These immigrants were given rights for using specific sections of land similar to other needy peoples of native America especially during the Pennsylvania of 18th century. However, people from Europe brought with them private property beliefs, disease, more immigrants, and were rarely characterized by cruel violence that resulted to undermining of indigenous liberty. After the Native Americans’ contest against this issue, there was eruption of wars that they could not handle or win. The people who avoided being virtual servants or slaves were driven and evacuated from their residence or homes.

Sometimes, a colonial ruler like William Penn who anticipated in preservation of peace would struggle and strive to honor indigenous Americans rights. Nevertheless, given that European and indigenous liberty ideas of depended on land and other resources access, it was challenging for Native Americans and Europeans to have liberty in their territory without neutral arbiter. During the American Revolution eve, the government of Britain seemed to have the ability to play that role, even so, British Americans depended on the monarchy for guaranteeing their liberties and the independence of America terminated that option. Subsequently, the original inhabitants of America lacked mediation between them and their exploiters.

I agree that African immigrants faced tragedy for instance Africans had a similar belief with Native Americans that liberty would not be separated from one's ties of family. Kinship whether fictive or actual granted people with protection and rights necessary for living in freedom. Most Africans were reduced to slavery condition thus; they had little say over where their destiny would be. In addition, before the arrival of Africans in North America, they were subjected to slavery in the New World because they were already separated from their native communities in Africa (Gates, 2011). However, those that had kin or forged new relationships with strangers were spared. On the other hand, it was very difficult for the Africans to escape and communities that had fugitive slaves did not last for long. Contrary to Native Americans, who had the ability to secure freedom through vacating from frontier, Africans had no option but to struggle to attain liberty within the society of Britain whose prosperity rested on involuntary their labor. The Europeans from Britain often viewed as Indians also struggle to gain freedom as Africans did (O'Brien, 2011, p136-137).

In addition, early U.S. citizens of European heritage, especially those that owned slaves or land, had the greatest right of freedom in early colonial America. The Spanish, French, and

Dutch also established native colonies that later became part of United States of America. The British also brought the tobacco trade to this newly- discovered land (The American Promise, 2012). Furthermore, each had diverse approach towards achievement of liberty. The Spanish and French who originated from communities with peasants who practiced farming, they sought liberty by avoiding labor of agriculture. The nobles who possessed land peasants to work on their farms, topped in freedom (Skogen, 2008, p1513). On the other hand, artisans and merchants, who worked and lived in cities, which did not have feudal obligations, followed. In all colonies, people from Europe lived under various circumstances, from servants who were underprivileged to plantation owners and merchants who were wealthy.

In conclusion, the force of religion shaped the relationships among the Africans immigrants, Native Americans among others; this is because religion could not be separated from liberty experience in the empires of Europe. The Spanish and French empires were Roman Catholic nevertheless these empires used power to expel or convert those who failed to conform. On the other hand, the Dutch applied a dissimilar approach as they befitted their condition to be small and newly self-determining yet a nation with dynamic economic (Zott, 2012). However, Protestants who had reformed for they had unusual honesty to foreign immigrants such as Jews of Iberia, while Roman Catholic natives were relegated to a middle class status enjoyed full benefits of citizenship from Dutch. With time, there was freedom in the United States due to religious approach therefore slavery ended as well as other forms of mistreatment.

References

Alexander, L. M., & Rucker, W. C. (2010). Encyclopedia of African American history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Johnson, M. P. (2012). Reading the American past: Selected historical documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.

Gates, H. L. (2011). Life upon these shores: Looking at African American history, 1513-2008.

New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

O'Brien, M. J. (2011). Gaelic Games, Nationalism and the Irish Diaspora in the United States.

Immigrants & Minorities, 29(1), 136-139. doi:10.1080/02619288.2011.552234

James L. R. & Michael P. J. &Patricia C. C. & Sarah S. & Susan M. H. (2012). The American Promise Value Edition, Volume 1: To 1877: A history of the United States. Bedford/ St.

Martin’s

Skogen, L. (2008). :Self‐Determination: The Other Path for Native Americans. AM HIST REV, 113(5), 1512-1513. doi:10.1086/ahr.113.5.1512

Zott, L. M. (2012). Native Americans. Detroit: Greenhaven Press.

American History 英美概况美国历史

American History ?I. America in the colonial era ?II. The War of Independence ?III. The Civil War ?IV. America during the two World Wars I. America in the colonial era ?Who were the very first Americans? ?Who was the first one discovering the new continent? ?After whom was the new continent named? I. America in the colonial era ?1.The very first Americans were Indians. ●They created their civilization, known as Maya civilization, dominating Mexico and Central America from 4th to the 10th centuries. ●They were the descendants of the Mongoloid (蒙古人种的) people in Asia. ●About 20,000 years ago, they traveled to the North American continent across the Bering Strait (白令海峡). ?2. Christopher Columbus is believed to have discovered America. ●In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, he believed he had reached India and called the natives Indians. ?In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, also under the Spanish flag, drew the conclusion that what he found was a new continent. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Since the America was found, the Spanish established many colonies: Florida, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. ?In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy，which put England in a better position to provide support for its New World colonies. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. ?These 13 colonies were established in different patterns: ●crown colonies ( 直辖殖民地), ●proprietary colonies ( 业主殖民地), ●charter colonies ( 特许公司殖民地), ●self-governing or compact colonies ( 自治殖民地或契约殖民地). ?1) The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607. ?2) In 1620, a group of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth, and built the New Plymouth colony in New England. These Pilgrims drew up the epoch-making Mayflower Compact (五月花契约), which was signed by all adult males on the ship. 3. The establishment of colonies ?3) From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. ?Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it was combined with Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritans ?People who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England. ?"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups: ?"separating" Puritans, radical Protestants, such as the Plymouth colonists, the pilgrims, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and ?“non-separating” Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in

american history Test-1

Test 1 1. What Indian helped the Plymouth Colony (普利茅斯殖民地)survive? What was his history? Squanto. He told then how to grow corn and other crops. He was a slave in England. Then he escaped and returned to America, joined another group. 2. Who was the famous courtier(大臣) of Queen Elizabeth I who helped found Roanoke Colony（罗阿诺克殖民地）and was later executed to satisfy the King of Spain? Sir Walter Raleigh（沃尔特·罗利爵士） 3. What lady was a religious dissenter in Massachusetts, claimed direct revelations from God, was eventually forced to flee to Rhode Island, and later died with children on Long Island? Ann Hutchinson 4. Who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and what sermon is he famous for? John Winthrop. “We will be …as a city set on a hill? and the whole world will see what we build.” 5. Whose tough discipline saved the Jamestown Colony for a while and who he claimed saved him from death at the hands of angry Indians. John Smith. Princess Pocahontas 6. What English philanthropist founded a prison colony among the British colonies? James Oglethorpe 7. He was brother to King Charles II, he received lots of land between Maryland and Connecticut and gave it away, what was his title and what land did he give away? James, Duke of York, later King James II, New York Later New Jersey 8. Who was the first governor of the Plymouth Colony and what book did he write? William Bradford. “Of Plymouth Plantation” 9. What mercenary, traveler, and teller of tall tails got his version of discovering the New World into print and on to maps before Columbus? Amerigo Vespucci 10. From whom did North and South Carolina get their names? King Charles II 11. What French explorer established the first European trading Post at the mouth of the Arkansas River in 1686? Christopher Columbus

AnOuineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要

A n O u i n e o f A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y美国历史纲要集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]

American History 英美概况美国历史

American History I. America in the colonial era II. The War of Independence III. The Civil War IV. America during the two World Wars I. America in the colonial era Who were the very first Americans? Who was the first one discovering the new continent? After whom was the new continent named? I. America in the colonial era 1.The very first Americans were Indians. ●They created their civilization, known as Maya civilization, dominating Mexico and Central America from 4th to the 10th centuries. ●They were the descendants of the Mongoloid (蒙古人种的) people in Asia. ●About 20,000 years ago, they traveled to the North American continent across the Bering Strait (白令海峡). 2. Christopher Columbus is believed to have discovered America. ●In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, he believed he had reached India and called the natives Indians. In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, also under the Spanish flag, drew the conclusion that what he found was a new continent. 3. The establishment of colonies Since the America was found, the Spanish established many colonies: Florida, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy，which put England in a better position to provide support for its New World colonies. 3. The establishment of colonies Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. These 13 colonies were established in different patterns: ●crown colonies ( 直辖殖民地), ●proprietary colonies ( 业主殖民地), ●charter colonies ( 特许公司殖民地), ●self-governing or compact colonies ( 自治殖民地或契约殖民地). 1) The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607. 2) In 1620, a group of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth, and built the New Plymouth colony in New England. These Pilgrims drew up the epoch-making Mayflower Compact (五月花契约), which was signed by all adult males on the ship. 3. The establishment of colonies 3) From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it was combined with Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritans People who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England. "Puritan" refers to two distinct groups: "separating" Puritans, radical Protestants, such as the Plymouth colonists, the pilgrims, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and “non-separating” Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in

American History美国历史

American history

American history United States is reputed for diversity and freedom from its historic period of colonialism. Initially, however, the freedom of Americans was tied to ethnic and religious affiliations mixture that granted privileges to some North America inhabitants over others. Although the idea of liberty in Europe created liberty possibilities, those liberties were different in North America colony, where African and indigenous cultures and peoples had little influence. As a result, there was greater liberty or freedom for some while others faced unprecedented dispossession and slavery, which made America’s colony a society with much diversity as compared to Europe (Alexander & Rucker, 2010). The indigenous traditions of freedom and immigration in the United States led to creation of a context, which made colonization of Europeans possible. For a long time, the initial America inhabitants were habituated to handle and deal with strangers. The Americans counterfeited exchange and alliances networks, accepted refugees, and allowed people who needed protection and land to secure and settle in in territories under control but were denied to share (Johnson, 2012). Initially, those who arrived in small numbers, carrying with them valuable trade items, and with offer of protection from enemies resulted to strengthening of indigenous communities by the Europeans. These immigrants were given rights for using specific sections of land similar to other needy peoples of native America especially during the Pennsylvania of 18th century. However, people from Europe brought with them private property beliefs, disease, more immigrants, and were rarely characterized by cruel violence that resulted to undermining of indigenous liberty. After the Native Americans’ contest against this issue, there was eruption of wars that they could not handle or win. The people who avoided being virtual servants or slaves were driven and evacuated from their residence or homes.

AnOutlineofAmericanHistory美国历史纲要

A n O u t l i n e o f A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y美国历史纲要 Document serial number【LGGKGB-LGG98YT-LGGT8CB-LGUT-

An Outline of American History Chaper 1Early America ?The First Americans ?Beringia ?The First Europeans: ?The first Europeans to arrive in North America -- at least the first for whom there is solid evidence -- were Norse, traveling west from Greenland . ?In 1497, just five years after Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean looking for a western route to Asia, a Venetian sailor named John Cabot arrived in Newfoundland on a mission for the British king. Although fairly quickly forgotten, Cabot's journey was later to provide the basis for British claims to North America. I t also opened the way to the rich fishing grounds off George's Banks, to which European fishermen, particularly the Portuguese, were soon making regular visits. ?Among the most significant early Spanish explorations was that of Hernando De Soto, a veteran conquistador who had accompanied Francisco Pizzaro during the conquest of Peru. ?While the Spanish were pushing up from the south, the northern portion of the present-day United States was slowly being revealed through the journeys of men such as Giovanni da Verrazano. A Florentine who sailed for the French, Verrazano made landfall in North Carolina in 1524, then sailed north along the Atlantic coast past what is now New York harbor. ? A decade later, the Frenchman Jacques Cartier set sail with the hope -- like the other Europeans before him -- of finding a sea passage to Asia. Cartier's expeditions along the St. Lawrence River laid the foundations for the French claims to North America, which were to last until 1763. ?Following the collapse of their first Quebec colony in the 1540s, French Huguenots attempted to settle the northern coast of Florida two decades later. The Spanish, viewing the French as a threat to their trade route along the Gulf Stream, destroyed the colony in 1565. Ironically, the leader of the Spanish forces, Pedro Menendez, would soon establish a town not far away -- St. Augustine. It was the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States. ?In 1578 Humphrey Gilbert, the author of a treatise on the search for the Northwest Passage, received a patent from Queen Elizabeth to colonize the "heathen and barbarous landes" in the New World which other European nations had not yet claimed. It would be five years before his efforts could begin. When he was lost at sea, his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, took up the mission. ?I n 1585 Raleigh established the first British colony in North Amer ica, on Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina. It was later abandoned, and a second effort two years later also proved a failure. It would be 20 years before the British would try again. This time -- at Jamestown in 1607 -- the colony would succeed, and North America would enter a new era. ?Most European emigrants left their homelands to escape political oppression, to seek the freedom to practice their religion, or for adventure and opportunities denied them at home. Between 1620 and 1635, economic difficulties swept England. Many people