跨文化交际,上海应用技术学院期末
Unit 1
1 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without money
–Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.
–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.
3 global village(地球村）：the world form one community
–All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.
4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.
5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.
6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同）enough to alter（改变）their communicaion。
9 components of communication（交际的十大要素）
①source(来源）：the person who desires to
②encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol
③message(信息）：identifies the encoding thought
④channel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径）
⑤noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messages
⑥receiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the message
⑦decoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received
⑧receiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver does
⑨feedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning
⑩context(场景）：help define(使明确）the communication
思考题：
1.Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.
①convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系统）
②innovative communication systems(革新通信技术）
③economic globailzation(经济全球化）
④widespread migrations(广泛的移民)
2.What are the three ingredients(组成) of culture?
①artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)
②behavior(what they do)
③concepts(共有观点）(what they think)
3.How to understand cultural iceberg?
just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface
4.What are the characteristic(特点）of culture?
①shared
②learned(enculuration 文化习得：learning one's culture)
③dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adopts the changes brought about by another culture)
④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：own cultural background is superior)
5.What are the characteristic of communication?
①dynamic(动态性）；②irreversible(不可逆转的）③symbolic(符号的）④systematic(系统性）⑤transactional（互动性）⑥contextual(语境)
Unit 2-4
1 Pragmatics（语用学）:the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.
2 Semantics（语义学）：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.
3 Denotation（引申含义）：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
精讲案例：
Case1.Case3(p17).Case4(p19).Case2(p43).Case3(p45).Case1(p67).Case3(p69)
思考题：
1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?
①In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name；in English this order is reversed.
②In China seniority(资历）is paid respects to.
Nowadays, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time.
(About addressing by relationship）Chinese often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage.
Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
Chinese use a person's title、office、or profession to indicate(表明）the person's influential(有权势的）status .In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used，such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nurse and captain.(p24)
2. What are the social functions of compliments?(赞美的社会功能是什么？)
Creating or reinforcing(加固）solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism（委婉批评）,starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment（窘迫）.
Unit 5
1 Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.
(1) Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
(2)Polychronic Time（多元时间观念）: being involved with many things at once.
2 Proxemics（空间学）：Refers to the perception and use of space.
3 Kinetics（身势学）:the study of body language.身势学
4 Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .
精讲案例case1(p85).case3(p87).case5.6(p90).case7(91）.
思考题：
1.What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?
M-Time think time is perceived as a linear strucure.认为时间是线性的
P-Time is less rigid(刻板）and clock-bound,more flexible and more human-centered.
2. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?
The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise,
such as extra space between paragraphs.
In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.
3. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97
M: Do one thing at a time
Take time commitments seriously
Are committed to the job
Adhere religiously to plans
Emphasize promptness
Are accustomed to short-term relationships
P: Do many things at once
Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible
Are committed to people and human relationships
Change plans often and easily
Base promptness on the relationship
Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships
M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.
P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.
4. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism（佛教）and Christianity（基督教）?
Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.
Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.
Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.
5. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?（美国文化价值取向）
As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.
As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.
They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.
They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.
They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.
6.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English
①good luck②feel surprised③I don't know④Pardon! Can't hear⑤That's enough, Please over⑥thamb-dowm⑦Sth strange/odd⑧Come here⑨in the U.S., meaning "OK"⑩in Italy, meaning "Hero". in U.S., "goodbye"⑾Oh, I forgot⑿Slow down/Relax/Wait a second.
Unit 6
精讲案例case1(p115).case2(p116).p124-126中的小案例
思考题：
1. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization?
Family communication
Recreational interaction
2. How is gender different from sex? P119~120
Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual property
Gender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality
Unit 7
精讲案例case1(p137).case3(p139)
1 Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture.
Eastern culture favors verbal hesitance and ambiguity in order to avoid disturbing or offending others, the burden of smooth communication effective is shared equally between all parties involved.
The Western communicative mode is primarily(直接）direct, explicit（明确）,and verbal, relying heavily on logical and rational perception(感知）,thinking，and articulation. So the task of communicating effectively lies primarily on the speaker.
Unit 9
1 A planetary culture（行星文化）: integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism(理性主义）.
2 Intercultural person（跨文化的人）: represents someone whose cognitive(认知的）, affective, and behavioral(行为的）characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters(心理界限）of his or her own culture.
1. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.
Individualism（个人主义）VS collectivism（集体主义）/ Masculinity（刚性文化）VS femininity (柔性文化）/ Power distance(权利差距）/ Uncertainty avoidance （不确定性规避）
High-context cultures（含蓄的文化）assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.
Low-context cultures（外向型的文化）exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.
"I"culture(个体主义）：1.Freedom to control their won destiny 2.Self-reliance to stand on their own feet 3.Privacy to mind their own business 4.Family ties tend to be relatively unimportant
"We"culture(集体主义）：1.Harmony to strive for the common good https://www.wendangku.net/doc/814571618.html,petition is not encouraged 3.Limit rights to property 4.Filial piety(孝顺）5.Inter-dependant
Power distance(权利差距）：describes the distribution(分布）of influence within the culture, the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultures are classified on a continuum(延续体）of high to low distance, that is hierarchy(等级主义）v.s. egalitarian（平等主义）.
Masculine cultures(刚性文化）:These cultures place high values on maculine traits and stress assertiveness, competition and material success.
Feminine cultures(柔性文化）：These cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak.
其他名词解释：
1. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of le arning one’s culture are called enculturation
9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another
a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
12. Components of Communication：
Source交际邀请
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码
Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息
The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
Channel交际渠道
The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
Noise干扰
The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
Receiver交际接受
The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
Decoding解码
Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
Receiver response接受反应
The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback反馈
Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Context场景
The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
16. Connotation（内涵）：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.
18. Euphemism委婉语：Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
谚语：
Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁
More haste, less speed. 欲速不达
To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠
as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛
dumb bell 笨蛋
to fish in the air 水底捞月
to drink like a fish 牛饮
as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡
to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽
landscape engineer 园林工人
tonsorial artist 理发师
sanitation engineer 清洁工
shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠
soft in the head 发疯的
reckless disregard for truth 撒谎
to take things without permission 偷窃
industrial climate 劳资关系紧张
justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏
diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手
golden saying 金玉良言
fat office 肥缺
You will cross the bridge when you get to it
船到桥头自然直
better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后
tread upon eggs 如履薄冰
跨文化交际答案1
大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一） I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each) Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement. 1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each year and has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__. A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization 2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This case reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup. A. deviant label B. temporality C. wanna-be behavior D. unexamined 3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ___B___ perspective. A. anthropological人类学 B. intellectual有才智的 C. social D. psychological心理 4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed __B_______. A. interracial communication B. interethnic communication C. international communication D. interpersonal communication 5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___. A. Human nature is evil but perfectible B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil C. Human nature is good but corruptible容易 堕落的 D. None of the above 6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___. A. separation and segregation隔离 B. integration整合一体化 C. assimilation吸收同化 D. marginalization边缘化 7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock. A. honeymoon蜜月 B. crisis危机 C. reintegration再整合 D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应 8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. A. Decoding B. Channel C. Encoding D. Source 9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes. A. Noise B. Message C. Source D. Context 10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
跨文化交际期末试题[完整]
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案
中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试 英语专业跨文化交际试题 注意事项 一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。 二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。 三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。 Information for the Examinees： This examination consists of FOUR sections．These are： Section I：Listening(20 points，30 minutes) Section II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy(30 points，20 minutes) SectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension(20 points，30 minutes) Section lV：Communication Analysis(30 points，40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points．Time allowed for competing this examination is 2 hours(1 20 minutes)allowed for completing this examination is hours (120 minutes)． Section I：Listening [20 points] You are going to listen to an interview．Then choose the best answer from A，B，C and D to answer each question．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet． 1．Concerning the issue of maternity，what ideas prevail among Chinese women? A．The modern concept． B．The traditional concept． C．The responsibility to the society．’ D．The responsibility to the family． 2．According to the passage，raising children——． A．is an unbearable burden to women B．is a significant part of a woman’s life C．is the permanent task of women D is the task 0f both a man and a woman 3．Giving birth ． A．brings great pleasure to women B．differs men from women physically and spiritually C．makes the women’s life complete D．all the above 4．Those oppose giving birth think that ． A．giving birth is something rather primitive
跨文化交际作业
《跨文化交际学》选修课试卷2011-2012学年第二学期 题目：中西方非言语交际的差异姓名：********* 学号：******** 院系：****** 专业：应用心理学
中西方非言语交际的差异 【摘要】：世界全球化、一体化进程日益加快,中西文化的交流与合作越来越多,非言语交际的重要性也越来越明显。但是,中西文化赋予非言语行为的不同内涵,也带来了交际上的障碍。本文通过理解非言语交际的定义，着重论述了非言语交际中中国和西方国家上差异，以发现非言语行为在中西文化的交流与合作活动中不同的文化含义及作用,从而避免文化冲突,增强跨文化交际能力，帮助人们踏平社交的道路，成功实现跨文化交际。 【关键词】：非言语交际；中西方；差异；跨文化交际 一、非言语交际定义 人类交流有两种形式：言语交际和非言语交际，这两种形式在人类沟通的过程中都发挥了重要的作用。非言语交际是指所有超越语言的交际行为（1），它充和完善了言语交际的不足，是整个沟通过程中必不可少的重要组成部分。 非言语有目光接触、面部表情、姿势表达、空间语言手语等多种表现形式。人类在进行交流、表达思想、传递信息时，除了使用语言进行传达外，大量的信息还依靠非语言符号。非言语在传递信息和表达情感中具有语言所不能替代的功能。萨莫瓦曾说：“在面对面的交际中，信息的社交内容只有35％左右是语言行为，其它都是通过非语言行为传递的。”（2）(Samovar，1985：155)人们通过服神、面部表情、手势、身姿等诸多无声的体态语，将有声语言形象化、情感化、生动化，以达到先声夺人、耐人寻味的效果，且能充分弥补有声语言表达的乏力和不足，特别是人类在“词不达意”“只可意会不可言传”的情况下，非言语就能发挥其独特的作用，圆满表达情意，达到“此时无声胜有声”的效果。 礼仪，是物质文明和精神文明共同作用产生的成果，是特殊的文化组成形式，其实质还是文化。不同国家之间的诸多差异造就了各自独特的礼仪文化。中国和西方国家在很多方面都有所不同，如地理环境、历史发展、生产方式和社会制度、宗教和传统习俗、民族心理和思维方式、语言和文字以及价值观念（3）等。然而正是这些普遍存在的差异性导致了各国礼仪的不同。因此，在研究跨文化交际之前，我们最重要的任务就是尽量多地了解不同的国家或地区的不同礼仪。 二、中西方差异在非言语交际中的体现 1、正式的就餐礼仪 筷子是中国人就餐时使用最多的餐具，所有的食物都置于餐桌中央，搭配米饭的菜肴也不止一种。菜肴由人们各自从盘中夹食。然而在西方，通常一套正式的餐具会包括许多个不同用途的叉子、汤匙和餐刀。每个人都会有自己的一份食物，他们不会从同一个盘子里共同夹食。
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
跨文化交际
杭州电子科技大学 2015-2016学年第1学期期末课程论文《跨文化交际》文化档案 指导教师：胡婷婷 学生姓名：方祥 班级：14148316 学号：14141604 专业：会计专业
目录 1)作业一《我的文化故事》------------------------------------- Page 1 2）作业二《采访预期》----------------------------------------- Page 3 3）作业三《采访报告》----------------------------------------- Page 5 4）作业四相关材料 -------------------------------------------- Page 7
作业（一）我的文化故事（My Cultural Story）
作业（二）文化预期（Intercultural Interview Proposal） 1.采访者情况: (姓名/ 学号/ 家乡) 姓名：方祥学号：14141604 家乡：浙江杭州 2.被采访对象情况 他叫项泽祺，是我的表弟，他从小身处于佛教文化的家庭之中，在宗教文化方面与我有所不同，他很小时就已经是一个佛教信仰者。 3.找到采访对象的途径 他是我的表弟，从小与我关系很好，小时候经常来我家玩，我也经常教他一些知识。当我确定宗教这个主题时，就想到他了。 4.选择采访对象的原因 i 我的表弟是一个佛教信仰者，不同的是，我没有所信仰的宗教， ii我的表弟还没有上小学父母就离异了，之后一直由我的小舅舅培养，相当于是在单亲家庭里成长起来的，而我是在双亲家庭里成长的。 iii 我的表弟从小都是在佛教文化渲染之下，而我因为母亲信仰佛教，父亲信仰基督教，所以我对这两个宗教都一些了解，但是自己任然信仰科学主义。 5.拟采访方式(面谈, 网络或其他) 通过QQ和微信进行了解，因为我的表弟现在已经上高中了，现在住校，我只能在周末进行采访。 6.拟采访主题 I有关于佛教日常活动的研究 ⑴问项泽祺：请问你们佛教平时有什么特别的活动吗，尤其在过年时或者别的节日有什么活动，你平时是否参与进去? ⑵问项泽祺：请问你们平时有什么特别的节日吗? II有关于佛教对婚姻方面的看法 ⑴问项泽祺：请问你对你未来的对象在宗教方面上有没有什么要求？例如一定要是信仰佛教的，或者是什么宗教都没有关系？ ⑵问项泽祺：请问你觉得其他的佛教信仰者对婚姻对象有什么看法，例如一定要是信仰佛教的，或者是什么宗教都没有关系？ III有关于佛教对于家族信仰继承方面的讨论 ⑴问项泽祺：请问你的亲人有强行要求你信仰佛教吗？ ⑵问项泽祺：请问你觉得家族气氛对儿童对宗教选择有影响吗？
上海应用技术学院(大学)人工智能
上海应用技术学院2014 —2015学年第二学期 《人工智能》课程期末考核 课程代码:G5040009学号： 1xxxxxxxxxx 姓名:xxx 题目1：谈谈你对人工智能的认识。 答：人工智能（Artificial Intelligence）简称AI。是在1956年由麦卡锡（J.McCarthy）组织了一次达特茅斯（Dartmouth）大学聚会中提出来的，吹响了向人工智能这一新兴领域进军的号角。我于初中的时候，通过一些科幻片，了解到人工智能。人工智能就是用人工制造的方法，实现智能机器或在机器上实现智能。人工智能也是一门研究构造智能机器或实现机器智能的学科，是研究模拟、延伸和拓展人类智能的科学。用计算机来表示和执行人类的智能活动就是人工智能，没有计算机的出现，人工智能就无法得到应用。 题目2：人工智能有哪些研究的内容？ 答：1.搜索技术 2.知识表示 3.规划方法 4.机器学习 5.认知科学 6.自然语言理解与机器翻译 7.专家系统与知识工程 8.定理证明 9.博弈 10.机器人 11.数据挖掘与知识发现 12.多Agent系统 13.复杂系统 14.足球机器人 15.人机交互技术 题目3：人工智能有哪些应用领域或课题？ 答：1.问题求解。 能够求解难题的下棋程序是是人工智能的第一个大成就。通过对下棋程序的研究，人们发展了捜索和问题归约这样的人工智能基本技术。此外，能够把
各种数学公式符号汇集在一起的问题求解程序，使其性能水平有了一定的提高。 2.机器学习 机器获取知识的能力，一种是人类采用归纳整理，并用计算机可接受处理的方式输入到计算机中去；另一种是计算机使用一些学习算法进行自学习（如实例学习、机械学习、归纳学习 3.专家系统 专家系统是一种基于知识的计算机知识系统，它从人类领域专家那里获得知识，并用来解决只有领域专家才能解决的困难问题。目前，专家系统已经广泛应用于工业、农业、医疗诊断、地质勘探、石油化工、气象、交通、军事、文化教育空间技术、信息管理等各个方面。 4.模式识别 模式识别是指如何使机器具有感知能力，主要研究视觉模式和听觉模式的识别，例如识别物体、地形、图像、字体等。 5.自然语言理解 自然语言理解就是研究如何让计算机理解人类的自然语言，是基于让计算机能“听懂”、“看懂”人类的语言的这一思想，主要研究方面是如何回答自然语言输入的问题，摘要生成和文本释义的问题以及机器翻译的问题 6.人工神经网络 人工神经网络是研究如何试图用大量的处理单元（包括人工神经元、处理元件、电子元件等）模仿人脑神经系统工程结构和工作机理的，它是由研究人脑的奥秘中得到启发而发展起来。目前，人工神经网络已经在模式识别、图像处理、组合优化、自动控制、信息处理、机器人学等领域获得了日益广泛的应用。 7.自动定理证明 利用计算机进行自动定理证明（ATP）是人工智能研究中的一个重要方向，使很多非数学领域的任务，如信息检索、机器人规划和医疗诊断等，都可以转化为一个定理证明问题。 8.自动程序设计 自动程序设计包括程序综合（自动编程）和程序正确性验证两个方面的内容。程序综合用于实现自动编程；而程序正确性的验证就是要研究出一套理论方法，通过运用它们就可自动证明程序的正确性。 9.机器人学 机器人学是人工智能研究中日益受到重视的一个领域。这个领域的研究问题覆盖了从机器人手臂的最佳移动到实现机器人目标的动作序列的规划方法等各个方面。目前，它的研究涉及电子学、控制论、系统工程、机械、仿生、心理等多个学科。 10.智能检索 例如，基于概念的检索和基于词的检索的区别，普通DBMS中的检索和智能数据库的检索的区别（利用规则和事实推理出结果）。 11.逻辑推理 所谓逻辑推理，就是从一般性的前提出发，通过推导，得出具体陈述或个别结论的过程。逻辑推理的逻辑形式对于理性的重要意义在于，它对人的思维保持严密性、一贯性有着不可替代的校正作用。
跨文化交际期末
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
第二语言教学跨文化交际案例分析
第二语言教学跨文化交际案例分析 案例分析与写作（共40分） 七、请根据以下材料，按照“发现问题——分析问题——解决问题”的思路，写一篇1500字以上的案例分析，要求观点明确、材料 充实、结构严谨、条理清楚、语言规范、卷面清洁。 材料： 李晓雨是云南大学的一名毕业生，毕业后通过汉办的志愿者选拔，被派往泰国，成为一名汉语教师志愿者。她性格一直比较开朗，所以当她只身一人前往泰国北部的一个中学任教时，也是满怀憧憬；但是她却发现来机场接她的学校人员对她很冷漠，从机场到学校8个小时的路途上几乎没与她说一句话。她知道绝不是因为语言不通。李晓雨是个爱说爱笑的人，她几次想打破沉默，但一直不明白自己到底在什么地方得罪了来接她的人，还是别人根本不想和自己说话。她只好一个人看着车窗外本来很美但不再觉得美的景色。到了目的地，司机和接待的人把她放到一间小房子里，就走了。房间里只有一张平板床，没有任何铺盖。一个初来乍到的女孩，好几个小时没吃饭，没喝水，又不知道商店在那里，身上也没有当地的钱币。晓雨真的有些受不了了，趴在床板上泪水忍不住簌簌而下。她问自己到底做错了什么，为什么别人对自己如此冷漠，为什么和她想象中热情好客的泰国人差距这么大。第一天到学校上班，她的感觉仍然不好，似乎每个学生和老师都对她很冷，没有真诚的微笑，没有主动的招呼。这下可把晓雨急坏了，她开始注意自己每一个细小的举止言行，生怕别人不喜欢。她一直觉得是因为自己做得还不够好，所以别人不接受自己，甚至不接收中文老师的课程。 晓雨是个倔强、好强的女孩。她不服输，认真地向泰国老师学习他们对待学生和同事的方式，积极参加他们的各种活动。有一次她在办公室里看到一个30岁左右的女教师批改了一个学生的作业之后在那个初中学生的脸颊上亲吻了一下。晓雨觉得自己长这么大从来没接受甚至看到过老师亲吻学生的，然而在这里她发现效果真的很好，那个老师和学生的关系非常融洽和谐。在那个教师的鼓励下，她也开始尝试亲吻学生的脸颊，她发现效果出人意料的好！越来越多的人认识了晓雨并成为了她的朋友。她慢慢体会了到冰在融化的感觉。有一次一个老教师来问她是否要去参加学校的升国旗活动，她爽快地回答说：“好啊！”那位老教师有些惊讶地说：“你们中国来的老师不是不愿意参加我们的升国旗仪式吗？你是真的愿意还是假的？”她坚定地说：“我愿意！”从那之后，她每周都很早来到升泰国国旗的地方集合。老师们和同学们对她的态度都发生了很大的变化，这次升旗成了一个分水岭。 答案：案例中的李晓雨同学只身一人被派往泰国，成为一名汉语教师志愿者。在她刚刚到达目的地时，却发现前来接他的当地学校人员态度并不像她想象的那样热情，反而十分冷淡，对于初来乍到的她也没有给予相应的帮助和照顾。在接下来的工作中，李晓雨发现，学校里其他泰国老师对她的态度也并不热情。不仅没有帮助她适应教学工作，甚至连主动的招呼也没有。学生也没有和她建立起和睦融洽的师生关系，这样的问题还影响到了汉语的教学。 从案例中我们可以了解到，李晓雨与当地人之间交际的问题并不是由语言障碍所引起的，文化障碍则是最主要的原因。 跨文化交际过程大体上可分为蜜月期，挫折，调整和适应四个阶段。李晓雨在一开始对泰国人抱有一种思维定式，即原有的“文化成见”。在她的想象中，泰国人是“热情好客”的。而当她受到接待人员的冷漠对待时，想象与实际情况之间的巨大差距使她很难及时调整好自己的心态来适应这一状况，甚至不断地质疑自己的行为。这使得李晓雨在同泰国人的跨文化交际中迅速从蜜月期进入到了挫折阶段。 在接下来一段时间的工作中，李晓雨开始注意自己的行为举止，直到她看到一位泰国教师在批改了学生的作业后亲吻了学生的脸颊。这件事给李晓雨带来的触动很大，因为她以前从未有过教师亲吻学生的经历。这部分是由于中国的传统文化一直强调“尊师重道”，教师常常是高高在上不容冒犯的对象，泰国教师与学生间亲吻脸颊这样的动作在中国是绝少会发生的。部分也与中国人含蓄、内敛的性格传统有关。因此我们不难看出，母语文化与异文化的差异也是造成跨文化交际障碍的一个重要原因。由于对异文化的不了解，很容易将母语文化的思维方式带入跨文化交际中，以致于加深双方的隔阂。在李晓雨意识到这一问题之后，她也开始尝试按照当地人的方式来进行交际，并尝试亲吻了学生的脸颊，效果出乎她意料的好，她与当地人的交际也开始融洽起来。这时的李晓雨已能够逐步克服母语文化与异文化之间差异带来的交际障碍，并逐步进入到调整阶段。 案例中提及的另一个重要事件是升旗事件。李晓雨热情爽快地同意参加泰国学校的升旗仪式，使当地教师十分惊讶，从此其他泰国老师和学生对她的态度也发生了很大变化。这次事件是一个分水岭，李晓雨开始进入适应阶段，这与她坚持不懈地融入异文化的努力是分不开的。另一方面我们可以从泰国老师表现出的惊讶看出，之前学校里的中国教师在与当地人的跨文化交际中并没有采取正确的文化策略，也没有积极尝试与异文化的沟通，因此给对方造成了中国人不尊重泰国文化的负面印象，这也是最初的接待人员对李晓宇态度冷漠的原因。由此可以看出正确的文化策略在跨文化交际中具有重要作用，它不仅会影响到自身交际的正常进行，还会对本群体中其他成员的跨文化交际带来一定影响。 对于一名李晓雨这样的汉语教师来说，在进行正常的汉语教学之前，先要实现同当地人，特别是同学生的和谐交际。通过上文对案例中提及到的问题的分析我们能够认识到，在进行跨文化交际之前首先要尊重当地文化，应当多了解，多吸收异文化的文化知
上海应用技术学院(大学)微生物作业2答案
作业2 一、名词解释(选作10题，2*10=20分) 1. 抗生素 是一类由微生物或其它生物生命活动过程中合成的次生代谢产物或其人工衍生物，它们在很低浓度时就能抑制或干扰它种生物（包括病原菌、病毒、癌细胞等）的生命活动，因而可用作优良的化学治疗剂。 2. 抗代谢物 一类在化学结构上与细胞内必要代谢物的结构相似，并可干扰正常代谢活动的化学物质。 3. 灭菌 采用任何一种方法，将物体的表面和内部的微生物及其各种芽孢、孢子全部杀死。一类采用强烈的理化因素使任何物体内外部的一切微生物彻底丧失其生长繁殖能力的措施。 4. 消毒 利用某种方法杀死或灭活物质或物体中所有病原微生物的一种措施。 5. 恒浊器 根据培养器内微生物的生长密度，借光电控制系统控制培养液流速，以达到菌体密度高、生长速率恒定的连续培养器。 6. 恒化器 通过保持有一种生长限制因子的培养液的流速不变，可使微生物始终处在低于其最高生长速率的条件下进行长期生长繁殖的连续培养装置。 7. 兼性厌氧菌 是一类以在有氧条件下的生长为主也可在无氧条件下生长的微生物。特点是在有氧下借呼吸产能，而在无氧条件下可借发酵或无氧呼吸产能；细胞含超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶。 8. 耐氧菌 即耐氧性厌氧菌的简称。一类可在有氧条件下正常生长却不需氧，而仅借发酵和底物水平磷酸化产能的微生物。 9. 微好氧菌 是一类只能在较低的氧分压（103~3*103 Pa）下才能正常生长的微生物。 10. 化学治疗 指利用具有高选择毒力即对病原菌具有高度毒力而对其宿主基本无害的化学物质来抑制或杀死宿主体内病原微生物，借以达到治疗传染病的一种措施。 11. 次级代谢 微生物在一定的生长时期，以初级代谢产物为前体，合成一些对于该微生物没有明显的生理功能且非其生长和繁殖所必需的物质的过程。 12. 同型乳酸发酵 指一分子葡萄糖经EMP途径后仅产生两分子乳酸的发酵。 13. 呼吸作用 葡萄糖在好氧和兼性好氧微生物中通过氧化作用放出电子，该电子经电子传递链传给外源电子受体分子氧或其它氧化型化合物生成水或其它还原型产物，并伴随有能量放出的生物学过程称为呼吸作用14. 硝酸盐呼吸 又称反硝化作用，是在无氧条件下，某些兼性厌氧菌利用硝酸盐作为呼吸链的最终氢受体，使硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐、NO、N2O或N2的过程。 15. 细菌酒精发酵 运动发酵单胞菌等少数微好氧细菌利用ED途径将葡萄糖分解为丙酮酸，再经脱羧形成乙醛后，被NADH2还原为乙醇的过程 16. 发酵 在无氧等外源氢受体的条件下，产能底物脱氢后所产生的还原力不经过呼吸链传递而直接交给某一内源性中间代谢产物接受，以实现底物水平磷酸化产能的一类生物氧化反应。广义的发酵也指任何利用好氧性微生物或厌氧性微生物来生产有用代谢产物或食品、饮料的一类生产方式。 17. 变异 是生物体在某外因或内因的作用下所引起的遗传物质结构或数量的改变，亦即遗传型的改变。其特点是在群体中以较低的概率出现，性状变化幅度大，且变化后的新性状是稳定的、可遗传的 18. 感受态 在转化发生前，受体细胞最易接受外源DNA片段并实现转化的一种生理状态，称为感受态 19. 基本培养基 仅能满足某微生物的野生型菌株生长所需最低成分的组合培养基 20. 补充培养基 是只能满足某微生物相应营养缺陷型突变株生长所需要的组合培养基或半组合培养基。 21. 完全培养基 在基本培养基中加入一些富含氨基酸、维生素和碱基之类的天然有机物质(如蛋白质,酵母膏)，以满足该菌株各种营养缺陷型都能生长的培养基，称为完全培养基。 22. 营养缺陷型 某一野生型菌株由于发生基因突变而丧失合成一种或几种生长因子的能力，因而无法在基本培养基上正常生长繁殖的变异类型 23. 准性生殖 一类存在于真菌中的原始两性生殖方式，指在同一菌种但不同菌株间发生的体细胞融合，不经过减速分裂而实现低频率基因重组并产生杂种后代 24. Hfr菌株 F因子整合到细菌染色体上与细菌染色体同步复制的细菌细胞。它与F-菌株接合后的重组频率比F+与F-接合后的重组频率要高几百倍以上。 25. 原生质体融合 通过人为的方法，使遗传形状不同的两个细胞的原生质体进行融合，借以获得兼有双亲遗传性状的稳定重组子的过程。 26. 反硝化作用 是在无氧条件下，某些兼性厌氧菌利用硝酸盐作为呼吸链的最终氢受体，使硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐、NO、N2O或N2的过程。 生物还原硝酸为亚硝酸、氨和氮气的过程为反硝化作用。 27. 抗原 能刺激人或动物体产生抗体或致敏淋巴细胞，并能与这些产物在体内或体外发生特异性反应的物质，