江苏牛津版高一英语模块一Units1-3知识点及语法复习1

1.enjoy v.---adj. enjoyable

enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事==be fond of sth./doing sth.

enjoy oneself(=have a good/great/wonderful time=have fun)(in) doing sth.

2.experience n.---v. experience体验，经历---adj. experienced 有经验的

experience 不可数名词-经验（后面常接介词in 或of短语）

可数名词—经历an experience /an exciting experience

3.earn vt. 赚钱，谋生；博得，得到

earn one’s living/earn one’s bread 谋生，维持生计

4. respect vt. 尊敬；重视；注意n. （不可数）尊重，尊敬；（可数）点；方面

---adj. respectable正派的，受人尊敬的；好的，令人满意的

---adj. respected 受尊敬的，受敬重的

---adj. respectful 有礼貌的，恭敬的(of+N/to sb.) 反义disrespectful

---adj. respective 各自的（仅用于名词前）

respected多用于修饰人，它与respectable的区别在于respectable表示受人尊敬的可能性，但未必被respected 搭配用法：

respect sb. for sth. 因某事而尊敬某人

in respect of sth. 关于，就…而言

show respect for sb. 尊敬某人

lose the respect of 失去对..的尊敬

earn/win respect 赢得尊重

5.devote vt.致力于；献身--adj. devoted挚爱的（be devoted to sb.--n. devotion挚爱，深爱；忠心

devote oneself to致力于，献身于；专心于

sb. devote sth. to doing sth. 把…献给；把…专用于

sb. devote sth. to sth. 用于

be devoted to sth/doing sth. 把时间(钱、精力等)献给(做)某事

6.average n.平均数；平均水平；一般标准—adj.中等的；普通的；平常的—LV.平均为

on (an / the) average 平均，按平均计算；一般说来；通常

above/below average 平均水平之上/下

7.challenge n. 挑战；怀疑, 质问；艰巨的任务;难题--vt. 挑战；质疑；邀请某人比赛

---adj. challenging 具有挑战性的---n. challenger挑战者

the challenge of doing sth….的挑战

face/accept/take on a challenge面对/接受挑战

meet/rise to a challenge迎接挑战

challenge for sth. 挑战某物

challenge sb. to do sth.质疑某人做某事

8.encouragement n.鼓励，促进---v. encourage 鼓励，激励—反义：discourage v.使泄气；劝阻

----n. courage 勇气；胆量；勇敢---adj. encouraging 令人鼓舞的，振奋人心的

encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事

discourage sb. from doing sth. 劝某人不要做某事/劝阻某人做某事

have courage to do sth. 有勇气做某事

9.for free免费的

free from不受…的影响；没有…的；摆脱…

free of charge/tax/duty/rent 免费/免税/免税/免租金

free to do 自由地做某事

free adj.免费的；自由的---v.释放；使自由；解脱，使摆脱；解救；解除

---adv. freely自由地，不受限制地；畅通地---n. freedom 自由；自主

10.look back on/upon sth. 回忆，回顾

look back on/upon the past回首过去

look back on/upon those years回首那些年

look into 调查；观察

look on旁观；认为，视为

look out注意，小心；注意看

look up查找；好转；向上看；尊敬；拜访

look down on/upon轻视，看不起

look through浏览；仔细查看；视而不见

look after 照顾；照看

look for 寻找

look forward to (doing sth.) 期待，盼望

look about 四处查看；考察事态

（1）As look back upon those years，I am struck by Annie's wisdom.<回顾，回想>

（2）I've been looking into this matter this afternoon.<调查>

（3）Two men were fighting. The rest were looking on.<旁观>

（4）When you're eating fish，look out for bones.<当心，小心>

（5）We've been looking out for a new house，but the ones we've seen are all too expensive.

<留心找某物>

（6）Look up the word in the dictionary<查寻，查找>

（7）I want to look my uncle up sometime.<看望，拜访>

（8）She looked through her notes before the examination.<浏览>

11. satisfaction n.满意—v. satisfy使某人满意；满足要求等；符合标准等

---adj. satisfied满意的，满足的反义: dissatisfied

---adj. satisfying 令人高兴的，令人满意的反义: unsatisfying，物体，做主语，一般很少用---adj. satisfactory满意的，够好的，反义: unsatisfactory，常用，表示事物本身具有的特点等be satisfied with sb./sth.对…感到满意

with/in satisfaction 满足地，满意地

to sb.’s satisfaction 使某人满意

express satisfaction with/at sth.对…表示满意

give sb. the satisfaction of doing sth. 使某人得到做某事的满足感

get/gain satisfaction from sth.从某事物中得到满足感

12.exchange v.交换，交流，兑换，更换

exchange sth. for sth.用某物换某物

exchange sth. with sb. 同某人交换/交流某物

in exchange for 交换

13. What is…like?用于提问某人或某物的情况怎么样。其中like为介词

既可以用于提问某人的长相怎么样，又可以提问某人的性情、品质等。

What does sb. look like? 仅用于提问某人的长相怎么样。

What does sb. like? 用于提问某人喜欢什么。其中like为动词

What do you think of sb.?问的是一个人的品行。

What do you think of sth.?==How do you find/like sth.?询问看法，表示“觉得…怎么样？”14. 动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。

有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。常用的句型有：

It is a waste doing sth.做…是浪费

It is no good/use doing sth.做…没好处/用途

It is worthwhile doing sth.做…是值得的

There is no sense in doing sth.做…没道理

There is no point in doing sth.做…没有意义

There is no use/good in doing sth. 做…没好处/用途

There is nothing worse than doing sth.没有…比更糟的

15. attend vt.出席，参加；上学；到场；（医生、护士等）照料，关心

---n. attendance出席人数，出席，参加---n. attendant服务员，随从

---n. attention注意，留心；照顾

attend class上课

attend school上学

attend a meeting参加会议

attend to处理(生意或个人事务)；照料；注意倾听；专心于

attend to the matter处理事情

attend，take part in, join, join in辨析

四者均有“参加”之意。

Attend指出席或参加会议、音乐会、婚礼、宴会等，也可指听课、听报告等。

Take part in多指带着责任心参加大型活动，并在其中起一定的作用，如体育、比赛、游戏、讨论、战斗等Join 指加入团体、组织等，并成为其中的一员，如参军、入团、入党等

Join in 强调参加正在进行的活动，如比赛、娱乐、谈话等

Join sb. in sth. 和某人一起做某事

16. the best way to do sth.

the way to do sth.做某事的方法

the way of doing sth. 做某事的方法

all the way一路上；从头至尾

by the way 在路旁；顺便说

by way of 经由；通过…的方法

in a way在某种程度上；有几分，稍微

in no way一点也不，决不

no way 绝不可能

in the way 挡道；妨碍某人

on the way to (doing sth.) 在去往…的路上；正在走向；快要成为…

17. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事

be/get used to sth/doing sth. 习惯于（做）某事

be used to do sth. 被用来做某事

be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事

be used as sth.用作

18. fun n.（不可数）娱乐，玩笑，有趣,有趣的人或事---adj. funny

for fun 开玩笑地；为了好玩

have fun (doing sth.) 玩得开心

what fun多么开心

make fun of 嘲笑；取笑

it is fun to do sth. 做什么事有趣的

sth. is fun.

19. 疑问词+动词不定式结构常跟在动词ask, know, consider, explain, decide, wonder, understand, learn 等后面作

宾语

I don’t not what to do next.==I don’t know what I shall do next.

20. prepare v.准备；筹备；把...准备好—adj. prepared有准备的，准备好的（不放在名词前）

---n. preparation 预备，准备复数：准备工作，筹备工作

---adj. prepared 有准备的反义：unprepared 无准备的

prepare sth.准备某事

prepare to do sth.准备做某事

prepare sb. to do sth.为某人做某事做好准备

prepare for sth.为某事做准备

prepare sth. for sth.为某事准备某物

sb. be prepared to do sth.某人有能力且愿意做某事

do sth. in preparation for sth.为准备某事而做某事

make preparations for sth.为…做准备工作

in preparation在准备中

21. though/although连词，引导让步状语从句，主句不能与but连用，但可与yet, still等连用

though还可作副词，一般放在句末，而且前面多用逗号隔开，although无此用法。

Our team lost. We did a good job, though. 尽管我们表现不错，但我们队还是输了。

22. miss vt. 思念，怀念；逃过，避开；没赶上; 未击中，未抓住；遗漏

miss 是非延续性动词，没有进行时

---adj. missing 丢失的；缺少的

miss doing sth. 没能做成某事

miss out漏掉，省略

miss the chance错过机会

23. former adj./n. 以前的(放在名词前) /前者反义：latter adj./n. 后者的/两者中的后者

previous adj. 以前的；先前的指的是按时间和次序在某事物之前

the previous day前一天

previous to在某事物以前

24. donate vt. 捐赠，赠送---n. donation捐赠物

donate sth. to sb./sth. 赠送，捐赠给某人/某组织

donate blood献血

25. kindness n. 善意，友好，和蔼，好意，体贴

---adj. kind 善良的，友好的反义词：unkind 不仁慈的，不和善的、

26. need的用法归纳：

A．用作情态动词，主要用于疑问句、条件句或否定句中，没有时态变化，后接动词原形B．用作实义动词，need to do sth/need sb. to do sth.

C. 及物动词，sth. needs doing==need to be done( 主动表被动)

27. more than

A.用于比较级，比…更（多、大等）

B. 表示超过，多于，相当于over

C. 表示岂止是，不仅是；非常，十分

D．表示非…能力所及，其后跟从句，从句中用can/could

This is more than I can understand. 这是我所不能理解的。

28. whether…or…引导让步状语从句

whether conj. 是否；不管…还是….(用于引导让步状语从句)

29. Upon finishing his studies,…一完成学业… upon是介词作状语

A. Upon/On doing 一…就…

==as soon as/immediately/the moment/the second/the minute/directly/instantly

/hardly…when…/no sooner…than…

B. Upon/On+名词，表示动作刚发生或完成

Upon/On his arrival, he went straight to the headmaster.

他一到达就直接到校长那儿去了。

30. develop v.培养，养成，产生；发展；开发；冲洗（交卷）

--adj. developing 发展中的

---adj. developed 发达的反义：undeveloped 不发达的，落后的；（土地）未开发的---n. development 发展

with the development of …随着…的发展

31. inform vt.告诉，通知

---n. information 消息，情报，资料（不可数）

---adj. informal 非正式的反义：fomal

---adj. informed 消息灵通的，见多识广的

keep sb. informed 告知某人

Inform sb.+疑问词(how) +to do sth.通知某人如何做某事

inform sb. of sth. 告知某人某事

32. run v. 管理；经营；开动机器等；跑；

run a school办学校

run after 追逐；追求

run into 陷入；碰见

run across 无意间碰到

(sb.) run out of 用完，结束(sth run out无被动)

run away 逃走，离家

run away from 逃避；携…而逃走

33. approve v. 赞同，赞许；批准，核准，认可反义：disapprove不赞同，反对

---n. approval赞同，赞许, 同意；批准，认可反义：disapproval 不赞同，反对---adj. approved (用于名词前)认可的，核准的

---adj. approving 赞许的，赞同的反义：disapproving

approve of sth.赞成/同意某事

approve of sb. doing sth.同意某人做某事

be approved for 被批准用于…

34. charge n.负责，掌管v. 充电；收费，要价；指控，控告

--adj. chargeable可以控诉的;可充电的

---adj. charged充满感情的;(气氛)紧张的

take charge接管

take charge of接管

charge…for 收费，要价

charge $ 10 for a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡要价十美元

(sth.) be in/under the charge of 在某人的掌管下，由某人经营/照顾，表被动

sb. be in charge of 掌管，管理，照顾, 表主动

charge sb. with sth 指控某人某事

charge sth. with… 使某事物充满……（情感）

be charged with 充满……

charge sth. 将…充电

charge sb with doing sth 命令某人做某事

for free = free of charge = without payment 免费

at one’s own charge / ex pense 自费

35. event n.（重要）事件；社交活动；比赛项目

in any event不管怎样，无论如何

at all events 不管怎样，无论如何

in the event到头来，结果

in that event 如果那样的话

in the event of 万一发生…的话

event, matter, affair辨析

A.event 通常指具有很大影响、意义重大的事件或运动会的比赛项目

B.matter 意为“麻烦、毛病、问题”，通常指要注意的事情，也可以表示“物质”

C.affair 是一个比较正式的词，指已经发生或必须去做的事情，通常用复数形式，

指“事务，事态”如the world affairs

36. present v. 赠送；提交，交出；出席，出现n. 礼物=gift

adj.出席的，到场的（作定语时必须后置）反义：absent 缺席的，不在场的---adv. presently 不久，马上，很快，一会儿=soon; (美)现在，目前=now

----n. presence 出席，到场，出现反义：absence 缺席, 缺乏，没有

----adj. presentable 像样的，体面的，拿得出手的

---n. presentation 授予，颁发；报告，（新产品的）介绍；（观点的）陈述，说明；呈现at present 现在，目前

for the present 就目前来说，暂时

up to the present 直到现在，至今

make a present of sth. to sb. 把某物赠送给某人

37. compare v. 比较，对比

---n. comparison 比较

---adj. comparable（在数量、大小、质量等方面）类似的,相当的;可比较的

---adj. comparative相比之下的, 相比而言的, 相对的n. 比较级形式

compare…to…把…比作…

compare…with…把…与…进行比较

compared with/to…和…比较，常用于句首或句尾，且作状语

beyond/without comparison无与伦比

by comparison比较起来

in comparison与…比较

38. the+比较级，the+比较级越…，越…

39. choose v. (chose, chosen)挑选，选择

---n. choice 选择，选择权

choose to do sth. 选择/决定/宁愿/愿意做某事

choose sb./sth. to do sth. 选择某人/某事做某事

choose sb./sth. as sth.选择…作为…

choose from sth.从…选择

can’t choose but do不得不做某事

have no choice but to do sth.别无选择做某事

do nothing but do sth. 除做…之外什么也不做

40. order n.次序，顺序；订购；点菜；命令，指示v. 命令，指示；订购；点菜

in order整齐，有条理

out of order 出了故障；次序紊乱，不按顺序

in order to/that 为了，目的在于

order sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事

order that (should) do 宾语从句+(should) do

类似用法：

当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should ＋动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice，insist , suggest/suggestion，propose /proposal，order，demand，desire，request，require/requirement，recommend /recommendation , aim , wish , necessity , preference , motion , plan，idea，resolution等。

如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。

He insisted that he (should) be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。

注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

判断：

（错）You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.

（对）Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

（错）I insisted that you（should）be wrong.

（对）I insisted that you were wrong.

41. regret v. （regretted, regretting）遗憾；后悔做了某事；对…感到遗憾

---adj. regretful 后悔的，遗憾的

---adj. regrettable 令人懊恼的，可惜的，令人遗憾的

regret to say/to tell you/ to inform you/th at …表示所后悔、遗憾的事情还没有发生

regret +n./doing sth./that从句后悔，因做某事而遗憾、惋惜等

regret not doing sth 不后悔做过的事情

regret not having done sth

类似结构：

remember/forget to do sth.记得/忘了去做某事remember/forget doing sth. 记得/忘了做过某事

mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着

try to do sth.努力做某事try doing sth. 试试做某事

stop to do sth.停下来去做某事stop doing sth.停止做某事

go on to do sth. 继续做另外一件事go on doing sth.继续做同一件事

can’t help to do sth.不能帮忙做某事can’t help doing sth.忍不住做某事

42. require v. 要求，需要

---n. requirement要求，需要的事物（一般复数）

require sth. 需要…

require doing sth.==require to be done(主动形式表被动含义) 某物需要被做…

(类似的词：need,want)

be required to do sth. 规定做某事

require sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事

require that sb. (should) do sth.

require sth. of sb. 要求某人做某事

43. so…that…引导结果状语从句，“如此…以至于…”即so+adj./adv. that从句

so that 引导目的状语从句，表示“为了，以便”，从句常使用can, could, may, might, will, would, should等情态动词或助动词; 引导结果状语从句，从句中一般不用can, may等词。

so…that… 与such…that…区别: 意思相同但固定搭配不同

so+adj./adv.+that 从句

such a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+that 从句

== so+adj.+ a/an+可数名词单数+that 从句

such +adj.+不可数名词/可数名词复数+that 从句

The play was so interesting that I went to see it several times.

== This was such an interesting that I went to see it several times.

== This was so interesting a play that I went to see it several times.

这个话剧十分有趣，所以我去看过好多次。

注意：名词由many, much, few, little修饰时，只能用so…that…结构。

44. act n. （戏剧）幕；行为，举动vt. 行为，表现

---n. action行动, 活动

---n. actor演员(尤指男演员)

---n. actress . 女演员

---adj. active活泼的, 活跃的; 积极的;主动的反义：inactive

act as担任…职务

act for代理

act on对…起作用，对…有效

take action to do sth.采取行动做某事

take an active part in积极参与…

be active in doing sth.积极做某事

45. be supposed to(to do sth.)理应/应该做某事；被认为，被看做是

46. tolerate vt. 忍受；默许；允许==stand/bear

---n. toleration 容忍精神，宽容态度

---adj. tolerant 宽容的，容忍的反义：intolerant

---n. tolerance 容忍，宽容

tolerate doing sth. 允许做某事

47. frightened adj. 受惊的；害怕的==scared

---v. frighten 使害怕，使惊吓==scare

---adj. frightening令人害怕的，吓人的==scary

be frightened to do sth.害怕做某事

be frightened of sth./doing sth.

frighten sb. to death 把某人吓的要死

frighten sb away吓走某人

frighten sb/sth. off 吓走，吓跑

frighten sb into doing sth.把某人吓得做某事

48. starve v. 挨饿；渴望

---n. starvation 挨饿，饥饿，饿死

---adj. starving 挨饿的

starve for 渴望；急需

starve to death 饿死

49. be at fault 有错，要对错误负责

find fault with 挑剔；找茬，吹毛求疵

It’s your fault to make such a mistake. 犯这样的错误是你的过失。

50. defend v. 辩护，辩解；防卫，保护

---n. defence 保护，防护

---n. defender 保护者；防守队员，后卫

---n. defendant 被告

defend against 防卫；抵抗

defend with 用…防卫

defend from 防卫…以免于

defend sb. against/from sb/sth.针对…为…辩解; 保护某人/物免受…伤害

51. deserve v. 值得；应得；应受

---adj. deserved应得的，理所当然的

---adj. deserving 应得的，值得的（尤指经济上的支持）

deserve to sth. 理应做某事

deserve+名词

deserve doing sth.= deserve to be done

He deserves punishment.==He deserves punishing.==He deserves to be punished.

deserve well/ill of…应/不应受到

deserve…for为…值得做某事

deserve…from应从…受到…

52. upset adj.感到不适的；心烦意乱的v. (upset, upsetting) 打翻；倾覆；使心烦意乱

be upset with sb 对某人不快

be upset by/at/about 对某事感到烦恼

upset stomach肠胃不适

53. emergency n.(可数) 突发事件；紧急情况

--- n. emergence 出现，显现；发生；露头（of）

--- adj. emergent 紧急的,浮现的,突然出现的；新出现的（仅用于名词前）

--- vi. emerge出现; 显出; 暴露(问题. 意见等) emerge from ( =appear, become known ) 54. explanation n.(可数) 解释，说明

--- v. explain 解释，说明

explain sth. to sb.== explain sb. sth. 向某人解释某事的理由

55. be hard on sb./sth.==be strict with sb. in sth.对某人某人严厉

56. now that既然，由于，引导原因状语从句==because of the fact that==since

57. turn短语

turn one’s back on sb. (=turn away from sb. in an impolite way) 不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃by turns 轮换地

in turn (=successively; in order) 依次

do sth in turn / by turns = take turns to do sth / in doing sth 轮流做某事

turn against 转而反对，背叛

turn around / round 转身，转过来

turn on 打开（灯，气，水，电器等）

turn off 关掉（灯，气，水，电器等）

turn up 把音量开大，卷起，翻起，发生，出现，到达

turn down 关小/调低（音量／热度），拒绝

turn over 把……翻过来，翻动，犁翻（土地），细想

turn in 交进，上缴，归还

turn into 变成

turn…into… 把……变成……，转变成

turn to… 转向……，向……求助，查阅

turn out 结果是，生产

turn out to be 被证明是, 结果是

turn right / left 向右/向左拐

turn writer = become a writer 成为作家

58. take a vacation休假（vacation无复数形式）

the summer/winter vacation暑/寒假

on vacation/holiday 在度假

59. expect vt. 认为；期待

---n. expectation 预料，预期，期待

---n. expectancy 期待，期望

---adj. expectant 期待的（一般用于名词前）

expect to do sth. 预计做某事

expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事

expect that+从句

I expect/think/believe/suppose so.

I don’t expect/think/believe/suppose so.(否定转移)

60. ca n’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待地要做某事

61. surprise vt. 使惊奇n. 意想不到的事

---adj. surprised 感到奇怪的（人之情感）

---adj. surprising 令人吃惊的（物之性质）

to one’s surprise让人吃惊的是

in surprise 吃惊地

be surprised at/to do sth. 对…感到吃惊

62. do with 处理用于特殊疑问句时，do with多与what连用

deal with 处理用于特殊疑问句时，deal with多与how连用

63. in a mess 混乱；一团糟

make a mess of 把…搞得一塌糊涂

mess up弄坏；毁坏；弄脏

64. leave+宾语+补足语（现在分词、过去分词、名词、形容词、介词短语）

使…处于某种状态；听任，让

leave alone让…处于某种状态，听任

leave behind 不带，忘了带；遗留，留下

leave off 停止，中断

leave out 遗漏，省略；把… 排除在外

on leave 在休假

take one’s leave of向某人告辞==take leave of sb.

65. go短语：

go abroad 出国go about 四处走走，开始做，着手干，走到，传开go against 违反，违背go after追求；设法得到

go ahead 说吧，干吧，领先，走在前面go along进行，进展

go away 走开，离去go back 回去

go beyond 超越go by 走过，经过，（时间）消逝，过去

go down 下来，落下，倒下go down on one’s knees 跪下

go for 为……去，努力获取，主张，适用于

go for a hike = go hiking 去徒步旅行

go for a walk / walks 散步go for sb 对某人也一样

go in for 参加，喜欢go into 详细调查

go off 走开，离去，（闹钟）闹响；动身；发射，爆炸

go off to = be off to = leave for 动身去

go off the air 停止广播（比较：go on the air 开始广播）

go on 发生，进行，继续go / be on diet 在节食

go on (a) holiday 去度假= go for a holiday

go on a visit to 去……访问（参观）

go on doing sth 继续做某事（同一事）

[比较：go on to do sth 继续做某事（另一事）go on with sth 继续某事]

go out 熄灭，出去，外出go over 复习，过一遍，仔细检查，审阅

go past 从……的旁边过去go up 上升，上涨，增长，攀登

go with… 与……相配

go without 忍受没有……之苦，没有……也行，没有……也能勉强应付

go shopping / fishing / sailing / camping / skating 去购物/钓鱼/驾船航行/宿营/滑冰

go straight along 沿着……一直往前走

go through 通过，经受，浏览，仔细检查

go through with 完成

go to bed （上床）睡觉go to sleep 入睡go to school / work 上学/上班

go to a movie 去看电影go to the country(side) 下乡

go home / there 回家/去那儿

go to see a doctor 去看病，去看医生

go bad 变坏go wrong 出毛病，不对头，做错事，误入歧途

go Dutch 各付各的帐，平摊费用

go into effect 生效. ( 近: come into effect; take effect; be brought into effect)

66. have +sth.（宾语）+过去分词（宾语补足语）表示请某人做某事/使某事被做

I have my watch repaired.我让人修了我的表。

have +sb./sth.（宾语）+现在分词（宾语补足语）叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生You’d better have your car running slowly.你最好把车开慢点。

have +sb.（宾语）+do sth.（宾语补足语）叫/让/使某人做某事

The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day. 老板经常要他们一天工作14个小时。

have sth. to do 要做某事（主语来做）

I have lots of things to do this afternoon. 今天下午我有许多事情要做。

have sth. to be done 有事要做（不是主语来做）

Do you have any clothes to be washed?你有衣服要我洗吗？

67. by chance 偶然；意外地

by any chance万一；碰巧

on the chance of怀着…的希望

take a chance/chances 冒险；碰运气

have the chance/opportunity of doing sth. 有机会做某事

have no chance/opportunity to do sth. 没有机会做某事

there is a chance that he will succeed.他有可能成功。

68. instead of +名词/代词/doing sth.代替；而不是

instead adv. 代替；取代；而不是

69. feel like sth./doing sth. 想要，愿意

feel as if/as though 觉得好像

feel for sb. 同情某人

70. punish vt. 惩罚，处罚

---n. punishment

---adj. punishing严重的；困难的

punish sb. for… 因…惩罚某人

punish…with/by用…来惩处

71. argue v. 辩论；争论

---n. argument辩论；争论;争吵

argue with sb. about/over sth.和某人争论某事

argue for/against sth.赞成/反对某事

72. differ vi. 不同，有区别

---n. difference 不同，差异

---adj. different 不同的

differ from 与…有区别

differ in 在…方面有区别

differ with 与…持有不同意见，与…有分歧

73. be fit to do sth. 适宜做某事

be fit for sth. 适合（某职位）

fit sb. 合适（多指衣服尺寸、大小合适）

辨析fit, suit, match

fit 指大小方面的合适；suit指颜色图案方面的合适；match=go with指协调，匹配

74. wish的用法

1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望时，

其宾语从句的动词形式为：

主句从句

从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were）现在时过去时

从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词）过去时/现在时过去完成时

将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时/现在时would/could +动词原形I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高

He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话

I wish that the rain would stop . 要是雨停就好了

2) wish to do/wish sb / sth to do

I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。

75. think短语：

think about 思考，考虑（是否去做）

think of 想到，想起，认为，对……有看法/想法

think out 想出

think over 仔细考虑

think through… 思考……直到得出结论

think up 提出，想出，设计出

think twice 再三考虑，仔细考虑

think highly / well/much of = speak highly of = sing high praise for 对……高度评价

“认为…是…”短语：

consider…as…

look on/upon…as…

regard…as…

think of…as…

76. search sb. 搜某人的身

search for sb./sth. 找寻某人/某物

search sb./sp. for sth. 为了找到某物而搜查某人/某地

77. mix v. 混和，搅拌

---n. mixture ---n. mixer 搅拌器---adj. mixed混合的；混杂的

mix up 使充分混合；弄乱；混淆；搞糊涂；参与某事，与某人交往等

mix up…with…把…与…混淆了

mix …with … 把……和……混合

78. stay away 不在家，外出

stay away from… 与……保持距离

stay the same = remain the same 保持不变

stay up 挺住，站立，开夜车，醒着，不睡，熬夜=sit up

stay still=stand still 静止不动

79. as if/as though 引导方式状语从句

如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had ＋过去分词”；表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would (might, could) ＋动词原形”。

The coach always treats the players as if they were his own children.

教练对待队员就像是对自己的孩子。

She was suffering from a bad cold. Her head felt as if it would burst。

她正患重感冒，头疼的感觉就像要炸开一样。

但as if (as though) 后的从句也常用陈述语气，这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的。It looks as if it is going to rain. 似乎要下雨。

含if的词组：

A.what if…?要是…如何/怎么办？

B.even if/even though尽管

C.as if/as though 好像

D.only if 如果

E.if only要是…就好了

80. insist vt. 坚持要（表示命令、要求，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气）

insist on/upon+名词/doing sth./one’s doing 坚持要求做，坚持主张

81. harm v. 伤害

---adj. harmful 有害的反义：无害的

do harm to sb./sth.=do sb./sth. harm对某人/某物有害

do no harm 无害

be harmful to对…有害

82. foolish adj. 愚蠢的---n. fool 傻子；笨蛋v. 欺骗，愚弄

It is foolish/stupid/silly of sb. to do sth.做某事是愚蠢的。

辨析：foolish/stupid/silly

foolish表示“无头脑的，缺乏常识的，缺乏判断力的”；

stupid表示缺乏正常理解力，强调智力方面的愚笨；

silly强调“无知的，可笑的，傻的”，语气较其他两个词若些

slow指“领悟、反应或理解的速度较慢”

dull 意为“迟钝的，呆滞的”，含有缺乏敏锐的洞察力的意思。

83. patience n. 耐心反义：impatience 无耐心，不耐烦

---adj. patient 忍耐的；有耐心的n. 病人

---adj. impatient 不耐烦的；急躁的

--- adv. patiently有耐心地；坚韧地

be patient with sb.对某人有耐心

be patient of sth. 能忍受某事

of all patience with对…忍无可忍

be out of patience with对…忍无可忍

have no patience with对…不能容忍；对…没有耐性

84. distant adj. 不友好的；冷淡的；疏远的;远亲的（仅用于名词前）反义：close同义：faraway

---n. distance 距离，远方，路程

distant from sth.与某物不相似，与某物联系不密切

form a distance从远方

in the distance在远方

faraway adj.遥远的（仅用于名词前）；a faraway look若有所思的神情

85. annoyed adj. 愤怒的；生气的==angry

---v. annoy 使恼怒，使烦恼；打扰，干扰

---adj. annoying 讨厌的；恼人的

be annoyed at/with sb. 对某人生气

be annoyed about/by sth. 对某事生气

86. forbid vt. 禁止（forbidding; forbade; forbidden）反义：permit

forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事;使某人不可能做某事；阻止（同义：prevent）

forbid sb. from doing sth禁止某人做某事

forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事

87. confuse vt. 把…弄糊涂；使…混乱；弄混淆

---n. confusion混乱，无秩序；混淆

---adj. confused感到迷惑不解的---adj. confusing 令人糊涂的；使人迷惑不解的

confuse sb./sth. with sb./sth.

88. tend to (do sth./sb./sth.)趋向；易于；往往会；照顾，照料

---n. tendency 倾向，趋势

89. limit n.限度；极限；界限；边界vt.限制，限定

---n. limitation 限度，限定，限额

---adj. limited 有限的

---adj. unlimited无限制的；数量极大的

within limits在合理限度内

limit sb./sth. to sth. 限定某人/某物

be limited to sth. 局限于某处活动范围

be limited to doing sth.

90. balance n. 平衡；均衡；天平；收支差额；结余vt. 使平衡；保持…平衡；权衡；比较

---adj. balanced 公正客观的；均衡的

lose your balance失去平衡

keep the balance保持平衡

recover/regain your balance恢复平衡

be off balance失去平衡，不稳

on balance 总的来说

be in the balance悬而未决，不确定；命运未定

balance out 相等，相平衡

91. alone 表示客观上单独的，独自的，不含感情色彩

lonely表示主观上的孤独的，孤单的；建筑物等孤零零的；地方偏僻的，人烟稀少的，有浓厚的感情色彩。

92. go through通过，穿过；经历或遭受（困难等）；(法律等)被通过(=pass through); 仔细检查；

浏览；翻阅（=look through）;（把钱等）用光，耗尽

go through with完成；把…进行到底

93. common adj.普通的

general adj. 总的，一般的normal adj.正常的, 正规的，标准的

common “共同的，普遍的，常见的”，强调共性，指为许多人或物共同具有，因而常见，不突出。

normal“正常的, 正规的”，强调事情是在正常状态下按预期的目的或合乎发展规律进行的。

usual “通常的，平常的，惯常的”，指在某一地方或某一时间内所常见的，往往指常用的东西或常发生的事情，强调习惯。反义：unusual

ordinary“普通的，平常的；平庸的” 指符合一般或常规事物的标准, 无奇特之处。反义：special

common sense/knowledge常识

out of the common不平常的

a common name 常见的名字

in common with同…一样

have a lot/nothing in common有很多/没有任何共同之处

have sth. in common with sb./sth.

94. struggle vi. 挣扎；斗争n. （可数）斗争，奋斗，努力

struggle for为…奋斗常接抽象名词，意为为真理、事业、解放等而斗争

struggle with/against与…进行斗争

struggle on勉强支持下去；竭力维持下去

struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来

make a struggle with同…搏斗

be a struggle for sb. 对某人而言是困难的事

95. value n. 价值，估价，价格vt. 估价，价格; 重视，尊重

---adj. valuable 宝贵的，珍贵的，贵重的反义：worthless

---adj. valueless 不值钱的，没有价值的；不重要的；质量差的同义：worthless

value sb./sth. for sth.

96. suggest用法

Suggest doing sth. 建议做某事

Suggest sb,/sb.’s doing sth.建议某人做某事

Suggest that sb. (should) do sth. 建议某人做某事

Suggest that…暗示/表明…

疑问词+do you suggest+动词原形/+主语+动词原形

97. fight vi. 争吵，争论，打架，斗争

fight against与…作战、斗争

fight with与…一起共同对付；与…作战

fight for为…而战

98. spare adj. 空余的，剩下的，备用的vt. 节约，吝啬；抽出，让出；饶恕，使免于受罚等

spare no efforts/pains to do sth.不遗余力地去做某事

spare no expenses不惜工本

in one’s spare time在某人的业余时间里

s spare room备用房间

spare one’s life饶某人的命

spare one’s energy节约精力

spare one’s feelings不使某人难过

spare sb. sth. 让某人某物

be spare of sth. 缺少某物

222. have an effect on 对…有影响

223. be in effect (=be in operation) 有效

224. go into effect 生效. ( 近: come into effect; take effect; be brought into effect)

225. in effect (=in fact, really) 实际上

226. give effect to (=carry out) 实行,使…生效

227. to no effect 不起作用,没有取得任何效果

228. (be) of no effect (=useless) 无效

229. to the effect that 大意是…,主要内容是…

230. to that effect 是那个意思的…

语法之定语从句

简单句的五种基本句型

1、主语+不及物动词(Vi.)/SV：e.g. We work.

常用的不及物动词(Vi.)有:sleep, work, run, listen, walk, happen, argue, arrive, belong, chat,cheer, compete, depend, (dis)agree, (dis)appear等注意：在学习词汇过程中药注意积累不及物动词！！！

2、主语+及物动词(Vt.)+宾语/SVO：

常用的及物动词(Vt.) spend, visit等

e.g. I like you. I see you. I miss you. I visited Shanghai. Henry bought a dictionary.

3、主语+及物动词(Vt.)+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.

用于此句型的动词有buy,find,bring,give,teach,pass,show,tell,do,leave,get,lend,lose（使……失去, cost(使……

付出代价)，offer,promise,sing,write,deny,envy等

4、主语+及物动词(Vt.)+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.

1)、接名词作补足语的动词有：call,choose,think,consider,believe,find,make,etc.

2)、接动词不定式作补足语的动词有：see,watch,notice,let,have,hear,make;ask,tell,order,

require,want,advise,persuade, cause,encourage,permit(allow),forbid,teach etc.

不能用于此结构的动词有：suggest,demand,hope,agree.

3)、接形容词作补足语的动词有：think,believe,find,feel,consider,keep,leave,make,get,paint,wish,drive,

5、主语+系动词+表语： e.g. He is a student.

连系动词有：be,seem,appear,keep,prove,turn out/look,feel,sound,smell,taste/become,

grow,get,turn,go,come(true),fall(ill,asleep)

注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。

,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先

关系代词(6个)有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as

关系副词(3个)有：when, where, why

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1）who, whom, that (人)这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

2) Whose 用来指人或物，(“…的” 只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如：

但在下列情况下不能互换：

1．先行词是人时，只能用whose，不能用of which；

2．of不具有所属关系含义时，只能用of which(或of whom)，不能用whose。

It’s the first time the boy whose father is an engineer has paid a visit to our school.

(不能用of which替换whose)

3）which, that(物)

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

A.关系副词where引导的定语从句

1. 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place，room，mountain，airport等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从

句需要用关系副词where引导。地点名词除了具体名词如school, hospital, factory, museum

2. 通常，引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词＋which”的形式。

3.当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用where。

B.关系副词when引导的定语从句

1.当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time, day, year, month, week等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词when引导。

2.与where一样，引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词＋which”的形式。

3.当先行词为the time，the moment，the day，the minute等时，关系副词when可以省略，也可以用that 引导。

例如：The moment (that /when) I turned round，she had left and disappeared in the crowd．

当我转过身来时，她已经离开并消失在人群中了。

4.当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导

定语从句，而不是用when。

例如：The film reminded me of those miserable days (that／which) I spent in my childhood．

这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。

C.关系副词why引导的定语从句

1.当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时，定语从句需要用关系副词why引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。例：Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine﹖你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？

2.我们也可以用for which来替代why。

例如：The reason why／for which you failed，I think，was that you had turned a deaf ear t o your mother’s advice．我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。

注意：在“the reason why sb does sth．is that 从句”的结构中，that不能换成because。

三、判断关系代词与关系副词规律：

缺句子成分（主语or宾语），用关系代词（who, whom, whose, that, which）；

不缺句子成分（主语or宾语），则用关系副词( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。

四、限制性和非限制性定语从句

1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明

由which, who, whom, whose, where, when、等引导。例如：

This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）

比较：“他有两个女儿,其中一个是护士。”

He has two daughters, one of whom works as a nurse.(非限制性定语从句)

He has two daughters, and one of them works as a nurse.(并列句)

2) 其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3)

如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

五、介词＋关系代词

“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句中较复杂的一种，是我们学习定语从句的重点，也是高考的常考点。这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which和whom。先行词是物时，用介词＋which；是人时，用介词＋whom。介词后面的关系代词不能省略。

1．注意介词的选取：

(1)根据介词和定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。

I called him by the wrong name, for which I should apologize.

(2)根据定语从句意思的需要，不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

(3)根据意思也可用复杂介词，如：by means of，as a result of，in front of，in the back of，all of，most of，none of，the taller of等。

He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.

2．注意代词的选取：

在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，如果关系代词指代事物就用which；如果指代人则用whom。

This is the reason for which he was put in prison.

Tom has three brothers, one of whom is a singer.

3．注意关系代词的可替换性：

某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词＋关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when、where和why互换。This is the factory in which I once worked.(in which可where替换)

I have forgotten the exact date on which this country became independent.(on which可when替换)

4．注意“介词＋where”引导的定语从句：

有时我们可以见到“介词＋where”引导的定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。

His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.

They stood on the top of the building, from where they could see the whole city.

5．“复合介词短语＋关系代词which / whom”引导的定语从句作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓常需倒装。

They arrived at a small house, in front of which sat a small boy.

I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.

6．名词＋of which，或者of which ＋名词，代替whose ＋名词，在定语从句中作定语。

Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, the price of which( ＝whose price) was very reasonable.

7．介词＋which (指物)/ whose (指人)＋名词。该结构中，只能用关系代词which，不能用whom。which单独起形容词作用，修饰它后面的名词。

He might be ill, in which case we can not wait for him.

The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.

六、注意关系代词that的用法

1.先行词为all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，few much等不定代词时。

如：There is little that I can use．几乎没有什么我能用的了。

2.先行词被all, each, few, much, every, no, some, any,the only, the very等不定代词修饰时。

如：All the books that you need are here．你所需要的书都在这儿。

3.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

如：This is the first composition that he has written in English．这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。

4.先行词既有人又有物时。

如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited．他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。

5.主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时。

如：Who is the man that is speaking over there？在那里说话的人是谁？

6.先行词被the only，the very，the last等修饰时。

如：This is the very gun that I am looking for．这正是我在找的枪。

7.关系代词在从句中作表语时。

如：He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago．他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。

8.非限制性定语从句中，指代物或一种情况时，用which，不能用that。

This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.

The baby was ill, which made the mother very worried.

9．关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词

（1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。

（2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系词用who。

（3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。

Who is that girl that is standing by the window?

七、as在定语从句中的用法

1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

（1）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。

（2）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which.例如：

The elephant's nose is like a snake，as anybody can see.

（3）the same--- that与the same ---as在意思上是不同的。

“the same... as”表示同一类人或物，如：Miss Brown also bought the same books as I did.

“the same...that”指同一个人或物，例如：He is the same person that you referred to.(同一个人)

2.as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置

as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面。中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：

（1）As is expected,the England team won the football match.

（2）The earth runs around the sun，as is known by everyone.

3.as, which的比较

1).在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语．如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用

They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.

She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.

2).如从句在主句之前，用as

As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.

As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.

3).如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有“正如…”“就象…”之意时，用as

We won the match, as we had expected.

He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.

4). 当先行项被the same, such, so修饰时，用as

This is the same book as you bought yesterday.同类书

(比较：This is the same book that you bought yesterday.同一本书)

Don’t believe in such men as praise you to your face.

5). 当从句内容对主句内容起消极作用，则用which

The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgraced.

6). as 也可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，用来指待一件事，这时它的位置可以放在句首、句中和句尾。He is an American, as/which we know from his accent.

As we know from his accent, he is an American.

He, as we know from his accent, is an American.

正如: As everyone knows, as you may still remember, as you said, as I can see, as has been mentioned above, as you may have heard, and etc

八、定语从句应注意的几点

A.同位语从句和定语从句的区别

同位语从句是对其前面的词所表示的具体内容做进一步的解释或说明，定语从句则对其前面的词起到限定或修饰的作用；

that用来引导同位语从句时不充当句子成分，用于引导定语从句则充当句子成分；

用when，where，why引导同位语从句时，其前面的词不是相应的时间、地点、原因，而定语从句则必须是相应的时间、地点、原因。

The fact that we talked about is very important. (that引导的是定语从句，that作宾语，可省略。)

The fact that the Chinese invented the compass is known to all. (that引导的是同位语从句，that不作成分，不能省

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