复旦大学考博英语试题2000

2000年复旦大学博士生入学考试英语试卷

PartⅠListening Comprehension (15%) 略

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehensions（20%）

Directions: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)

and D). Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the

Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

The North American black bear (Ursus americanus) hibernates for more than a third of the year ---- sometimes for as long as five months. During this period of relative dormancy, the bear is self-sufficient, requiring nothing from the outside. It does not eat or drink, nor does it eliminates body wastes. Waste products that in other animals (including humans ) would rapidly elevate to levels in the blood are broken down into basic chemicals and then recycled as new proteins. And by burning its fat stores (accumulated during a late-summer feeding frenzy). The bear products --- internally--- all the water it needs.

Scientists do not know what causes a bear to start the late-summer eating binge that allows it to hibernate all winter. During the late summer, bears may spend up to 20 hours a day eating almost anything that is readily available, including garbage. The normal caloric intake of an adult bear is about 4,000 calories a day. During the late-summer feeding frenzy, however, this figure climbs to 20,000 calories a day ---- five times the normal intake. By the time the bear has finished feasting, it will have added five inches of fat to its body--- a layer thick enough to sustain it during hibernation.

Exactly what initiates the release of the “hibernation induction trigger”is also still a mystery. Current studies suggest that it may be the shortage of food that it, rather than the coming of cooler weather or the shortened day. At some point in the fall the amount of easily obtainable food drops drastically. When this happen, the energy the bear would have to expend looking for food is greater than the food it is likely to find.

Their feasting finally ended, black bears start out for their wintering areas. Once there, some go to sleep in hollow logs, others curl up in abandoned tunnels, and still others build a kind of bird’s nest and bed down right out in the open. In Minneseta, bears bedding down in the open often experience temperatures as low as 40 degrees below zero. Eventually they become covered with layers of snow.

Female black bears usually give birth to cubs in January, midway through hibermation. During the delivery, the female only briefly rouses from sleep. The cubs, born blind, find their way to the mother’s nipples by sensing beat. Sometimes, female black bears with cubs are even discovered hibernating in open nests, their offspring snuggled in the warm curl of the mother’s body.

While other hibernating animals (ground squirrels, various bats, and woodchucks, for example) show an enormous drop in heart rate and body temperature, the physiological changes exhibited by hibernating bears are far less dramatic. A ground squirrel’s heart rate falls from 350 beats per minute to as low as 2. its core body temperature drops 64 degrees, from 98 to 34. On the other hand, a black bear’s normal sleeping heart rate of 40 beats per minute might drop to 8, and its normal body temperature of about 100 degrees does not fall below 91 degrees. Also, the small hibernators are slow to wake up. While a hibernating black bear can awake to full alertness in seconds and become extremely dangerous.

Currently, the black bear’s hibernation process is being studied by a number of researchers,

including wildlife biologists, physiologists and biochemists. By understanding the bear’s amazingly efficient metabolism, scientists hope one day to find new treatment for human ailments such as kidney failure and bone disease.

21. Which of the following details best illustrates the author’s view that bears have a very efficient way of maintaining their body functions?

A) By burning its fat stores during hibernation, the bear products --- internally ---- ail the water it needs.

B) During the late-summer feeding frenzy, the caloric intake of bears rises from 4,000 to 20,000 calories a day.

C) By the time a bear has finished its late-summer feasting, it will have added five inches of fat to its body.

D) A bear’s normal body temperature of about 100 degree does not fall below 91 degrees during hibernation.

22. Which of the following best describes the author’s purpose for writing this selection?

A) to review the current state of knowledge regarding black bear’s hibernation

B) to compare the physiological changes experienced by smaller and larger hibernation animals

C) to explain important causes and effects of hibernation among black bears

D) to demonstrate how humans may benefit from a fuller understanding of the bear’s hibernation process

23. Based on the information included in the selection, which of the following statements would be the author most likely agree with?

A) Humans are less self-sufficient than most other forms of animal life.

B) By learning more about the world around them, humans will come to know more about themselves.

C) The causes of some natural phenomena will always remain beyond human understanding.

D) The amount of rest required by an organism is determined primarily by the amount of food it consumers.

24. In paragraph 6. the author compares the hibernation process of bears and squirrels. The author uses this comparison to __________.

A) explain why researchers are interested in the hibernation process of bears

B) demonstrate the physiological deficiencies of small animals

C) illustrate unique features of the hibernation process of bears

D) suggest physiological similarities between bears and other types of animals

25. Which of the following is the best meaning of the word elevate as it is used in the first paragraph of the selection?

A) advance B) increase C) become prominent D) lift

(2)

According to Konosuke Matsushita, founding of Japan’s huge Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., the twenty-first century belongs to Japan. Some observers of the American business scene are beginning to wonder if he may be right.

Some analysts ascribe the failure of US business to management, specifically its self-centered lack of interest in technology. For example, they may, tire manufactures refused to sacrifice heavy investments in standard biasbelted tries to compete with the French firm Michelin when it

introduced radials. As a result, Michelin is now manufacturing tires in the US.

American managers, these critics say, are not what they used to be. Back in the first half of this century, businesses were not to big and leaders came up through the ranks. Then in the 1950s and 60s corporations grew, merged, diversified, and became conglomerates. To manage these new, unwieldy organization, profit centers were set up. Financial managers were hired to head them. These new managers were usually outsides, M.B.A.s and lawyers with no roots in the business they were to run. They evaluated the performance of the diverse divisions in their charge on the basis of quarterly reports---statements of short-term earnings. And so it was that top level executives in the US became obsessed with short-term profits. They forgot that a business to be a success, it must invest in the future, in new technology, in improved products and processes.

But other analysts suggest the picture is not as bleak as it seems. American business executives are now assessing their failures and the successes of Japan’s leaders.

While some US firms need to ponder the Matsushita model, others seem to be models themselves. Delta Airlines, for instance, led the industry in service and profits in 1980. its 1979 net income made up a fourth of the entire industry’s earnings. Delta chairman W. Thomas Beebe’s views on management are much like those of Matsushita. He does not like to bring outsides into management: “Usually it turns out to be an ego trip, which is bad for the company. We want people who will enjoy and want to be working for the team.”

At Delta and at other companies like it (such as IBM), there are no starts. In the example and success of these organizations, the American business community is rediscovering the value of selfless leadership. In fact, teachers at the top business schools in the country are preaching its virtue, the media are telling its stories, and nervous executives are touring Japan to study it. That is why many still maintain that the twenty-first century will not be Japan’s after all.

26. What do we learn about the response of some observers to what Matsushita said？

A) They are skeptical about what he said.

B) They don’t quite understand why he said so.

C) They disagree with him.

D) They tend to agree with him.

27. According to the passage, the success of a business lies in all of the following except

A) plac ing emphasis on long-term returns

B) hiring young managers with MBA or law degree

C) investing in new technology

D) valuing selfless leadership

28. The example of Delta Airlines is giving to show that _________.

A) all American businesses are failures

B) American businesses need not learn from Japanese ones

C) Japanese businesses are no better than American ones

D) even a successful American business should learn from Japan.

29. Which of the following is NOT true?

A) American business executive are aware their problems in management.

B) Selfless leadership is considered a valuable virtue.

C) A company needs stars in management to be successful.

D) Business leaders should be far-sighted in management.

30. The author’s attitude towards American management can best be described as _________.

A) a bit fussy B) critical C) worrying but confident D) pessimistic PartⅢV ocabulary and Structure (10%)

Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in the part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

31. Jeremy Bentham(1748-1832) _______ that “the greatest happiness of the greatest number”should be the guiding rule of public institutions.

A) postulated B) applied C) dissolved D) hypothesized

32. What you see is not an ordinary fish. It is one of those authropomorphic fish, the kind that talk and ________ human characteristics.

A) take on B) bring up C) seek out D)call up

33. He has neglected his work for too long and it is impossible for him to __________ it in a month, let alone in a week.

A) be bound up with B) caught up in

C) run out of D)catch up with

34. Apparently his plan is to consider any offers that ________ from Australian promoters and agents ---- but with a view to working there some time in the future.

A) settled down B) catch on C) come his way D) come to his sense

35. My hunger ________ music, ignorant though I was, led me into several friendship I must otherwise have missed.

A) in B) at C) for D)to

36. Only through practice can we acquire _________ in a foreign language.

A) efficiency B) deficiency C) sufficiency D) proficiency

37. The school distributed to its students ________ relating to their views on teaching methods.

A) trophies B) questionnaires C) theses D) awards

38. I thought he was a waiter, while he made the _______ mistake and thought that I was.

A) reciprocal B) lethal C) relative D) converse

39. When I came to, I was ________ by a strong torch light and I had to closed my eyes.

A) disillusioned B) dazzled C) bewildered D)enchanted

40. Thrift is desirable, but do not let it _________ into avarice.

A) degenerate B) elevate C) waver D) break

41. There was only a small _________ in the city’s population over last ten years.

A) immortality B) incidence C) increment D) intimacy

42. His political analysis is not new, but it _____________.

A) could hardly be less eloquent

B) could be hardly more eloquent

C) could hardly be more than eloquent

D) could hardly be less than eloquent

43. With the help of the computer, they are able to _______ a new blueprint of the city in the near future.

A) conceive B) ponder C) evaluate D) attribute

44. Living in a foreign culture is most of the time, interesting or rather, ___________.

A) exotic B) exquisite C) exhilarating D) exhausting

45. The concert turned out to be a great success, and the applause at the end of it was _________.

A) deadening B) exorbitant C) deafening D) excessive

46. Don’t be too anxious about your performance at work, or you will soon be reduced to a nervous ________.

A) wreck B) addict C) benefactor D) subject

47. I’m afraid Johnny cannot go with you these days. He is _______ writing up his term paper.

A) on the track of B) in the course of

C) in the midst of D) in terms of

48. Many elderly people would save up enough money before buying something they need ______ “buy now, pay later”.

A) with regard to B) in case of C) other than D) rather than

49. Most immigrant workers _______ ill-paid, insecure jobs, but their children ended up doing better.

A) were related to B) were stuck in C) hungered for D) were dedicated to

50. I declined to have dinner _______ the expense of my friends and insisted on going Dutch.

A) on B) for C) to D) at

Paper Two

Part Ⅳ Cloze (15%)

Direction: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ

I get by with a little help from friends is a popular saying with age-old wisdom behind it. That people need people is 51)_______ we have long understood, but more recent research has confirmed the relationship 52)_______ good health and good social relationships. For infants, the ______ of human interaction may actually retard the development of intelligence. Adults who seek supportive social relationships find 54)_______ longevity and have less change of developing a disease.

Most of us don’t develop relationships to 55) ________ our life spans or to our minds and bodies. Such improvements are 56)________ effects. Instead, most people seek relationships with others to feel love, gain companionship, 57)_______ simply to have fun. Mutual interests can be a 58)_______ for new relationships. A good way to find new friends is to get 59)___________ doing the things you love to do. That way, you are likely to meet more people who share interest and a similar 60)________ of the world.

A good relationships helps you feel lovable and capable, it 61)_________ as a support system, allowing you to develop your potential as a person. 62)__________ of the most wonderful things you can do for friends is to help them develop their self-concept as they help you develop 63)___. Reinforcing people’s positive perceptions of 64)_________ frees them to discovery their strengths and to wrestle with their 65)________. What’s even more remarkable is that such reinforcement helps you feel better about yourself.

Part Ⅴ Translation (15%)

Directions: Put following passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

虽然同一职业中男女的起点工资几乎相同，但是最近有人对男女的工资差别进行了研究，并且预测在可以预见的将来从总体上消除工资差别的可能性微乎其微。这是由多种因素难以消除的重要原因之一是妇女们集中在服务业和文秘行业，而这些行业内的工资以传统的男性行业低。

造成男士和女士参加工作后工资差别日益增大的另一个重要原因是，即使在可以相比的职业中，妇女常常在职业生涯的关键时候退出工作来操持家庭，我们的研究反复表明在25岁至35岁的年龄段，坚持不懈地努力工作对取得晋升及工作保障至关重要，而正是在这个年龄段，妇女可能会生孩子并开始在收入上落后于男士。

Part ⅥWriting （15%）

Direction：Write a composition entitled My View on Spare Time Activities at College. Y our composition should contain at least 180 and must be written clearly on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

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Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. 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7 用乳糖酶水解牛乳中的乳糖，如果酶制剂中含有蛋白酶活力，那么肉眼可以观察到被处理的牛乳法生了什么变化，为什么, 8 测定米氏常数方程中的米氏常数有什么实际意义。 9 用反应式表示过氧化物酶催化的反应，并用化学结构式表示两种底物(各举 一例) 10 写出5个影响食品脂类氧化的因素。 11 为什么在面包改良剂中加入大豆粉(含脂类氧化酶) 12写出果胶物质的结构。 13 在矿物质强化方面哪一种元素受到关注，目前普遍使用的是哪一种化合物 以达到强化此元素的目的，还存在哪些问题, 14 在叶绿素酶作用下叶绿素发生什么变化,然而导致植物丧失绿色的原因肯可能是其它的因素，请简述。 15 动物被宰后，体内ATP转化成呈味核苷酸，请描述这个过程(不必写出每种物质的结构式) 16 写出5种食品防腐剂的结构。 17 小麦面粉中最重要的蛋白质是哪四类，哪两类蛋白质的变化影响面筋的结 构和性质。 18 写出甲基纤维素、羧丙基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素的结构(一个构成单元) 19 写出3种抗抗氧化剂(针对脂类氧化)的结构和两种助氧化剂的名称。 20 写出分子流动性(Nm)决定的5种食品性质。 2004年春季博士学位研究生入学考试题 考试科目:食品化学(共1页) 注意事项:共20题，每题5分。答题务必简明扼要，并注意书写整洁。 1 写 出纤维素(MC)、羟丙基纤维素(HPMC)和羧甲基纤维素分子片段的结构式。 2 写出β,环糊精的结构式，并简述它在食品中的应用。 3 指出5种有分子流动性(Mm)决定的食品性质。 4 写出食品水分活度的定义，并描述一种测定小试样水分活度的方法。 5 写 出四种影响商品脂肪稠度的因素。

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1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 你是否同意或不同意以下声明？家长是最好的老师。使用具体原因和例子来支持你的答案。 Obviously, the earliest teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents, and they are generally the most involved in the development and education of their children. Yet neither are all parents good teachers nor are those good parents the best teachers. 显然，我们最早的老师，在大多数情况下，我们的生活是我们的父母，他们是最普遍的发展和子女教育工作。然而，也不是所有家长好老师，也不是那些好父母最好的老师。 First of all, not all parents are good teachers. As normal individuals, some parents more or less have bad habits. Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy every thing from their parents. Another deficiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education. All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically, if their children did not follow the instructions, the children would be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious. In fact, it is parents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses. 首先，并非所有家长都好老师。作为正常人，一些家长或多或少有坏习惯。尽管父母几乎本能地致力于培养他们的后代，其结果可能会变成失望而归，往往所有儿童都能自觉或不自觉从他们的父母复制每一件事。另一个家长缺乏的是，大部分家长对教育的共同感觉，缺乏教师。我们常常看到一些父母往往追求，迫使其子女在预先安排的发展方向，他们所珍惜的，但未能梦想。具有讽刺意味的，如果子女没有遵循指示，孩子就被视为不听话或据称反叛。事实上，这是家长，而不是他们的孩子， Moreover, some parents are qualified as good teachers, but not all of them are the best ones. When children are in the preliminary school, it is not surprising that parents are capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school. But the situation will not last long. We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized. Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than ever before. No parent is able to be professional in all fields, though they might be experts in one or more fields. Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible. They are aware of the possibility outside the family. 此外，一些家长有资格好老师，但不是所有这些都是最好的。当他们在初步学校的，这并不奇怪，父母是孩子的教学，几乎每一个问题甚至比在学校专业教师做得更好。但情况不会持续太久。我们在那里知识的增多，同时积累了生活的世界变得越来越专业化。因此，是在某一领域的专业今日需时较长的时间比以往任何时候。家长们能在所有领域的专业，虽然他们可能在一个或多个领域的专家。明智的家长往往释放，而不是他们的孩子负责尽早。他们都明白了家庭以外的可能性。 Parents may, nevertheless, help their children much more than do good teachers. Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teachers' reaches. It is parents that supplement. Psychology studies have shown us that parents' love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children. Albert Einstein's mother and Forest Gump's mother are both good examples. On the other hand, parents might do their children harm more than do bad teachers as well. The natures of those children whose parents have divorced are often severely distorted. In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers. 家长仍可以帮助他们的孩子更比好老师。大部分地区的儿童教育几乎超出教师达到。这是家长的补充。心理学研究告诉我们，父母的爱，有时有惊人的神奇力量给子女。爱因斯坦的母亲和阿甘正传的母亲都是很好的例子。另一方面，家长可以做他们的孩子受到伤害比也差的教师。那些其父母已离婚儿童的性质往往严重扭曲。总之，这是十分肤浅的简单地说，家长是最好的老师。 [404 words] 2. It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? 有人说，“并不是所有的教训是在书本中。”比较和对比中取得的经验与知识，从书本上获得的经验。在您看来，这是更重要的来源？为什么？ Both experiences and books are very essential resources, and both of them have relevant merits. 双方的经验和书籍是非常重要的资源，他们都有相关的优点。