国际经济学作业答案-第四章
Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border would
(a) move the point of production along the production possibility curve.
(b) shift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods.
(c) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensive
product.
(d) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the capital-
intensive product.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
2. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ in
(a) tastes.
(b) military capabilities.
(c) size.
(d) relative availabilities of factors of production.
(e) labor productivities.
Answer: D
3. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, a change from autarky (no trade) to trade will
benefit the owners of
(a) capital.
(b) the relatively abundant factor of production.
(c) the relatively scarce factor of production.
(d) the relatively inelastic factor of production.
(e) the factor of production with the largest elasticity of substitution.
Answer: B
4. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, a change from autarky (no trade) to trade
(a) will tend to make the wages in both countries more similar.
(b) will equalize the wages in both countries.
(c) will tend to make the wages in both countries less similar.
(d) will tend to make wages equal to returns to capital.
(e) will tend to make rents equal to interest rates.
Answer: A
5. The Leontieff Paradox
(a) supported the validity of the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage.
(b) supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.
(c) failed to support the validity of the Ricardian theory.
(d) failed to support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.
(e) proved that the U.S. economy is different from all others.
Answer: D
6. The Leontieff Paradox
(a) refers to the finding that U.S. exports were more labor intensive than its imports.
(b) refers to the finding that U.S. Exports were more capital intensive than its exports.
(c) refers to the finding that the U.S. produces outside its Edgeworth Box.
(d) still accurately applies to today’s pattern of U.S. international trade.
(e) refers to the fact that Leontieff—an American economist—had a Russian name.
Answer: A
7. The 1987 study by Bowen, Leamer and Sveikauskas
(a) supported the validity of the Leontieff Paradox.
(b) supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.
(c) used a two-country and two-product framework.
(d) demonstrated that in fact countries tend to use different technologies.
(e) proved that the U.S.’s comparative advantage relied on skilled labor.
Answer: A
8. Empirical observations on actual North-South trade patterns tend to
(a) support the validity of the Leontieff Paradox.
(b) support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.
(c) support the validity of the Rybczynski Theorem.
(d) support the validity of the wage equalization theorem.
(e) support the validity of the neo-imperialism exploitation theory.
Answer: B
9. The Case of the Missing Trade refers to
(a) the 9th volume of the Hardy Boys’ Mystery series.
(b) the fact that world exports does not equal world imports.
(c) the fact that factor trade is less than predicted by the Heckscher-Ohlin theory.
(d) the fact that the Heckscher Ohlin theory predicts much less volume of trade than actually exists.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
10. If the Unted States had relatively more capital per worker than Mexico, and if the Leontieff Paradox
applied to this trade, then a successful expansion of trade under NAFTA between Mexico and the United States would tend to benefit which group in the United States?
(a) Environmentalists
(b) Capitalists
(c) Workers
(d) Land owners
(e) Skilled labor with relatively high levels of human capital
Answer: C
11. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the source of comparative advantage is a country’s
(a) technology.
(b) advertising.
(c) human capital.
(d) factor endowments.
(e) Both (a) and (b).
Answer: D
12. The Hechscher-Ohlin model states that a country will have a comparative advantage in the good or
service whose production is relatively intensive in the ______ with which the country is relatively abundant.
(a) tastes
(b) technology
(c) factor of production
(d) opportunity cost
(e) scale economy
Answer: C
13. One way in which the Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardo model of comparative
advantage is by assuming that __________ is (are) identical in all countries.
(a) factor of production endowments
(b) scale economies
(c) factor of production intensities
(d) technology
(e) opportunity costs
Answer: D
14. According to the Hecksher-Ohlin model,
(a) everyone automatically gains from trade
(b) the scarce factor necessarily gains from trade
(c) the gainers could compensate the losers and still retain gains.
(d) a country gains if its exports have a high value added.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
15. The Heckscher-Ohlin model assumes that _____ are identical in all trading countries
(a) tastes
(b) technologies
(c) factor endowments
(d) Both (a) and (b).
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
16. As opposed to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, the assumption of diminishing returns
in the Heckscher-Ohlin model means that the probability is greater that with trade
(a) countries will not be fully specialized in one product.
(b) countries will benefit from free international trade.
(c) countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier.
(d) comparative advantage is primarily supply related.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
17. Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Heckscher-Ohlin model, if Country H is relatively
labor abundant, then once trade begins
(a) wages and rents should rise in H
(b) wages and rents should fall in H
(c) wages should rise and rents should fall in H.
(d) wages should fall and rents should rise in H.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
18. Which of the following is false (for the Heckscher-Ohlin model)?
(a) If tastes are not identical in both countries, wages may still equalize.
(b) Differences in technologies could be the source of gains from trade.
(c) Some groups may gain and some may lose due to trade.
(d) Gains for the trade-related winners will tend to be larger than losses of losers.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
19. If tastes differed between countries, this could affect
(a) wage equalization due to trade with no specialization.
(b) the direction of trade (who exports what to whom).
(c) the fact that some groups in a country might lose welfare due to trade.
(d) the fact that the country as a whole will gain from trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
20. Suppose that there are two factors, capital and land, and that the United States is relatively land
endowed while the European Union is relatively capital-endowed. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model,
(a) European landowners should support U.S.-European free trade.
(b) European capitalists should support U.S.-European free trade.
(c) all capitalists in both countries should support free trade.
(d) all landowners should support free trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
21. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, if the United States is richly endowed in human-capital
relative to Mexico, then as NAFTA increasingly leads to more bilateral free trade between the two countries,
(a) the United States will find its industrial base sucked into Mexico.
(b) Mexico will find its relatively highly skilled workers drawn to the United States.
(c) The wages of highly skilled U.S. workers will be drawn down to Mexican levels.
(d) The wages of highly skilled Mexican workers will rise to those in the United States.
(e) The wages of highly skilled Mexican workers will fall to those in the United States.
Answer: E
22. Assume that only two countries, A and B, exist.
Consider the following data:
Countries
Factor Endowments A B
Labor Force 45 20
Capital Stock 15 10
If good S is capital intensive, then following the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory,
(a) country A will export good S.
(b) country B will export good S.
(c) both countries will export good S.
(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.
(e) Insufficient information is given.
Answer: B
23. Continuing from Question #22, if you are told that Country B is very much richer than Country A,
then the correct answer is:
(a) country A will export good S.
(b) country B will export good S.
(c) both countries will export good S.
(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.
(e) insufficient information is given.
Answer: B
24. Continuing from Question #22, you are told that Country B is very much larger than country A. The
correct answer is:
(a) country A will export good S.
(b) country B will export good S.
(c) both countries will export good S.
(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.
(e) insufficient information is given.
Answer: B
25. Continuing from Question #22, you are told that Country B has no minimum wage or child labor
laws. Now the correct answer is:
(a) country A will export good S.
(b) country B will export good S.
(c) both countries will export good S.
(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.
(e) Insufficient information is given.
Answer: B
26. Continuing from Question #22, you now are told that the labor unions representing the workers in
each of the two respective countries are considering lobbying against the opening of international trade between these two countries. Note that workers’ income is derived solely from wages.
(a) This would be a misguided decision from the viewpoint of the workers in both countries, since
trade is always better than autarky.
(b) This would be a good decision from the viewpoint of workers in Country A since international
trade helps the capitalists and hurts the workers.
(c) This would be a good decision from the viewpoint of workers in Country B since international
trade helps the owners of capital and hurts the workers.
(d) This would be a good decision for both unions since trade hurts workers wherever they live.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
27. We are now told that the information given us in Question #22 was not exactly accurate, and that in
fact S is relatively capital intensive only when relative wages are high, but becomes relatively labor intensive when relative wages are low. Given this information:
(a) country A will export good S.
(b) country B will export good S.
(c) both countries will export good S.
(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.
(e) Insufficient information is given.
Answer: E
28. The following are all assumptions that must be accepted in order to apply the Heckscher-Ohlin
Theory, except for one:
(a) countries differ in their endowments of factors of production.
(b) countries differ in their technologies.
(c) there are two factors of production.
(d) production is subject to constant returns to scale.
(e) one product always requires more machines per worker in its production than does the other
product.
Answer: B
29. In international-trade equilibrium in the Heckscher-Ohlin model,
(a) the capital rich country will charge less for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the
capital poor country for the capital-intensive good.
(b) the capital rich country will charge the same price for the capital intensive good as that paid for
it by the capital poor country.
(c) the capital rich country will charge more for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the
capital poor country for the capital-intensive good.
(d) the workers in the capital rich country will earn more than those in the poor country.
(e) the workers in the capital rich country will earn less than those in the poor country.
Answer: B
30. If two countries were very different in their relative factor availabilities, then we would not expect
which of the following to be empirically supported?
(a) The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem
(b) The Factor Price Equalization Theorem.
(c) The Law of One Price
(d) The Law of Demand
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
31. When Country A produces both goods more efficiently than Country B, then
(a) country A should produce both goods and not trade.
(b) country A should specialize in its good of least absolute disadvantage.
(c) both countries would benefit from autarky.
(d) both countries may not benefit from trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
32. The minimum information required to determine Country A’s comparative advantage is
(a) the number of hours of labor in the economy of A.
(b) ratio of labor inputs for products S and T in A.
(c) total available labor, labor required per unit of S, and labor required per unit of T in A.
(d) total available labor and the ratio of labor inputs for S and T in A.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
33. The slope of a country’s PPF reflects
(a) the opportunity cost of product S in terms of product T.
(b) the opportunity cost of T in terms of money prices.
(c) the opportunity cost of S or T in terms of S.
(d) Both (a) and (b).
(e) Both (a) and (c).
Answer: A
34. The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following except:
(a) which country will export which product.
(b) which factor of production within each country will gain from trade.
(c) the volume of trade.
(d) that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
35. The Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardian model of Comparative Advantage in that the
former
(a) has only two countries.
(b) has only two products.
(c) has two factors of production.
(d) has two production possibility frontiers (one for each country).
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
36. International trade has strong effects on income distributions. Therefore, international trade
(a) is beneficial to everyone in both trading countries.
(b) will tend to hurt one trading country.
(c) will tend to hurt some groups in each trading country.
(d) will tend to hurt everyone in both countries.
(e) will be beneficial to all those engaged in international trade.
Answer: C
37. Factors tend to be specific to certain uses and products
(a) in countries lacking comparative advantage.
(b) in the short run.
(c) in capital-intensive industries.
(d) in labor-intensive industries.
(e) in countries lacking fair labor laws.
Answer: B
38. If the price of the capital intensive product rises more than does the price of the land intensive
product, then
(a) demand will shift away from the capital-intensive product, and its production will decrease.
(b) demand will shift away from the capital-intensive product, and its production will decrease
relative to that of the land intensive product.
(c) the production of the capital-intensive product will indeed decrease, but not for the reasons
mentioned in (a) or (b).
(d) the countries exporting the capital-intensive good will lose its comparative advantage.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
39. If Australia has relatively more land per worker, and Belgium has relatively more capital per worker,
then if trade were to open up between these two countries,
(a) the relative price of the capital-intensive product would rise in Australia.
(b) the world price of the land-intensive product would be higher than it had been in Belgium.
(c) the world price of the land intensive product would be higher than it had been in Australia.
(d) the relative price of the land intensive product would rise in Belgium.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
40. If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were
to open up between these two countries,
(a) the real income of capital owners in Australia would rise.
(b) the real income of labor in Australia would clearly rise.
(c) the real income of labor in Belgium would clearly rise.
(d) the real income of landowners in Belgium would fall.
(e) the real incomes of capital owners in both countries would rise.
Answer: D
41. If trade opens up between the two formerly autarkic countries, Australia and Belgium, then
(a) the real income of Australia and of Belgium will increase.
(b) the real income of Australia but not of Belgium will increase.
(c) the real income of neither country will increase.
(d) the real income of both countries may increase.
(e) the real income of both countries will increase.
Answer: D
42. If the price of food (a land intensive product) rises, then the income of capital owners will fall
because
(a) capital owners consume only food.
(b) the real wage in terms of manufactures rises.
(c) they must pay higher wages to maintain subsistence levels.
(d) food is an element of organic capital for capitalists.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
43. If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich, and if food is relatively
land intense then trade between these two, formerly autarkic countries will
(a) lead to perfect specialization with Japan alone producing manufactures.
(b) create a world relative price of food that is lower than that of the U.S.
(c) lower the price of food in both countries.
(d) raise the price of food in both countries.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
44. The reason trade clearly benefits a country is that
(a) it raises the real income of the more productive elements in society.
(b) it lowers the real income of the less productive elements in society.
(c) it increases the levels of consumption of everyone.
(d) it increases society’s consumption choices.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
45. As compared to potential gainers, those who stand to lose from trade
(a) are likely to migrate to another country.
(b) tend to be more effectively organized politically.
(c) tend to reject compensation as smacking of socialism.
(d) are universally opposed by economists who consider them parasites.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
46. Those who stand to gain from trade
(a) do not really care about the issue of income redistribution.
(b) could not compensate losers since there are so many poor people.
(c) could compensate losers but would rather not in modern industrial economies.
(d) compensate losers at least partially through such legislation as unemployment compensation, or
retraining grants.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
47. Groups that lose from trade tend to lobby the government to
(a) shift the direction of comparative advantage.
(b) abolish the Specific Factor model from practical application.
(c) provide public support for the relatively efficient sectors.
(d) provide protection for the relatively inefficient sectors.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
48. It was found that when the United States imposed steel quotas, this caused harm not only to steel
consumers, but also to many producers for whom steel is an important input. This insight
(a) suggests that general equilibrium models of tariffs will demonstrate that the partial equilibrium
deadweight loss triangles tend to overstate the tariff harm.
(b) suggests that the deadweight loss triangles from partial equilibrium models tend to understate
the harm to society of protectionism.
(c) suggests that it is quite sensible that producers tend to support quotas.
(d) suggests that steel production is an infant industry in the U.S.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
49. It was found that when the United States placed quotas on imported Japanese semiconductors, this
harmed the international competitiveness of U.S. computer manufacturers. This is a good illustration of the principle that
(a) trade benefits the factor that is specific to the export sector.
(b) protectionism helps manufacturers but harms consumers.
(c) protectionism harms the factor that is specific to the export sector.
(d) effective protection is not the same as a nominal tariff or tariff equivalent.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
50. Ricardo’s model of comparative advantage demonstrated no harm to any g roup in the economy
as a result of free trade. This was probably because
(a) Ricardo did not understand the concept of diminishing returns.
(b) the specific factor model had not yet been invented.
(c) Heckscher and Ohlin had not yet been born.
(d) a model, which demonstrated such harm, would have been counter-productive to Ricardo’s
political or polemical aims.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
51. When the Napoleonic Wars were over, the Corn Laws were enacted in England. This may be
understood in terms of the following:
(a) The Hecksher-Ohlin model.
(b) The intra-trade model.
(c) The monopolistic competition model
(d) The scale economies model
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
52. If Gambinia has many workers but very little land and even less productive capital, then, following
the specific factor model, we know that Gambinia has a comparative advantage in
(a) manufactures.
(b) food.
(c) both manufactures and food.
(d) neither manufactures nor food.
(e) Not enough information given.
Answer: E
53. If, relative to its trade partners, Gambinia has many workers but very little land and even less
productive capital, then, following the specific factor model, in order to help the country’s economic welfare, the Gambinian government should
(a) protect the manufacturing sector.
(b) protect the agricultural sector.
(c) protect both sectors.
(d) not resort to protectionism
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
Essay Questions
1. “A good cannot be both land- and labor-intensive.” Discuss.
Answer: In a two good, two factor model, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the factor intensities are relative intensities. Hence, the relevant statistic is either workers per
acre (or acres per worker); or wage per rental unit (or rental per wage). In order to
illustrate the logic of the statement above, let us assume that the production of a broom
requires 4 workers and 1 acre. Also, let us assume that the production of one bushel of
wheat requires 40 workers and 80 acres. In this case the acres per person required to
produce a broom is one quarter, whereas to produce a bushel of wheat requires 2 acres per
person. The wheat is therefore (relatively) land intensive, and the broom is (relatively)
labor intensive.
2. “No country is abundant in everything.” Discuss.
Answer: the concept of relative (country) factor abundance is (like factor intensities) a relative concept. When we identify a country as being capital intensive, we mean that it has more
capital per worker than does the other country. If one country has more capital worker
than another, it is an arithmetic impossibility that it also has more workers per unit capital.
3. There is frequently a conflict between short-term and long-term interests in trade. Discuss.
Answer: In trade models, the short term is typically defined as that (conceptual) period of time in which both the technology and the amount of factors of production are given and cannot
be changed. When we state that free trade can be shown to be an optimal policy under
certain circumstances, we mean that in the short run, this policy can bring a country to an
optimum level of consumption. However, there is no inconsistency in the proposition that
the optimum short run solution may not be the solution, which maximizes the likelihood
of economic expansion or growth (the long run). For example, a policy which maximizes
consumption may not take into account inter-temporal preferences, and hence may “short-
change” future generations (or those who care for future generations).
4. International trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices. Discuss.
Answer: This statement is typically “true . . . but.” Under a strict and limited set of assumptions, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin model which excludes country specific technologies;
non- homothetic tastes; factor intensity reversals; large country differences in (relative)
factor abundances, more factors than goods, and an equilibrium solution within the “cone
of specialization”; then it may be demonstrated that internal consistency demands that the
above state d sentence is “true.” However, the minute one relaxes any of the above listed
assumptions one may easily identify solutions, which contradict the factor price
equalization theorem.
5. Countries that are willing to tolerate an unusually high quantity of pollution relative to their supplies
of other factors would tend to export “pollution-intensive” goods. Discuss using the Hechscher-
Ohlin (H.O.) model.
Answer: This statement is badly crafted. It seems to imply that pollution per say is a proper factor of production. That is, just as if you add a worker, you get additional product, so the
marginal product of pollution is positive. The problem here is that pollution is not really
a factor of production, but rather an externality, which may be more typical of imported
goods than exported ones. In such a case, the statement above is false.
6. Countries do not in fact export the goods the H.O. theory predicts. Discuss.
Answer: This statement is not true. Although one may find many cases where it seems to be true
(e.g. the Leontieff Paradox), all one needs to do in order to render the above statement not
(generally) true is to find one counter example. In fact, one can find large subsets of
agricultural and commodity products in which the H.O predictions are generally fulfilled.
Labor-intensive countries such as Bangladesh do in fact export relatively labor-intensive
goods. Capital-intensive countries such as Germany do in fact export capital-intensive
products (at least to South countries). Countries such as Costa R ica (“sunshine abundant”)
tend to export bananas (sunshine-intensive products). The U.S. (a wheat-land-abundant
country) does indeed export wheat (a wheat-land intensive product). In fact, since the
early 1980s, the Leontieff Paradox was not found to describe the U.S. trade data (hence
ratifying the H.O. theory).
7. Why is the H.O. model called the factor-proportions theory?
Answer: The H.O. model explores the nature and the limitations of assuming that the sole determinant of comparative advantage is inter-country differences in (relative) factor
proportions.
8. Why do we observe the Leontief paradox?
Answer: There are many possible answers. They may be classified into three groups. One would argue that the model, or theory is wrong. The other would argue that the theory is correct
(internally consistent and descriptive of real world data), but the real world data is
incorrectly perceived, defined or measured. The third would argue that the statement itself
is wrong, and that in fact the Leontieff paradox itself is not actually observed, but rather is
due to faulty logical rendering of the original model.
9. Why are prices of factors of production not equalized?
Answer: Again this statement may or may not be argued to be true. On the one hand, the large volume and growth in world trade between the United States and other OECD countries
during the 50 years since World War II has clearly been related to a near universal
(average) convergence in real wage levels in these countries, whereas the most obvious
cases in which such a convergence did not take place (North-South countries) also
happened to be cases in which trade was relatively small and “missing.”
There are many theoretical reasons why factor price equalization may not occur. If the
relative country relative abundances are very different, then the theory itself does not
predict that the wage equalization will occur. The same is true of factor intensity reversals
exist within relevant relative wage ranges. Dynamic migration models such as Harris-
Todaro are another class of theory that may suggest that even if the static equilibrium
solution does include the factor-price equalization, the dynamic path of the model may
never reach this solution, so that when observed within any finite time frame, it a lack of
equalization would exist.
10. “The H.O. model remains useful as a way to predict the income distribution effects of trade.”
Discuss.
Answer: The Stolper-Samuelson theorem, one of the basic theorems arising from the
Heckscher-Ohlin model yields an elegant demonstration of the fact that changes in
product prices (such as will occur when trade is expanded or curtailed) telescopes its
effects onto factor prices, so that not only do relative factor returns mirror product prices,
but that actual returns to factors may either rise or fall in real terms. Hence, as a policy
framework, the disproportionate effect trade may have on real incomes of sectors, such as
skilled-labor is quite useful both theoretically and practically (or polemically).
11. It is claimed that the persistence of protectionism is often the result of the fact that those who lose
from trade are usually a much more informed, cohesive and motivated a group than those who gain.
Give a specific example from “real life” that supports this claim.
Answer: The shift of shipbuilding comparative advantage in shipbuilding away from the U.S. has caused economic damage to trained shipbuilders, as well as to owners of shipyards, and to
peripheral businesses located near such shipyards. These groups, and their Congressional
representatives will be very much aware of the damage being done. The gainers would be
those who pay somewhat lower shipping charges, or lower retail prices due to the use of
cheaper (foreign built) ships. Since shipping is typically a very small component of total
retail cost, this gain will hardly be noticeable by any one single group in the economy. 12. One reason international trade has a powerful effect on the distribution of income within countries is
that some factors cannot move costlessly from one industry to another. What is another necessary condition for international trade to have such a strong effect on intra-country income distributions?
Answer: It is necessary that the relative factor intensities differ from industry to industry.
13. Even though it is very clear in the context of the Hecksher-Ohlin model that an expansion of
international trade will create losers as well as winners, economists still claim that the country as a whole gains. The general claim that a country gains even though some identifiable group within it systematically loses requires subjective judgements concerning the relative importance or weights to be given the economic welfares of individuals or groups. Do you believe that this is, in general
scientifically or ethically possible to do? Explain your answer. In what sense, then, do economists nevertheless claim that the country as a whole gains?
Answer: This could be considered to be an intractable issue, for which modern welfare economics really has no solution. For example, in the early 1980s, it was decided not to subject blood
supplies to (at that time) very expensive tests for positive HIV factors, since it was
decided that this would cause blood shortages for large numbers of people, and that the
number of people who might gain from applying the stringent tests was very small. That is,
the good of the many was deemed superior to the good of the few. Unfortunately, the few
happened to be just about every person suffering from Hemophilia at that time. Almost all
of these people died as a result. Was their need really less than the needs of the many??? Quantitative/Graphing Problems
1. Two countries exist in this model, P and R. P is relatively labor (L) abundant, as is evident in the
bottom right horizontal axis. If Country P were to be completely specialized in the labor-intensive product, C, it would be producing at point 4. In fact, it produces both C and P, at point 5. The
(autarky) relative price of C (in terms of F) of Country P is at point 3; and of Country R at point If trade were to open up between these two countries, which would export C and which would export F?
Is this consistent with the Heckscher-Ohlin model? Explain.
Answer: Country R would export F. This is consistent with the H-O model. The country which is relatively capital abundant exports the product which is relatively capital intensive.
2. If trade were to open up between P and R, where would the world terms of trade locate in the figure
above (somewhere on the P C/P F axis)? Would relative wages (w/r) in the two countries become equal?
Is this consistent with the Heckscher-Ohlin model? Explain.
Answer:The terms of trade would settle somewhere between the two autarky relative prices on the P C/P F axis. The relative wages (w/r) will be lower than the highest and higher than the
lowest on the vertical axis above, but will not coincide. This last result is in contradiction
to the factor price equalization expectation we have from the model.
3. Now repeat the exercise but substitute country M for country R. How do the answers differ from
those in question 2 above? Explain the reason for any differences you note.
Answer:All the answers are the same except that one single relative wage will be established for both countries. This happens because the two countries do not differ in relative factor
availability by much, and hence a zone of overlap exists which allows for this result.
4. In autarky, Country P was producing at point
5. With trade, would its production point be found
above or below point 5? Explain why. What must happen in the K/L intensity ratio in the production of each of the products in this country when moving from autarky to free trade?
Answer:The point of production with trade will be above point 5. The country will be shifting its production composition to be more heavily weighted in labor intensive good, C. Within
each industry, the production technique will be more capital intensive, since with the
rising relative wage, the optimal point of production will involve sliding around the
isoquants in the direction of saving on the now relatively more expensive labor.
5. Using the answers to question 4, can you guess which group of producers in Country P might lobby
against free trade?
Answer:In Country P, the owners of the relatively scarce factor of production are the owners of capital. Their relative and real incomes will decrease, and so they may well attempt to
lobby for protectionism, which may prevent the country from moving to a free trade
equilibrium.
6. An Economy can produce good 1 using labor and capital and good 2 using labor and land. The total
supply of labor is 100 units. Given the supply of capital, the outputs of the two goods depends on
labor input as follows:
Labor Input to Good 1 Output of
Good 1
Labor input
to Good 2
Output of
Good 2
0 0 0 0 10 25 10 40 20 38 20 53 30 49 30 62 40 58 40 70 50 66 50 77 60 73 60 83 70 79 70 88 80 84 80 92 90 87 90 95 100 89 100 96
(a) Graph the production functions for good 1 and good 2
(b) Graph the production possibility frontier. Why is it curved?
Answer: The production possibility frontier is curved because of the diminishing returns associated with the expansion of output in the short run in each of the two industries.
7. Using the table from Problem 6, calculate the marginal product of labor for each product, for
different labor inputs.
Answer: e.g. at 50 workers, the marginal product for 1 is 0.75
For product 2 it is 0.65
At 90 workers, the marginal product for 1 is 0.25
For product 2 it is 0.15
国际经济学作业答案第一章
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
李坤望《国际经济学》课后习题答案
第一章 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要? 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡? 答：两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示：略，参见书上 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致? 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?
国际经济学课后答案解析
第一章绪论 1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。 2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。 3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。 4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。 5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响 A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等 (2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系 (3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业 (4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治 (5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景 第二章比较优势理论 1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。重商主义者认为国家富强的方法是尽量使出口大于进口，而出超的结果是金银等贵重金属流入，而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就越富有越强大。现在认为一个国家生产力即生产商品的能力越高则一国越富强 2、亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础和贸易模式分别是什么？贸易所得是如何产生的？斯密倡导什么样的国际贸易基础？他认为政府在经济生活中的适当功能是什么？亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础是绝对优势；贸易模式为两国通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的产品并用其中一部分来交换器有绝对劣势的商品。通过生产绝对优势商品并交换，资源可以被最有效的使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大的增长，通过交换就会消费比以前更多的商品从而产生了贸易所得；斯密倡导自由贸易，主张自由放任也就是政府尽可能少干涉经济
国际经济学英文版第八版)章节练习第四章
I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s,8e(K r u g m a n) Chapter 4 Resources, Comparative Advantage, and Income Distribution 1) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border would A) m ove the point of production along the production possibility curve. B) s hift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods. C) s hift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensive product. D) s hift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the capital-intensive product. E) N one of the above. Answer: D 2) In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ in A) t astes. B) m ilitary capabilities. C) s ize. D) r elative availabilities of factors of production. E) l abor productivities. Answer: D 3) The Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardian model of Comparative Advantage in that the former A) h as only two countries. B) h as only two products. C) h as two factors of production. D) h as two production possibility frontiers (one for each country). E) N one of the above. Answer: C 4) "A good cannot be both land- and labor-intensive." Discuss. Answer: In a two good, two factor model, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the factor intensities are relative intensities. Hence, the relevant statistic is either workers per acre (or acres per worker); or wage per rental unit (or rental per wage). In order to illustrate the logic of the statement above, let us assume that the production of a broom requires 4 workers and 1 acre. Also, let us assume that the production of one bushel of wheat requires 40 workers and 80 acres. In this case the acres per person required to produce a broom is one quarter, whereas to produce a bushel of wheat requires 2 acres per person. The wheat is therefore (relatively) land intensive, and the broom is (relatively) labor intensive. 5) "No country is abundant in everything." Discuss. Answer: The concept of relative (country) factor abundance is (like factor intensities) a relative concept. When we identify a country as being capital intensive, we mean that it has more capital per worker than does the other country. If one country has more capital worker than
国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点
〈〈国际经济学》（国际金融）习题答案要点 第12章国民收入核算与国际收支 1、如问题所述，GNP仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。 在国民收入账户中，如果进口的中间品价值从GNP中减去，出口的中间品价值加 到GNP中，重复计算的问题将不会发生。例如：美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。其中出售给通用公司的钢材，作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的GNP中。出售给日本丰田公司的钢材，钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的GNP，而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的GNP中减去，并加入美国的GNP。 2、（1）等式12-2可以写成CA =（S P-I）? （T -G）。美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。（2）既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响，所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。 不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。例如，关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资，从而使经常账户恶化。（当然，使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。）同时，当对投资中间品实行关税保护时，由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降，从而改善经常项目。一般地，永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。这个问题的要点是：政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。 3、 （1）、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。相应地，当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时，因为他对瑞士请求权减少，故记入美国金融项目的贷方。这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。 （2）、同样，购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商（此时，记入美国经常项目的贷 方）或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产（此时，记入美国金融项目的贷方）。最后，银行采取的各项行为将导致记入美国国际收支表的贷方。 （3）、法国政府通过销售其持有在美国银行的美元存款干预外汇市场，代表美国金融项目的借方项目。购买美元的法国公民如果使用它们购买美国商品，这将记入美国国际收支账户经常项目的贷方；如果用来购买美国资产，这将记入美国国际收支账户金融项目的贷方。 （4）假定签发旅行支票的公司使用支票账户在法国进行支付。当此公司支付餐费给 法国餐馆时，记入美国经常项目的借方。签发旅行支票的公司必须销售资产（消耗 其在法国的支票账户）来支付，从而减少了公司在法国拥有的资产，这记入美国金融项目的贷方。 （5）、没有市场交易发生。 （6）离岸交易不影响美国国际收支账户。 4、购买answering machine记入New York收支账户的经常项目借方，记入New Jersey 收支账户经常项目的贷方。当New Jersey的公司将货款存入New York银行时，记入New York的金融项目的贷方和New Jersey金融项目的借方。如果交易用现金进 行支付，则记入New Jersey金融项目的借方和New York金融项目的贷方。New Jersey 获得美元现钞（从New York进口资产），而New York则减少了美元（出口美元资产）。最后的调整类似于金本位制下发生的情况。5、
国际经济学课后习题
课后习题 第一章绪论 (一) 选择题 1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，是以（）作为基本的经济单位来划分的。 A. 企业 B.个人 C.政府 D.国家 2.国际经济学研究的对象是（） A国际商品流动B世界范围内的稀缺资源的最优配置 C国际收支平衡D各国之间的经济活动和经济关系 3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，（）流动最容易 A商品B资本C人员D技术 答案提示：1.D 2. B D 3.C （二）问答题 1．试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。 答案提示：（1）联系：国际经济学与国内经济学研究的经济活动是相似的，面临的主要问题也是相似的；（2）最主要的区别是国际经济的民族国家性。 第二章古典的国际贸易理论 （一）选择题 本国生产A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30，根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势？（） （ａ）Ｄ、Ａ（ｂ）Ｃ、Ｂ（ｃ）Ａ、Ｄ（ｄ）Ｂ、Ｃ 答案：Ｃ （二）问答题 1．亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要贡献有哪些？ 答案提示：亚当·斯密的主要贡献是：（1）抨击了重商主义；（2）提出了绝对优势之一概念；（3）强调国际分工是使国民财富增加的最重要手段。 2．绝对优势理论和比较优势理论的区别是什么？ 答案提示：（1）绝对优势理论强调，国与国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因；（2）比较优势理论强调，劳动生产率的相对差异导致的技术水平的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因。 （三）计算题 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A国 B国 X Y 6 2 15 12
国际经济学复习题
国际贸易部分 一、单项选择题 1.重商主义的基本观点是一种( ) A.国际金融的“乘数理论” B.国际贸易的“零和理论” C.国际金融的“杠杆原理” D.国际贸易的“绝对优势理论” 2.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( ) A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 3.不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有( ) A.重叠需求理论 B.要素比例理论 C.规模经济理论 D.垄断竞争理论 4.能反映规模经济理论本意的是( ) A.规模报酬递减 B.规模报酬递增 C.规模报酬不变 D.规模成本递增 5．一种产品的竞争优势并非长期固定在某一个特定的国家，而是从技术发明国转向生产成本较低的国家，描述这一现象的理论是（） A.雁形模式理论 B.产品周期理论 C.示范效应理论 D.大宗产品理论 6.下列不属于保护贸易学说的理论有( ) A.幼稚工业理论 B.贸易条件恶化论 C.国内市场失灵论 D.资源禀赋论 7.最佳关税水平应等于( ) A.零进口关税 B.零进口关税与禁止性关税之间的水平 C.禁止性关税 D.禁止性关税以上 8.最佳关税的长期目标是（） A.从外国垄断厂商那里抽取部分垄断租 B.保护和发展本国工业 C.阻止国外商品进口 D.增加本国财政收入 9.从历史发展看，最为成功的国际卡特尔是( ) A.烟草贸易公司 B.铁路运输公司 C.橡胶生产国组织 D.石油输出国组织 10.从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是( ) A.商品 B.资本 C.人员 D.技术 11.国际经济学理论体系发展阶段不包括（） A.重商主义 B.古典的自由贸易论及其自由贸易的政策 C.现代国际经济理论 D.重农主义 12.从国际贸易对生产要素分配的影响来看，国际贸易有利于（） A.生产进口竞争品中密集使用的生产要素收入的增加 B.生产进口竞争品中密集使用的共同生产要素收入的增加 C.生产出口品中密集使用的共同生产要素收入的增加 D.生产出口品中密集使用的生产要素收入的增加 13.一国利用原材料或资源密集型产品的出口增加本国收入，进而提高本国的储蓄和投资水平，带动经济发展。该理论被称为（） A.剩余物质出口理论 B.大宗产品贸易理论 C.比较优势理论 D.产品生命周期理论
国际经济学课后习题答案
For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use 第一章 1.为什么说在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就就是说,增加某一产品的生产就是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率与充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要瞧两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以,在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2.仿效图1—6与图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线与国民需求曲线。 答:参见教材第一章第二节内容,将图1－6a中,以横坐标表示y商品的供给,以纵坐标表示x商品供给,得出相应生产可能性边界线,然后将图1－6b中,以横坐标表示y商品供给,以纵坐标表示y的相对价格,通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线,国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品就是否也同时达到均衡？ 答:两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时,由其相对价格,机会成本,需求可知另一种商品得相对价格,机会成本与需求。 4.如果生产可能性边界就是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。 答案提示:略,参见书上 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)与过剩需求曲线(A国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果就是否一致？ 答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但就是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进
(国际经济学)金融名词解释
国际收支的概念： 狭义的：指在一定时期内所发生的到期立即结清的外汇收支。(是建立在外汇收支的基础上的） 广义的：指一个国家或地区和世界上其他国家或地区之间由于贸易、非贸易和资本往来而引起国际间资金移动，从而发生的一种国际间资金收支行为。（是建立在交易基础上的） IMF定义：一国的国际收支是一国居民在一定时期内与外国居民之间的经济交易的系统记录。 国际收支平衡表的概念：是指按一定的编制原则和格式，对一个国家一定时期内的国际经济交易进行分类、汇总、以反映和说明该国国际收支状况的统计报表。 自主性交易：经济主体或居民个人等出于某种自主性的目的如追求利润、减少风险、资产保值、逃税避税、逃避管制、 投机等等动机而进行的交易，是主动的。 补偿性交易：又称调节性交易，中央银行或货币当局出于调节国际收支差额、维护国际收支平衡、维持汇率稳定的目的 而进行的交易。是被动的。 外汇的概念; 动态涵义:是指一种国际汇兑行为,即把一国货币兑换成另一国货币,借以清偿国际间债权债务关系的一种专门性的经营 活动. 静态涵义:是指它是一种以外币表示的支付手段,用于国际间的结算. 自由外汇:通常必须是以外币表示的、不同形式的、可以在市场上流通、自由兑换的有价凭证。自由外汇无需经国家外 汇管理机关批准，在国际金融市场可以自由转换为其他国家的外汇，同时在国际交往中能作为支付手段广泛地使用和流通。 记帐外汇：又称双边外汇或协议外汇，即不经货币发行国批准，不能自由兑换成其他货币，或对第三国进行支付的外汇。即是指在双边协议安排之下进行清算时所用外汇。 外汇汇率(Foreign Exchange Rate)是一国货币折算成另一国货币的比率.即在两国间,用一国货币所表示的另一国货币的 比率.或者说,汇率是两种不同货币之间的比价,它反映一国货币的对外价值.汇率又称汇价,在实际的外汇买卖中,又称外汇行市. 关键货币是指在一国的国际贸易与国际收支中使用最多、在外汇储备中所占比重最大、自由兑换性最强、汇率行情最为稳定、普遍为各国所接受的货币。 外汇市场（Foreign Exchange Market):是指进行外汇交易（买卖）的场所，或网络。（前者指有形市场而言，后者则指无 形市场而言）外汇买卖既有本币与外币之间的买卖，也有不同币种之间的外汇买卖。 外汇银行：是外汇市场的主体，所有外汇业务都有外汇银行参与其间。它是由中央银行指定或授权经营外汇业务的银行， 包括本国的专营外汇业务的专业银行、兼营外汇业务的商业银行及其它金融机构、外国银行设在本国的分支机构及其 它金融机构等。 外汇经纪人:即在外汇银行和顾客之间起中介作用的,为买卖双方接洽业务牵线搭桥促成交易达成并收取佣金的汇兑商. 即期交易：（现汇交易）是买卖双方约定在成交后的两个营业日内办理交割的外汇交易方式。现汇交易是最基本的外汇 交易，也是外汇市场上交易量最大的交易。 远期交易：（期汇交易）是一种预约性质的交易，指外汇交易成交后，根据合同的规定，在约定的日期按照约定的汇率 办理交割的外汇交易。 套期保值：指预计将来某一时间要支付或收入一笔外汇时，买入或卖出同等金额的远期外汇，以避免因汇率变动而造成
国际经济学第五版第三章答案
第三章 ） Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 1. Use the information in the table on labor productivities in France and Germany to answer the following questions.使用该信息表上关于法国和德国的劳动生产率，以回答以下问题。 Output per Hour Worked单 位工作小时的产出 France Germany Cheese 2 kilograms 1 kilogram Cars 0.25 0.5 a. Which country has an absolute advantage in cheese? In cars?哪个国家有奶酪的绝 对优势？汽车呢？ b. What is the relative price of cheese in France if it does not trade? In Germany, if it does not trade?什么是奶酪在法国的相对价格，如果它不交易？在德国，如果不 进行交易？ c. What is opportunity cost of cheese in France? In Germany?法国奶酪的机会成本是 多少？德国呢？ d. Which country has a comparative advantage in cheese? In cars? Show how you know.在奶酪生产上，那个国家有比较优势？在汽车生产上呢？解释你的结论 e. What are the upper and lower bounds for the trade price of cheese?奶酪交易价格的 上下边界是什么？ f.Draw a hypothetical PPC for France and label its slope. Suppose that France follows its comparative advantage in deciding where to produce on its PPC. Label its production point.画一条假设的法国生产可能性曲线并标出其斜率。假设法国根 据其比较优势决定生产可能性曲线上生产点，标出其生产点。 If the trade price of cars is 5 kilos of cheese per car, draw a trade line showing how France can gain from trade.如果贸易价格是每辆汽车换5千克奶酪，画出交易线 说明法国能够得到的贸易利得。 Answers: a. France has the absolute advantage in cheese and Germany in cars. This follows because France’s productivity is higher in cheese and Germany’s is higher in cars. 法国有干酪和德国车的绝对优势。在此之前，因为法国的生产力是奶酪更高，德 国是汽车高 b. The autarkic relative price of cheese in France is one-eighth car per kilogram; in Germany it is one-half car.奶酪在法国的自给自足的相对价格是每公斤八分之一 的汽车;在德国它是二分之一的汽车 c. Opportunity costs are equal to relative prices.机会成本等于相对价格
[经济学]《国际经济学》练习题参考答案
一、单项选择题 1.从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是（A） A.商品 B.资本 C.人员 D.技术 2.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价（C） A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上 B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下 C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间 D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同 3.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是（A） A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 4.在绝对技术差异理论与相对技术差异理论中，机会成本是（D） A.递增 B.递减 C.先递增后递减 D.不变 5.不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（B） A.重叠需求理论 B.要素比例理论 C.规模经济理论 D.垄断竞争理论 6.能反映规模经济理论本意的是（B） A.规模报酬递减 B.规模报酬递增 C.规模报酬不变 D.规模成本递增 7.不改变贸易结构，只改变贸易规模的增长方式有（C） A.偏向进口的生产要素增长 B.偏向出口的生产要素增长 C.生产要素等比例增长 D.悲惨的增长 8.最佳关税水平应等于（B） A.零进口关税 B.零进口关税与禁止性关税之间的水平
C.禁止性关税 D.禁止性关税以上 9.世界贸易组织秘书处设在（B） A.日内瓦 B.纽约 C.布鲁塞尔 D.乌拉圭 10.在国际卡特尔订价中，当产品的需求弹性越小，卡特尔订价水平就（B） A.越低 B.越高 C.不变 D.不确定 11.下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易（D） A.双边套汇 B.多边套汇 C.套利 D.套期保值 12.下述几种货币中，哪一种是实行联合浮动的货币（D） A.英镑 B.日元 C.美元 D.人民币 13.下述哪一种属于国际收支的事后项目（D） A.进出口 B.利息收支 C.直接投资 D.特别提款权变动 14.在分析货币贬值对贸易收支的影响时，小国所面临的供给弹性是（D） A.零 B.小于需求弹性 C.大于需求弹性 D.无穷大 15.发展中国家主要采取的汇率制度是（C） A.固定汇率制 B.浮动汇率制 C.钉住汇率制 D.联合浮动制 16.在1997年东南亚金融危机中，最早出现金融动荡的国家是（B） A.印度尼西业 B.泰国 C.日本 D.韩国 17.劳动力在各国间的流动通常会使劳动力流出国（D） A.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率提高 B.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率下降 C.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率提高 D.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率下降 18.产业内贸易更容易发生于（C） A.富国与穷国之间 B.类似的高手入国家之间
国际经济学第三章答案
Chapter 3 1．Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a ． b ．What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas? 5.1=Lb La a a c ．In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be? In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a = 2．Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreign’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1. a ． b ．
国际经济学作业答案-第七章
Chapter 7 International Factor Movements Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework? (a) International trade in goods (b) International conflict resolution (c) International trade in services (d) International trade in factors of production (e) International borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) the physical increase in output as country grows. (b) the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) the marginal product of labor. (e) the marginal product of capital. Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) increase total world output. (b) improve the economic welfare of everyone. (c) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) None of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. (d) workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country. (e) workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C
(完整版)国际经济学课后习题答案
这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！ 第二章古典国际贸易理论 在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。 假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 （1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20
- 国际经济学作业答案
- 20秋《国际经济学》作业2【北语答案53332】
- 北语17春《国际经济学》作业2答案
- 国际经济学作业答案第二章
- 国际经济学作业答案-第五章
- 国际经济学作业答案第一章
- 国际经济学作业答案-第八章
- 国际经济学作业答案-第七章
- 国际经济学作业答案
- 2016春国际经济学作业答案
- 国际经济学作业题正确答案
- 北语20秋《国际经济学》作业1参考答案
- 国际经济学作业答案-第九章
- 14秋西交《国际经济学》在线作业答案
- 国际经济学作业答案-第六章完整版.doc
- 北语17春《国际经济学》作业1答案
- 《国际经济学》作业参考答案
- 北语17春《国际经济学》作业4答案
- 国际经济学作业答案第二章
- 国际经济学作业答案第三章