国际经济学第九版答案.doc

国际经济学第九版答案【篇一：国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第13 单元】

> balance of payments

outline

13.1 introduction

13.2 balance of payments accounting principles 13.2a debits

and credits 13.2b double-entry bookkeeping

13.3 the international transactions of the united states case

study 13-1: the major goods exports and imports of the united

states

13.4 accounting balances and disequilibrium in international

transactions

13.5 the postwar balance of payments of the united states

case study 13-2: the major trade partners of the united states

case study 13-3: the u.s. trade deficit with japan

case study 13-4:the exploding u.s. trade deficit with china

13.6 the international investment position of the united

statescase study 13-5: the united states as a debtor nation

appendix: a13.1 the imf method of reporting international

transactionsa13.2 the case of the missing surplus

balance of paymentscapital account credit

transactionsautonomous transactions debit transactionsaccommodating transactions capital

inflow official

reserve account capital outflowofficial settlements balance

double-entry bookkeeping deficit in the balance of

paymentsunilateral transferssurplus in the balance of

payments statistical discrepancy international investment

position current account

1. in the first lecture, i would cover sections 1 and 2a. the

average student usually finds the meaning of capital inflows

and outflows particularly difficult to understand. therefore, i

would pay special care in presenting the material in section 2a.

i would also assign problems 1 to 8. 2.in the second lecture, i

would cover section 2b and go over problems 1-8.i would

present sections 3 and 4 in the third lecture, and stress the

meaning and measurement of balance of payments deficits

and surpluses.sections 5 and 6 (which are mostly descriptive

and not difficult) could be left for studentsto do on their own so that the chapter could still be covered in three lectures. 1. a.the u.s. debits its current account by $500 (for the merchandise imports) and credits capital by the same amount (for the increase in foreign assets in the u.s.).the u.s. credits capital by $500 (the drawing down of its bank balances in london, a capital inflow) and debits capital by an equal amount (to balance the capital credit that the u.s. importer received when the u.k. exporter accepted to be paid in three months).the u.s. is left with a $500 debit in its current account and a net credit balance of $500 in its capital account.

2. a).the u.s. debits unilateral transfers by $100 and credits capital by the same amount.

b).the u.s. credits its current account by $100 and debits capital by the same amount.

c).the debit of $100 in unilateral transfers and the credit of $100 in current account.

3. a).the same as 2a.the net result is the same, but the transaction in part a of this problem refers to tied aid while transactions a and b in problem 2 do not.

4. the u.s. debits capital account by $1,000 (for the purchase of the foreign stock by the u.s. resident) and also credits the capital account (for the drawing down of the u.s. resident bank balances abroad) by the same amount.

5. the u.s. credits its current account by $100 and debits its capital account by the same amount.

6. the u.s. credits its capital account by $400 (for the purchase of the u.s. treasury bills by the foreign resident) and debits its capital account (for the drawing down of the foreign residents bank balances in the united states) for the by the same amount.

7. the u.s. debits its current account by $40 for the interest paid, debits its capital account by $400 (for the capital outflow for the repayment of the repayment of the principal to the foreign investors by the u.s. borrower), and then credits its capital account by $440 (the increase in foreign holdings of u.s. assets, a credit).

8. a). the u.s. credits its capital account by $800 and debits its official reserves account by the same amount.

b). the official settlements balance of the u.s. will improve (i.e., the u.s. deficit will fall or its surplus will rise) by $800.

where values are in billions of dollars and a negative balance represents a deficit while a

positive balance a surplus in the balance of payments. b. because until 1972, we had a fixed exchange rate system, but from 1973 we had a managed floating exchange rate system. under the latter, the balance of payments only measures the amount of official intervention in foreign exchange markets. 9.see the july issue of the survey of current business for the most recent year.

10.see the july issue of the survey of current business for the most recent year.

11.see the july issue of the survey of current business for the most recent year.

12. see the july and november issues of the survey of current business for the most recent year.

13.see the balance of payments statistics yearbook for the most recent year. app. 1. the major difference between the way the united states keeps its balance of payments and the international monetary fund method is in the way they deal with international capital movements. the united states records international capital movements as increases in u.s.-owned assets abroad and foreign-owned assets in the united states, subdivided into government and private. the international monetary fund includes international capital flows into a financial account, which is subdivided into direct investments, portfolio investments assets and liabilities, and other investment assets and liabilities.

2. see the table in april and october issue of the imfs world economic outlook for the most recent year.

1. which of the following is false?

a. a credit transaction leads to a payment from foreigners

b.

a debit transaction leads to a payment to foreigners *c. a credit transaction is entered with a negative sign

d. double-entry bookkeeping refers to each transaction entered twic

e.

2. which of the following is a debit?

a. the export of goods

b. the export of services

*c. unilateral transfers given to foreigners d. capital inflows 3. capital inflows:

a. refer to an increase in foreign assets in the nation

b. refer

to a reduction in the nations assets abroad c. lead to a

payment from foreigners *d. all of the above

4. when a u.s. firm imports goods to be paid in three months

the u.s. credits:

a. the current account

b. unilateral transfers *

c. capital

d. official reserves

5. the receipt of an interest payment on a loan made by a u.s.

commercial bank to a foreign resident is entered in the u.s.

balance of payments as a:

a. credit in the capital account *

b. credit in the current

account c. credit in official reserves d. debit in unilateral

transfers

6. the payment of a dividend by an american company to a

foreign stockholder represents:

a. a debit in the u.s. capital account

b. a credit in the u.s.

capital account

c. a credit in the u.s. official reserve account *

d. a debit in the

u.s. current account

7. when a u.s. firm imports a good from england a pays for it

by drawing on its pound sterling balances in a london bank,

the u.s. debits its current account and credits its:

a. official reserve account

b. unilateral transfers account

c.

services in its current account *d. capital account

8. when the u.s. ships food aid to a developing nation, the u.s.

debits:

*a. unilateral transfers b. services c. capital

d. official reserves

9. when the resident of a foreign nation (1) sells a u.s. stock

and (2) deposits the proceeds in a u.s. bank, the u.s.:

a. credits capital for (1) and debits capital for (2)

b. credits

the current account and debits capital c. debits capital and

credits official reserves

*d. debits capital for (1) and credits capital for (2)

10. when a u.s. resident (1) purchases foreign treasury bills

and pays by (2) drawing down his bank balances abroad, the

u.s.:

【篇二：国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第9 单元】

>(core chapter)

nontariff trade barriers and the new protectionism outline

9.1 introduction

9.2 import quotas

9.2a effects of an import quota

9.2b comparison of an import quota to an import tariff

9.3 other nontariff barriers and the new protectionism 9.3a voluntary export restraints

states

9.3b technical, administrative, and other regulations

9.3c international cartels

9.3d dumping

9.3e export subsidies

9.4 the political economy of protectionism

9.4a fallacious and questionable arguments for protection 9.4b infant-industry and other qualified arguments for protection

9.4c who gets protected?

welfare effects on the u.s. economy of removing all import restraints

restraints

9.5 strategic trade and industrial policies

9.5a strategic trade policy

9.5b strategic trade and industrial policies with game theory 9.5c the u.s. response to foreign industrial targeting and strategic trade policy

9.6 history of u.s. commercial policy

9.6a the trade agreements act of 1934

9.6b the general agreements on tariffs and trade (gatt)

9.6c the 1962 trade agreements act and the kennedy round 9.6d the trade reform act of 1974 and the tokyo round

9.6e the 1984 and 1988 trade acts

9.7 the uruguay round and outstanding trade problems 9.7a the uruguay round

9.7b outstanding trade problems

benefits from a “likely ”doha scenario appendix: a9.1 centralized cartels a9.2 international price discrimination

a9.3 tariffs, subsidies and domestic goals

quota smoot-hawley tariff act of 1930 nontariff trade barrier (ntbs)trade agreements act of 1934

new protectionism most-favored-nation principle voluntary export restraints (vers) bilateral trade technical, administrative, and general agreement on tariff and other regulations trade (gatt)

international cartel multilateral trade negotiations

dumpinginternational trade organization (ito) persistent dumping peril-point provisions

predatory dumping escape clause

sporadic dumping national security clause

trigger-price mechanismtrade expansion act of 1962

export subsidies trade adjustment assistance (taa) export- import bank kennedy round

foreign sales corporationstrade reform act of 1974

countervailing duties (cvds) tokyo round

scientific tariff trade and tariff act of 1984

infant-industry argumentomnibus trade and competitiveness act of 1988

strategic trade policy uruguay round

industrial policy world trade organization (wto)

game theoryglobalization anti-globalization movement

1. this is an important core chapter examining some of the most recent

developments in international trade policy.

2. i would cover sections 1 and 2 in lecture 1. i would pay particular attention to

figure 9-1, which examines the partial equilibrium effects of an import quota.

3. i would cover section 3 in lecture 2. here i would clearly explain the difference

between a regular import quota and a voluntary export restraint. i would also

clearly explain dumping and figure 9-2 (which deals with export subsidies). the five case studies serve to highlight the theory and show the relevance of the

theory in todays world.

4. i would cover section 4 in lecture 3. here i would give special attention to the

fallacious arguments for protection since they are often heard in common

discussions of trade matters. i would also clearly explain the importance of

strategic trade and industrial policy and the political economy of who gets

protected.

5. i would cover section 5 in lecture 4, which examines strategic trade and

industrial policies policies with game theory. this is not difficult and the

students will find it very interesting.

6. sections 6 and 7 can be covered in lecture 5. here i would stress the uruguay

round and the outstanding international trade problems.

1.nations restrict trade either in response to lobbying by the producers of a

commodity in which the nation has a comparative disadvantage or to gain a

strategic advantage in relation to other nations. the first leads to a welfare loss for he nation as a whole. the second is very difficult to achieve.

2.the partial equilibrium effects of the import quota are:

px=$1.50; consumption is 45x, of which 15x are produced domestically;by auctioning off import licenses, the revenue effect would be $15.

3.the partial equilibrium effects of the import quota are:

px=$2.50; consumption is 40x, of which 10x are produced domestically;

the revenue effect is $45.

4.the partial equilibrium effects of the quota are:

px=$2; domestic production and consumption are 50x; the revenue is zero.

5.the partial equilibrium effects of the quota are:

px=$1; consumption is 70x, production is 30x, and revenue is zero.

6.the partial equilibrium effects of a negotiated export quota of 30x are:

7.

8.

px=$4; domestic production is 40x, of which 10x are consumed at home. an export tariff or quota, as an import tariff or quota, affects the price of the commodity and domestic consumption and production. but the effects are the opposite. see figure 1. the equilibrium price of the commodity is px=oc and the equilibrium quantity

is qx=ob in figure 1. 9.

10.

11.

if the supply curve of the commodity in figure 1 referred to a cartel of exporters acting as a monopolist, px=of and qx=oa (see figure 1). px is higher and qx smaller when exporters behave as a monopolist. a) the monopolist should charge

p1=$4 in the domestic market and p2=$3 in figure 9-5 in appendix a9.2.

b) this represents the best, or optimal distribution of sales between the two

markets because any other distribution of sales in the two markets gives less

revenue.

12. see figure 2. to the left of point a, the domestic firm faces higher long-run average costs of production (lacd) than the foreign firm (lacf). to the right of point a the opposite is the case.

13. a) if the entries in the top left-hand corner of table 9-5 were changed to +10,

+10, then both boeing and airbus would produce the aircraft without any

subsidy, and so no strategic trade and industrial policy would be needed in the u.s. or europe.

b) if the entries in the top left-hand corner of table 9-5 were changed to +5, +0, then both boeing and airbus would produce the aircraft without any subsidy, and so no strategic trade and industrial policy would be needed in the u.s. or europe. *note that even though airbus only breaks even, in economics we includea normal return on investment as part of costs. thus, airbus would

remain in business because it would earn a normal return on investment.

c) if the entries in the top left-hand corner of table 9-5 were

changed to +5, -10,

then both boeing produces and airbus does not produce

without any subsidy.

with a subsidy of at least $10 million per year, however, airbus

would enter

the market and lead to a loss of $100 million for boeing unless

the u.s.

government would provide a subsidy of at least $5 million per

year to boeing.

14.the answer to part (a) and (b) are presented in appendix

a9.3.

app. 1. see figure 3 on page 90.

app. 3. by imposing a 100% tax on the production of

commodity x and giving it as a subsidy to producers of

commodity y.

【篇三：国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第18 单元】>open-economy macroeconomics: adjustment policies

outline

*18.1 introduction

case study 18-1: government, private sector, and current

account balancesin the g-7 countries

*18.2 internal and external balance with expenditure-

changing and

expenditure-switching policies

18.3 equilibrium in the goods market, in the money market,

and in the

balance of payments

18.4 fiscal and monetary policies for internal and external

balance

with fixed exchange rates

18.4a fiscal and monetary policies from external balance and

unemployment 18.4b fiscal and monetary policies from

external deficit and unemployment 18.4c fiscal and monetary

policies with elastic capital flows

18.4d fiscal and monetary policies with perfect capital

mobility

case study 18-2: relationship between u.s. current account

and budget deficits

18.5 the is-lm-fe model with flexible exchange rates

18.5a is-lm-fe model with flexible exchange rates and

imperfect capital mobility

case study 18-3: effect of u.s. fiscal policy in the united states

and abroad 18.5b is-lm-fe model with flexible exchange rates

and perfect capital mobility

case study 18-4: effect of monetary policy in the u.s. and other

oecd

countries

*18.6 policy mix and price changes

18.6a policy mix and internal and external balance

18.6b evaluation of the policy mix with price changes

18.6c policy mix in the real world

case study 18-5: u.s. monetary and fiscal policies in the 1980s

and early 1990s

*18.7 direct controls 18.7a

trade controls

18.7b exchange controls

case study 18-6: direct controls on international transactions

around the world

18.7c other direct controls and international cooperation

appendix: a18.1 derivation of the is curve

a18.2 derivation of the lm curve a18.3 derivation of the fe curve a18.4 mathematical summary

internal balance transaction demand for money

external balance speculative demand for money

expenditure-changing policiesbp curve expenditure-switching

policiesphillips curve

principle of effective market classification exchange controls

is curve multiple exchange rates

lm curve

1. this is one of the most important and challenging of the

chapters. sections 1-2 and 6-7 are core sections and should

be covered in any international economics course. sections 3-

5 introduce the is-lm-bp model and may be skipped if

intermediate macroeconomics is not a requirement for the

course. this is up to the instructor, however.

2. in the first lecture, i would cover sections 1 and 2 and assign problems 1-

3. the most important and difficult part here

is the swan diagram. if students are to know anything about economic policies to correct internal and external

imbalances, this is it.

3. sections 3-5 require two classes to be covered adequately if students had

intermediate macroeconomics. otherwise, it would take three classes, or they can be skipped. if sections 3-5 are covered, i would assign problems 4-11 and go over some of these in class to make sure that students fully understand the model and the policies that can be used to correct

internal and external imbalances.

4. i would cover section 6 in the next class and assign problems 12-14. the most important aspect of this section is the explicit recognition of price stability as the third important objective of nations and the problems that this creates with the policies at hand to achieve internal and external balance completely. i would also cover case studies 18.1-18-3.

5. i would leave section 7 for students to cover by themselves. the section is

important but mostly descriptive and students to read it on their own and bring questions to class.

1. c1 increase devalue

c4 increase revalue c7 decrease

revalue c10 decrease devalue

2. c2 increase none c5

nonerevalue

c8 decrease none c11

nonedevalue

3. c3 increase revalue c6

decrease revalue c9 decrease

devalue c12 increase devalue

4. a.the nation faces a surplus at ye=1,000 because p is below point e.

b.at ye=1,000 and with a mpm=0.15, the nation faces a surplus of

(200)(0.15)=30.

5.the nation of problem 4 can reach full employment with external balance with the expansionary fiscal policy that shifts

is upward until it crosses the bp line at point f and the tight

monetary policy that shifts lm upward until it also crosses the

bp line at point f.

6. the nation requires the expansionary fiscal that shifts the is

curve up until it crosses the bp curve at point f and the tight

monetary policy that shifts up the lm curve until it crosses the

bp curve at point f.

see figure 1.

7. if the full-employment level of national income is ye=1,000,

the nation requires the expansionary fiscal policy that shifts

the is curve up until it crosses the bp curve at point b and the

tight monetary policy that shifts up the lm curve until it

crosses the bp curve at point b.

see figure 2.

8. a. if the bp curve were flatter than the lm curve, the nation

would require the

expansionary fiscal policy that shifts the is curve up until it

crosses the pb curve at point f and the easy monetary policy

that shifts down the lm curve until it crosses the bp curve at

point f.

see figure 3. b.

9.

when the bp curve is flatter than the lm curve, the nation

requires an easy rather than a tight monetary policy to achieve

internal and external balance simultaneously. with perfectly

elastic international capital flows, the bp line would be

horizontal and monetary policy would be completely ineffective. the nation could reach internal and external

balance with the appropriate expansionary fiscal policy only.

克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案Word版

Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model Chapter Organization The Concept of Comparative Advantage A One-Factor Economy Production Possibilities Relative Prices and Supply Trade in a One-Factor World Box: Comparative Advantage in Practice: The Case of Babe Ruth Determining the Relative Price after Trade The Gains from Trade A Numerical Example Box: The Losses from Non-Trade Relative Wages Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage Productivity and Competitiveness The Pauper Labor Argument Exploitation Box: Do Wages Reflect Productivity? Comparative Advantage with Many Goods Setting Up the Model Relative Wages and Specialization Determining the Relative Wage with a Multigood Model Adding Transport Costs and Non-Traded Goods Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Summary

李坤望《国际经济学》课后习题答案

第一章 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要? 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡? 答：两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示：略，参见书上 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致? 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch06

Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter Organization Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview Economies of Scale and Market Structure The Theory of Imperfect Competition Monopoly: A Brief Review Monopolistic Competition Limitations of the Monopolistic Competition Model Monopolistic Competition and Trade The Effects of Increased Market Size Gains from an Integrated Market: A Numerical Example Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage The Significance of Intraindustry Trade Why Intraindustry Trade Matters Case Study: Intraindustry Trade in Action: The North American Auto Pact Dumping The Economics of Dumping Case Study: Anti-Dumping as Protection Reciprocal Dumping The Theory of External Economies Specialized Suppliers Labor Market Pooling Knowledge Spillovers External Economies and Increasing Returns

[VIP专享]国际经济学(第四版)

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Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter Organization Basic Tariff Analysis Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Effects of a Tariff Measuring the Amount of Protection Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Consumer and Producer Surplus Measuring the Costs and Benefits Other Instruments of Trade Policy Export Subsidies: Theory Case Study: Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy Import Quotas: Theory Case Study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. Sugar Voluntary Export Restraints Case Study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in Practice: Japanese Autos Local Content Requirements Box: American Buses, Made in Hungary Other Trade Policy Instruments The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary Summary Appendix I: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium A Tariff in a Small Country A Tariff in a Large Country Appendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly The Model with Free Trade The Model with a Tariff The Model with an Import Quota Comparing a Tariff with a Quota

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第1章国际贸易理论的微观基础 1.1 课后习题详解 1．为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 答：相对价格是两种或多种商品之间的价格对比关系。生产和消费只取决于相对价格，这是因为： 当生产处于生产可能性边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会成本（或社会成本）的，也就是以另一种产品的产量为机会成本。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，生产和消费只取决于相对价格。 2．仿效（教材中）图1-6和图1-7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：在图1-1（a）中，横坐标表示Y商品的供给，纵坐标表示X商品的供给，得出相应的生产可能性边界线；在图1-1（b）中，横坐标表示Y商品的供给，纵坐标表示Y商品的相对价格P Y/P X。Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线的推导如下： 首先，推导Y商品的国民供给曲线NS Y。任意选取Y商品的三个不同的相对价格：1/2、1和2。这三条相对价格线与生产可能性边界线的切点分别决定了三个生产均衡点D、E、F，对应于这三点的Y商品的产出分别为：S1、S2、S3。在图1-1（b）中，横坐标表示Y商品的供给，纵坐标表示Y商品的相对价格，根据图1-1（a），在图1-1（b）中画出对应于各

个相对价格的Y商品的供给量，最后得出一条曲线NS Y，即Y商品的国民供给曲线。该曲线斜率为正，表示随着Y商品的相对价格的提高，其供给水平也随之提高。 采用同样的方法，可得出国民需求曲线ND Y，如图1-2所示。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一种商品达到均衡时，另一种商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答：在只有两种商品的情况下，当一种商品达到均衡时，另一种商品也同时达到均衡。理由如下： 在只有两种商品的情况下，生产要素只能在两者间分配，两种商品间的相对价格是唯一的世界市场价格。当其中一种商品达到均衡时，该商品的相对价格得以确定，其供给与需求

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Overview of Section II: International Trade Policy Section II of the text is comprised of four chapters: Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter 9The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter 10Trade Policy in Developing Countries Chapter 11Controversies in Trade Policy n Section II Overview Trade policy issues figure prominently in current political debates and public policy discussions. The first two chapters of this section of the text are concerned with the instruments of trade policy and the arguments for free trade and managed trade. The second two chapters consider these concepts in the context of specific sets of countries that face common problems. Throughout, the use of case studies provides the student with real world examples that clearly illustrate the theoretical arguments. Chapter 8 discusses various instruments of trade policy including tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. The effects of these policies on prices and trade volumes are determined in the context of a partial equilibrium framework. The chapter reviews the analytical tools of consumer and producer surplus, and uses these tools to consider the welfare effects of various protectionist measures. The specific incidents of trade restrictions presented as case studies include import quotas on sugar entering United States markets, voluntary export restraints on Japanese autos, and oil import quotas. Chapter 9 presents the set of ideas known as the political economy of trade theory. These ideas enable you to understand why certain trade restrictions exist, despite the force of general economic arguments which suggest that they reduce aggregate welfare. Possible motivations for trade restrictions are identified as those which increase national welfare, such as the optimum tariff, and those which foster either income

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第一章 1.封闭条件下，中国和美国的小麦与布的交换比率分别为1:4和2:5,那么在两国之间展开贸易后，小麦与布之间的交换比率可能为. A.1:6 B.2:6 C.3:6 D.4:6 2.在机会成本递增条件下，只要各国在生产同样产品时存在着价格差异，那么比较利益理论就仍然有效。这种说法是否正确? A.正确 B.不正确 3.作为新贸易理论的核心基础之一，规模经济意味着随着产量增加，() A.平均成本与边际成本都下降 B. 平均成本变化不确定,边际成本下降 C. 平均成本下降 D.平均成本与边际成本都上升 4.以下说法中，()是错误的。 A.绝对优势理论是以机会成本不变为前提的，而相对优势理论则是以机会成本递增为前提的 B.相对优势理论可以部分地解释经济技术发展水平和层次不同的国家之间进行贸易的基础 C.生产要素禀赋理论用生产要素禀赋的差异解释国际贸易产生的动因 D.无论是生产技术差异还是生产要素禀赋差异导致国际贸易产生,都是以两国之间同一产品的价格存在差异为前提

第二章 1.下列() 属于李嘉图模型的假定前提条件。 A.生产过程中使用资本和劳动力两种要素 B.没有运输成本和其他交易成本 C.生产要素可以在两国间自由流动 D.生产要素非充分利用因此机会成本不变 2.下列()不属于重商主义的观点。 A.货币是财富的唯一表现形式 B.通过国际贸易可以提高所有贸易参与国的福利水平 C.出口意味着贵金属的流入 D.进口意味着贵金属的流出 3.下列关于技术差异论的表述哪一项是不正确的() A.分为绝对技术差异论与相对技术差异论 B.劳动力在国内两个部门之间自由流动，而且机会成本保持不变 C.参与贸易的两个国家福利水平都可以得到提高 D.一国比另一国家的技术优势越大，则通过国际贸易获得的福利增加越大 4.下列哪一条不是重商主义的理论主张() A.贸易不是“零和”的 B.多卖少买，保持贸易顺差，是获得财富的基本原则 C.国家应干预经济，鼓励出口，限制进口 D.金银货币是财富的唯一形态

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第9章 贸易政策中的政治经济学)【圣才出品】

第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学 一、概念题 1．约束（binding） 答：在国际贸易中，约束一般是指税率的约束，即“约束”关税的税率。约束税率是指经过谈判达成协议而固定下来的关税税率。按关贸总协定规定，缔约各国应该在互惠互利的基础上通过有选择的产品对产品的方式，或者为有关缔约国所接受的多边的程序进行谈判，谈判结果固定下来的各国税则商品的税率为约束税率，汇总起来形成减让表，作为总协定的一个附属部分付诸实施。按关贸总协定规定，关税减让谈判有四种减让形式来约束关税的税率：①降低关税并约束在降低了的关税水平；②约束现行关税税率；③约束在现行关税水平以上的某个关税水平；④约束免税待遇。 2．支持自由贸易的政治依据（political argument for free trade） 答：支持自由贸易的政治依据是指，尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策，但从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则更重要。现实中的贸易政策经常会由具有特殊利益关系的集团所左右，而不考虑国家的成本与收益。虽然从理论上可以证明某些选择性的关税和出口补贴政策能够增进整体社会福利，但现实中，任何一个政府机构在制定一套干预贸易的详细计划时都有可能被利益集团所控制，从而成为在有政治影响的部门中进行收入再分配的工具。如果上述观点正确的话，那么倡导自由贸易无疑是最好的选择。 3．集体行动（collective action） 答：集体行动是指关于经济活动中个人理性并不必然导致集体理性。如果某项活动或者

福利的获得需要两个或者两个以上的人的共同努力才能完成，集体行动问题就出现了，即决策集体的每个成员必须单方面决定是否参与提供某种集体产品。因为集体产品具有非排他性和非竞争性的特征，所以使得不为集体产品的提供付出成本的集团成员也可以获得集体产品。集团越大，分享收益的人越多，个人的行动对集团利益的影响越小，集团内的成员“搭便车”的动机就越强烈。这就意味着仅仅依靠个人的自愿，集体产品的供给将是不足的，集体产品不可能依靠个人的自愿提供来解决。因此，个人理性并不必然导致集体理性，个人理性不是实现集体理性的充分条件。 4．特惠贸易协定（preferential trading agreement） 答：特惠贸易协定是指各签约方之间相互减让关税或实行其他贸易优惠措施，但不将其给予非签约方的贸易优惠协定。由于这种协定违反了最惠国待遇原则，因而一般被世界贸易组织所禁止。但是，如果它能够促进签约方之间的自由贸易，那么世界贸易组织就允许其存在。如下两种方式的特惠贸易协定是世界贸易组织允许的： （1）自由贸易区，各签约方设立对外关税率，但相互之间免除关税和取消非关税壁垒； （2）关税同盟，各成员国制定统一的对外关税率，而成员国之间则是“特惠”的。 5．关税同盟（customs union） 答：关税同盟是指两个或两个以上参加同盟的国家划为一个关税区域，在区域内取消关税和非关税壁垒，实行自由贸易，同时对区域外采取统一的关税及其他贸易限制等措施。关税同盟是跨国区域经济一体化的一种基本形式。关税同盟可以分为完全关税同盟和不完全关税同盟。完全关税同盟是指将各加盟国的关税完全废除，这种关税同盟按惯例不受最惠国待遇原则的约束。但事实上，当关税同盟成立时，各国原有的关税并不能立即完全废除，为避

克鲁格曼 国际经济学第9版教材答案

Chapter 1 Introduction ?Chapter Organization What Is International Economics About? The Gains from Trade The Pattern of Trade How Much Trade? Balance of Payments Exchange Rate Determination International Policy Coordination The International Capital Market International Economics: Trade and Money ?Chapter Overview The intent of this chapter is to provide both an overview of the subject matter of international economics and to provide a guide to the organization of the text. It is relatively easy for an instructor to motivate the study of international trade and finance. The front pages of newspapers, the covers of magazines, and the lead reports on television news broadcasts herald the interdependence of the U.S. economy with the rest of the world. This interdependence may also be recognized by students through their purchases of imports of all sorts of goods, their personal observations of the effects of dislocations due to international competition, and their experience through travel abroad. The study of the theory of international economics generates an understanding of many key events that shape our domestic and international environment. In recent history, these events include the causes and consequences of the large current account deficits of the United States; the dramatic appreciation of the dollar during the first half of the 1980s followed by its rapid depreciation in the second half of the 1980s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and the Mexican crisis in late 1994; and the increased pressures for industry protection against foreign competition broadly voiced in the late 1980s and more vocally espoused in the first half of the 1990s. The financial crisis that began in East Asia in 1997 and spread to many countries around the globe and the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe highlighted the way in which various national economies are linked and how important it is for us to understand these connections. These global linkages have been highlighted yet again with the rapid spread of the financial crisis in the United States to the rest of the world. At the same time, protests at global economic meetings and a rising wave of protectionist rhetoric have highlighted opposition to globalization. The text material will enable students to understand the economic context in which such events occur. ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版 课后习题答案

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案 第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？ 试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。

国际经济学第一章英文版

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is International Economics About? 1) Historians of economic thought often describe ________ written by ________ and published in ________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. A) "Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1776 B) "Wealth of Nations," David Hume, 1758 C) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1758 D) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1776 E) "Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1758 Answer: E Question Status: Previous Edition 2) From 1959 to 2004, A) the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. B) U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. C) the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. D) U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. E) U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C Question Status: Previous Edition 3) The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country. B) the United States is a "Superpower." C) the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Question Status: Previous Edition 4) Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are A) not relevant to current policy analysis. B) are only of moderate relevance in today's modern international economy. C) are highly relevant in today's modern international economy. D) are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. E) are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C Question Status: Previous Edition 5) An important insight of international trade theory is that when countries exchange goods and services one with the other it A) is always beneficial to both countries. B) is usually beneficial to both countries. C) is typically beneficial only to the low wage trade partner country. D) is typically harmful to the technologically lagging country. E) tends to create unemployment in both countries. Answer: B Question Status: Previous Edition