国际经济学第九版答案

国际经济学第九版答案

【篇一：国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第13单元】> balance of payments

outline

13.1 introduction

13.2 balance of payments accounting principles 13.2a debits and credits 13.2b double-entry bookkeeping

13.3 the international transactions of the united states case study 13-1: the major goods exports and imports of the united states

13.4 accounting balances and disequilibrium in international transactions

13.5 the postwar balance of payments of the united states case study 13-2: the major trade partners of the united states case study 13-3: the u.s. trade deficit with japan

case study 13-4:the exploding u.s. trade deficit with china

13.6 the international investment position of the united statescase study 13-5: the united states as a debtor nation

appendix: a13.1 the imf method of reporting international transactionsa13.2 the case of the missing surplus

balance of paymentscapital account credit transactionsautonomous transactions debit transactionsaccommodating transactions capital inflow official reserve account capital outflowofficial settlements balance double-entry bookkeeping deficit in the balance of paymentsunilateral transferssurplus in the balance of payments statistical discrepancy international investment position current account

1. in the first lecture, i would cover sections 1 and 2a. the average student usually finds the meaning of capital inflows and outflows particularly difficult to understand. therefore, i would pay special care in presenting the material in section 2a.

i would also assign problems 1 to 8. 2.in the second lecture, i would cover section 2b and go over problems 1-8.i would present sections 3 and 4 in the third lecture, and stress the meaning and measurement of balance of payments deficits

and surpluses.sections 5 and 6 (which are mostly descriptive

and not difficult) could be left for studentsto do on their own so that the chapter could still be covered in three lectures.

1. a.the u.s. debits its current account by $500 (for the merchandise imports) and credits capital by the same amount (for the increase in foreign assets in the u.s.).the u.s. credits capital by $500 (the drawing down of its bank balances in london, a capital inflow) and debits capital by an equal amount (to balance the capital credit that the u.s. importer received when the u.k. exporter accepted to be paid in three months).the u.s. is left with a $500 debit in its current account and a net credit balance of $500 in its capital account.

2. a).the u.s. debits unilateral transfers by $100 and credits capital by the same amount.

b).the u.s. credits its current account by $100 and debits capital by the same amount.

c).the debit of $100 in unilateral transfers and the credit of $100 in current account.

3. a).the same as 2a.the net result is the same, but the transaction in part a of this problem refers to tied aid while transactions a and b in problem 2 do not.

4. the u.s. debits capital account by $1,000 (for the purchase of the foreign stock by the u.s. resident) and also credits the capital account (for the drawing down of the u.s. resident bank balances abroad) by the same amount.

5. the u.s. credits its current account by $100 and debits its capital account by the same amount.

6. the u.s. credits its capital account by $400 (for the purchase of the u.s. treasury bills by the foreign resident) and debits its capital account (for the drawing down of the foreign residents bank balances in

the united states) for the by the same amount.7. the u.s. debits its current account by $40 for the interest paid, debits its capital account by $400 (for the capital outflow for the repayment of the repayment of the principal to the foreign investors by the u.s. borrower), and then credits its capital account by $440 (the increase in foreign holdings of u.s. assets, a credit).

8. a). the u.s. credits its capital account by $800 and debits its official reserves account by the same amount.

b). the official settlements balance of the u.s. will improve (i.e., the u.s. deficit will fall or its surplus will rise) by $800.

where values are in billions of dollars and a negative balance represents a deficit while a

positive balance a surplus in the balance of payments. b. because until 1972, we had a fixed exchange rate system, but from 1973 we had a managed floating exchange rate system. under the latter, the balance of payments only measures the amount of official intervention in foreign exchange markets. 9.see the july issue of the survey of current business for the most recent year.

10.see the july issue of the survey of current business for the most recent year.

11.see the july issue of the survey of current business for the most recent year.

12. see the july and november issues of the survey of current business for the most recent year.

13.see the balance of payments statistics yearbook for the most recent year. app. 1. the major difference between the way the united states keeps its balance of payments and the international monetary fund method is in the way they deal with international capital movements. the united states records international capital movements as increases in u.s.-owned assets abroad and foreign-owned assets in the united states, subdivided into government and private. the international monetary fund includes international capital flows into a financial account, which is subdivided into direct investments, portfolio investments assets and liabilities, and other investment assets and liabilities.

2. see the table in april and october issue of the imfs world economic outlook for the most recent year.

1. which of the following is false?

a. a credit transaction leads to a payment from foreigners

b.

a debit transaction leads to a payment to foreigners *c. a credit transaction is entered with a negative sign

d. double-entry bookkeeping refers to each transaction entered twic

e.

2. which of the following is a debit?

a. the export of goods

b. the export of services

*c. unilateral transfers given to foreigners d. capital inflows

3. capital inflows:

a. refer to an increase in foreign assets in the nation

b. refer to a reduction in the nations assets abroad

c. lead to a payment from foreigners *

d. all of the above

4. when a u.s. firm imports goods to be paid in three months the u.s. credits:

a. the current account

b. unilateral transfers *

c. capital

d. official reserves

5. the receipt of an interest payment on a loan made by a u.s. commercial bank to a foreign resident is entered in the u.s. balance of payments as a:

a. credit in the capital account *

b. credit in the current account

c. credit in official reserves

d. debit in unilateral transfers

6. the payment of a dividend by an american company to a foreign stockholder represents:

a. a debit in the u.s. capital account

b. a credit in the u.s. capital account

c. a credit in the u.s. official reserve account *

d. a debit in the u.s. current account

7. when a u.s. firm imports a good from england a pays for it by drawing on its pound sterling balances in a london bank, the u.s. debits its current account and credits its:

a. official reserve account

b. unilateral transfers account

c. services in its current account *

d. capital account

8. when the u.s. ships food aid to a developing nation, the u.s. debits:

*a. unilateral transfers b. services c. capital

d. official reserves

9. when the resident of a foreign nation (1) sells a u.s. stock and (2) deposits the proceeds in a u.s. bank, the u.s.:

a. credits capital for (1) and debits capital for (2)

b. credits the current account and debits capital

c. debits capital and credits official reserves

*d. debits capital for (1) and credits capital for (2)

10. when a u.s. resident (1) purchases foreign treasury bills and pays by (2) drawing down his bank balances abroad, the u.s.:

【篇二：国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第9单元】

>(core chapter)

nontariff trade barriers and the new protectionism

outline

9.1 introduction

9.2 import quotas

9.2a effects of an import quota

9.2b comparison of an import quota to an import tariff

9.3 other nontariff barriers and the new protectionism

9.3a voluntary export restraints

states

9.3b technical, administrative, and other regulations

9.3c international cartels

9.3d dumping

9.3e export subsidies

9.4 the political economy of protectionism

9.4a fallacious and questionable arguments for protection 9.4b infant-industry and other qualified arguments for protection

9.4c who gets protected?

welfare effects on the u.s. economy of removing all import restraints

restraints

9.5 strategic trade and industrial policies

9.5a strategic trade policy

9.5b strategic trade and industrial policies with game theory 9.5c the u.s. response to foreign industrial targeting and strategic trade policy

9.6 history of u.s. commercial policy

9.6a the trade agreements act of 1934

9.6b the general agreements on tariffs and trade (gatt)

9.6c the 1962 trade agreements act and the kennedy round 9.6d the trade reform act of 1974 and the tokyo round

9.6e the 1984 and 1988 trade acts

9.7 the uruguay round and outstanding trade problems

9.7a the uruguay round

9.7b outstanding trade problems

benefits from a “likely” doha scenario

appendix: a9.1 centralized cartels

a9.2 international price discrimination

a9.3 tariffs, subsidies and domestic goals

quota smoot-hawley tariff act of 1930 nontariff trade barrier (ntbs)trade agreements act of 1934

new protectionism most-favored-nation principle

voluntary export restraints (vers) bilateral trade

technical, administrative, and general agreement on tariff and other regulations trade (gatt)

international cartel multilateral trade negotiations

dumpinginternational trade organization (ito) persistent dumping peril-point provisions

predatory dumping escape clause

sporadic dumping national security clause

trigger-price mechanismtrade expansion act of 1962

export subsidies trade adjustment assistance (taa) export-import bank kennedy round

foreign sales corporationstrade reform act of 1974

countervailing duties (cvds) tokyo round

scientific tariff trade and tariff act of 1984

infant-industry argumentomnibus trade and competitiveness act of 1988

strategic trade policy uruguay round

industrial policy world trade organization (wto)

game theoryglobalization

anti-globalization movement

1. this is an important core chapter examining some of the most recent

developments in international trade policy.

2. i would cover sections 1 and 2 in lecture 1. i would pay particular attention to

figure 9-1, which examines the partial equilibrium effects of an import quota.

3. i would cover section 3 in lecture 2. here i would clearly explain the difference

between a regular import quota and a voluntary export restraint. i would also

clearly explain dumping and figure 9-2 (which deals with export subsidies). the five case studies serve to highlight the theory and show the relevance of the

theory in todays world.

4. i would cover section 4 in lecture 3. here i would give special attention to the

fallacious arguments for protection since they are often heard in common

discussions of trade matters. i would also clearly explain the importance of

strategic trade and industrial policy and the political economy of who gets

protected.

5. i would cover section 5 in lecture 4, which examines strategic trade and

industrial policies policies with game theory. this is not difficult and the

students will find it very interesting.

6. sections 6 and 7 can be covered in lecture 5. here i would stress the uruguay

round and the outstanding international trade problems.

1.nations restrict trade either in response to lobbying by the producers of a

commodity in which the nation has a comparative disadvantage or to gain a

strategic advantage in relation to other nations. the first leads to a welfare loss for he nation as a whole. the second is very difficult to achieve.

2.the partial equilibrium effects of the import quota are:

px=$1.50; consumption is 45x, of which 15x are produced domestically;by auctioning off import licenses, the revenue effect would be $15.

3.the partial equilibrium effects of the import quota are:

px=$2.50; consumption is 40x, of which 10x are produced domestically;

the revenue effect is $45.

4.the partial equilibrium effects of the quota are:

px=$2; domestic production and consumption are 50x; the revenue is zero.

5.the partial equilibrium effects of the quota are:

px=$1; consumption is 70x, production is 30x, and revenue is zero.

6.the partial equilibrium effects of a negotiated export quota of 30x are:

7.

8.

px=$4; domestic production is 40x, of which 10x are consumed at home. an export tariff or quota, as an import tariff or quota, affects the price of the commodity and domestic consumption and production. but the effects are the opposite. see figure 1. the equilibrium price of the commodity is px=oc and the equilibrium quantity

is qx=ob in figure 1.

9.

10.

11.

if the supply curve of the commodity in figure 1 referred to a cartel of exporters acting as a monopolist, px=of and qx=oa (see figure 1). px is higher and qx smaller when exporters behave as a monopolist. a) the monopolist should charge

p1=$4 in the domestic market and p2=$3 in figure 9-5 in appendix a9.2.

b) this represents the best, or optimal distribution of sales between the two

markets because any other distribution of sales in the two markets gives less

revenue.

12. see figure 2. to the left of point a, the domestic firm faces higher long-run average costs of production (lacd) than the foreign firm (lacf). to the right of point a the opposite is the case.

13. a) if the entries in the top left-hand corner of table 9-5 were changed to +10,

+10, then both boeing and airbus would produce the aircraft without any

subsidy, and so no strategic trade and industrial policy would be needed in the u.s. or europe.

b) if the entries in the top left-hand corner of table 9-5 were changed to +5, +0, then both boeing and airbus would produce the aircraft without any subsidy, and so no strategic trade and industrial policy would be needed in the u.s. or europe. *note that even though airbus only breaks even, in economics we includea normal return on investment as part of costs. thus, airbus would

remain in business because it would earn a normal return on investment.

c) if the entries in the top left-hand corner of table 9-5 were changed to +5, -10,

then both boeing produces and airbus does not produce without any subsidy.

with a subsidy of at least $10 million per year, however, airbus would enter

the market and lead to a loss of $100 million for boeing unless the u.s.

government would provide a subsidy of at least $5 million per year to boeing.

14.the answer to part (a) and (b) are presented in appendix

a9.3.

app. 1. see figure 3 on page 90.

app. 3. by imposing a 100% tax on the production of commodity x and giving it as a subsidy to producers of commodity y.

【篇三：国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第18单元】>open-economy macroeconomics: adjustment policies

outline

*18.1 introduction

case study 18-1: government, private sector, and current account balancesin the g-7 countries

*18.2 internal and external balance with expenditure-changing and

expenditure-switching policies

18.3 equilibrium in the goods market, in the money market, and in the

balance of payments

18.4 fiscal and monetary policies for internal and external balance

with fixed exchange rates

18.4a fiscal and monetary policies from external balance and unemployment 18.4b fiscal and monetary policies from external deficit and unemployment 18.4c fiscal and monetary policies with elastic capital flows

18.4d fiscal and monetary policies with perfect capital mobility

case study 18-2: relationship between u.s. current account and budget deficits

18.5 the is-lm-fe model with flexible exchange rates

18.5a is-lm-fe model with flexible exchange rates and imperfect capital mobility

case study 18-3: effect of u.s. fiscal policy in the united states and abroad 18.5b is-lm-fe model with flexible exchange rates and perfect capital mobility

case study 18-4: effect of monetary policy in the u.s. and other oecd

countries

*18.6 policy mix and price changes

18.6a policy mix and internal and external balance

18.6b evaluation of the policy mix with price changes

18.6c policy mix in the real world

case study 18-5: u.s. monetary and fiscal policies in the 1980s and early 1990s

*18.7 direct controls

18.7a trade controls

18.7b exchange controls

case study 18-6: direct controls on international transactions around the world

18.7c other direct controls and international cooperation

appendix: a18.1 derivation of the is curve

a18.2 derivation of the lm curve

a18.3 derivation of the fe curve

a18.4 mathematical summary

internal balance transaction demand for money

external balance speculative demand for money

expenditure-changing policiesbp curve

expenditure-switching policiesphillips curve

principle of effective market classification exchange controls is curve multiple exchange rates

lm curve

1. this is one of the most important and challenging of the chapters. sections 1-2 and 6-7 are core sections and should be covered in any international economics course. sections 3-5 introduce the is-lm-bp model and may be skipped if

intermediate macroeconomics is not a requirement for the course. this is up to the instructor, however.

2. in the first lecture, i would cover sections 1 and 2 and assign problems 1-

3. the most important and difficult part here

is the swan diagram. if students are to know anything about economic policies to correct internal and external

imbalances, this is it.

3. sections 3-5 require two classes to be covered adequately if students had

intermediate macroeconomics. otherwise, it would take three classes, or they can be skipped. if sections 3-5 are covered, i would assign problems 4-11 and go over some of these in class to make sure that students fully understand the model and the policies that can be used to correct

internal and external imbalances.

4. i would cover section 6 in the next class and assign problems 12-14. the most important aspect of this section is the explicit recognition of price stability as the third important objective of nations and the problems that this creates with the policies at hand to achieve internal and external balance completely. i would also cover case studies 18.1-18-3.

5. i would leave section 7 for students to cover by themselves. the section is

important but mostly descriptive and students to read it on their own and bring questions to class.

1. c1 increase devalue

c4 increase revalue

c7 decrease revalue

c10 decrease devalue

2. c2 increase none

c5 nonerevalue

c8 decrease none

c11 nonedevalue

3. c3 increase revalue

c6 decrease revalue

c9 decrease devalue

c12 increase devalue

4. a.the nation faces a surplus at ye=1,000 because p is

below point e.

b.at ye=1,000 and with a mpm=0.15, the nation faces a surplus of

(200)(0.15)=30.

5.the nation of problem 4 can reach full employment with external balance with the expansionary fiscal policy that shifts

is upward until it crosses the bp line at point f and the tight monetary policy that shifts lm upward until it also crosses the bp line at point f.

6. the nation requires the expansionary fiscal that shifts the is curve up until it crosses the bp curve at point f and the tight monetary policy that shifts up the lm curve until it crosses the bp curve at point f.

see figure 1.

7. if the full-employment level of national income is ye=1,000, the nation requires the expansionary fiscal policy that shifts the is curve up until it crosses the bp curve at point b and the tight monetary policy that shifts up the lm curve until it crosses the bp curve at point b.

see figure 2.

8. a. if the bp curve were flatter than the lm curve, the nation would require the

expansionary fiscal policy that shifts the is curve up until it crosses the pb curve at point f and the easy monetary policy that shifts down the lm curve until it crosses the bp curve at point f.

see figure 3.

b.

9.

when the bp curve is flatter than the lm curve, the nation requires an easy rather than a tight monetary policy to achieve internal and external balance simultaneously. with perfectly elastic international capital flows, the bp line would be horizontal and monetary policy would be completely ineffective. the nation could reach internal and external balance with the appropriate expansionary fiscal policy only.

第1章绪论 重点问题:国际经济学的产生、发展、对象及其其他经济学科的关系 单选 1．国际经济学分析的最基本的出发点是（B） A经济增长 B经济自然增长 C制度创新的经济增长 D经济发展 2．经济发展是（D） A经济结构的变革 B社会和政治体制的变革 C经济自然增长 D制度创新的经济增长 3．国际经济最基本的出发点是（B ） A社会分工 B国际分工 C产业内分工 D产业之间的分工和合作 4．国际经济交往的主要方式是（A） A生产要跨国界流动 B国际分工 C商品跨国界流通 D开放经济 第2章古典国际贸易理论 重点问题：绝对利益说的基本内容及其评价比较利益说的基本内容及其评价 单选 1．在斯密的绝对优势贸易理论中，(C)。 A所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和白银 B具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额 C如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品，将同时从贸易中获益 D如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业，将丧失绝对优势 2．李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，(B)。 A贸易导致不完全专业化 B即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益 C与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多 D只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额 3．如果一个阿根廷工人能生产3蒲式耳小麦或1辆汽车，而一个巴西工人能生产4蒲式耳小麦或2辆汽车，则(D)。 A巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷没有比较优势 B阿根廷在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而巴西没有比较优势 C巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在汽车生产上具有比较优势 D巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在小麦生产上具有比较优势 4．根据比较优势原理的政策经验，一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是(B)。 A制造大量出口顺差 B以较低的机会成本进口商品而不是在国内生产 C本国比贸易伙伴强大 D本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势 5.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( A ) A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 6.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价( C ) A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上 B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下 C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间 D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同 简答： 1．请从国际贸易实际出发评价绝对利益说 P20 斯密的绝对利益学说揭示了在自由市场经济条件下，国际贸易产生的原因在于两国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异，按照绝对利益学说的原则进行国际分工，贸易的参与者与整个世界会因此而获得利益。这一学说在一定程度上反映出了国际贸易中的某些规律，为产业资本的发展提供了相应的理论支撑，具有重要的实践意义和理论意义。 从国际贸易实际出发的评价斯密的绝对利益学说在实践中运用存在着一个必要的假设前提：一国要参加国际贸易，就必然要有至少一种产品与贸易伙伴相比处于劳动生产率绝对高或生产所耗费的劳动绝对低的地位上，以便利用劳动生产率的绝对差异进人国际市场。如果一国在所有的产品生产上，劳动生产率均低于贸易对象国，该国便不具备参加国际分工的条件，或者在国际贸易中没有任何的利益获得。这一点在理论上过于绝对，在实践中也不符合实际情况(发展中国家劳动生产率很可能在所有产品上都不如发达国家，但仍然在进行国际贸易)，实际上陷入了理论与实践的两难境地：如果没有超过贸易对手的高劳动生产率部门，该国便被排除在国际贸易的大门之外，或者在贸易中本国的生产部门将被对方的竞争击垮。显然，世界贸易的历史与现实并不完全、普遍地符合斯密这样的假设。

Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model Chapter Organization The Concept of Comparative Advantage A One-Factor Economy Production Possibilities Relative Prices and Supply Trade in a One-Factor World Box: Comparative Advantage in Practice: The Case of Babe Ruth Determining the Relative Price after Trade The Gains from Trade A Numerical Example Box: The Losses from Non-Trade Relative Wages Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage Productivity and Competitiveness The Pauper Labor Argument Exploitation Box: Do Wages Reflect Productivity? Comparative Advantage with Many Goods Setting Up the Model Relative Wages and Specialization Determining the Relative Wage with a Multigood Model Adding Transport Costs and Non-Traded Goods Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Summary

三、名词解释 1.生产者剩余 答：生产者剩余是指生产者愿意接受的价格和实际接受的价格之间的差额。 2.罗伯津斯基定理 答：罗伯津斯基定理是指在生产两种产品的情况下，如果商品的国际比价保持不变，一种生产要素增加所导致的密集使用该生产要素的产品产量增 加，会同时减少另外一种产品的产量。 3.产品生命周期 答：产品生命周期是指新产品经历发明、应用、推广到市场饱和、产品衰落，进而被其他产品所替代四个阶段。 4.购买力平价 答：购买力平价是指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位货币购买力之间的比例。 5.市场内部化 答：市场内部化是指企业为减少交易成本，减少生产和投资风险，而将该跨国界的各交易过程变成企业内部的行为。 6.黄金输送点 答：黄金输送点包括黄金输入点和黄金输出点，是黄金输入、输出的价格上限和下限，它限制着一个国家货币对外汇率的波动幅度。 7.要素禀赋 答：要素禀赋，即要素的丰裕程度，是指在不同国家之间，由于要素的稀缺程度不同导致的可利用生产要素价格相对低廉的状况。赫克歇尔-俄林 定理认为，要素禀赋构成一个国家比较优势的基础 8.比较优势 答：比较优势也称为比较成本或比较利益，是由英国古典经济学家大卫李·嘉图提出的。李嘉图通过两个国家两种产品的模型阐明，比较优势是一国 在绝对优势基础上的相对较大的优势，在绝对劣势基础上的相对较小的 劣势，遵循“两利相权取其重，两弊相衡取其轻”的原则。根据各自的 比较优势来来确定国际分工并进行贸易往来，双方便都可以获得比较利 益。 9.人力资本 答：所谓人力资本是资本与劳动力结合而形成的一种新的生产要素，然们通过劳动力进行投资（如进行教育、职业培训、保健等），可以提高原有 劳动力的素质和技能，劳动生产率得到提升，从而对一个国家参加国际 分工的比较优势产生作用与影响。 10.布雷顿森林体系 答：布雷顿森林体系是指从第二次世界大战结束到1971年所实行的金汇兑本位制。这一以美元为中心的固定汇率制度的特征简而言之便是“美元

Home's PPF 200400600800200400600800 Q apple Q banana Foreign's PPF 200400600800100080160240320400 Q*apple Q*banana Chapter 2 1a.画出本国的生产可能性边界： b. 用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是， 5.1=Lb La a a c ．劳动力的自由流动使两部门的工资率相等，自由竞争使得他们生产两种产品的机会成本相同。相对价格等于相对成本，后者可以表示为(*)/(*)a a b b w a w a ，由于两部门间的工资率相等，a b w w ∴=，只有在Lb La b a /a a /P P =，两种商品才都会被生产。所以 1.5 /P P b a = 2a. b. 3 a. a b b a /P P /D D =∵当市场达到均衡时, 1b a ) (D D -**=++=b a b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD 是一条双曲线 x y 1 =

b.苹果的均衡相对价格由RD 和RS 的交点决定: RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0) 5.0,0[=∈=??? ??+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴x=0.5, y=2 ∴2/=b P a P e e c. ∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴只有两个国家的时候，本国专门生产苹果，出口苹果并进口香蕉：外国则正好相反。 d ． 国际贸易允许本国和外国在阴影区内任何一点消费，专门生产某种产品然后和另一个国家进行贸易的间接方式，要比直接生产该商品的方式更有效率。在没有贸易时，本国要生产3单位的香蕉必须放弃2单位的苹果，外国要生产1单位的苹果要放弃5单位的香蕉。贸易允许两国以两单位香蕉交换一单位苹果。通过出让2单位苹果，本国可以获得四单位的香蕉；而外国可以用2单位向交换得1单位苹果。所以两个国家都从贸易中获利。 4. RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5 .1] ,1(1)1,0[=∈=?? ???+∞∈=∈y y y x x x →5.13 2==y x →5.1/=b P a P e e 在这种情况下，外国将专门生产并出口香蕉，进口苹果。但本国将同时生产香蕉和苹果，并且香蕉相对于苹果的机会成本在本国是相同的。所以本国既没有得益也没有受损，但外国从贸易中获益了。 5.在这种情况下，劳动力总量加倍了而劳动生产率减半，所以有效劳动力总量仍是相同的。答案类似于第三小题，两国都从贸易中获益了。但是，相对于第四小题，外国的获益减少了。 6.实际上，相对工资率由相应的劳动生产率和对产品的相对需求决定。韩国的低工资率反映了韩国大部分行业的劳动生产率比美国低。和低劳动生产率，低工资率的国家进行贸易可以提高像美国那样高劳动生产率国家的福利和生活水平。所以这种贫民劳动论是错误的。

Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter Organization Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview Economies of Scale and Market Structure The Theory of Imperfect Competition Monopoly: A Brief Review Monopolistic Competition Limitations of the Monopolistic Competition Model Monopolistic Competition and Trade The Effects of Increased Market Size Gains from an Integrated Market: A Numerical Example Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage The Significance of Intraindustry Trade Why Intraindustry Trade Matters Case Study: Intraindustry Trade in Action: The North American Auto Pact Dumping The Economics of Dumping Case Study: Anti-Dumping as Protection Reciprocal Dumping The Theory of External Economies Specialized Suppliers Labor Market Pooling Knowledge Spillovers External Economies and Increasing Returns

第一章绪论 1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。 2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。 3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。 4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。 5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响 A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等 (2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系 (3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业 (4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治 (5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景 第二章比较优势理论 1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。重商主义者认为国家富强的方法是尽量使出口大于进口，而出超的结果是金银等贵重金属流入，而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就越富有越强大。现在认为一个国家生产力即生产商品的能力越高则一国越富强 2、亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础和贸易模式分别是什么？贸易所得是如何产生的？斯密倡导什么样的国际贸易基础？他认为政府在经济生活中的适当功能是什么？亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础是绝对优势；贸易模式为两国通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的产品并用其中一部分来交换器有绝对劣势的商品。通过生产绝对优势商品并交换，资源可以被最有效的使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大的增长，通过交换就会消费比以前更多的商品从而产生了贸易所得；斯密倡导自由贸易，主张自由放任也就是政府尽可能少干涉经济

全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试 国际经济学试题 课程代码00140 一、单项选择题25小题1分25分 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1.从十五世纪初到十八世纪中叶A A.重商主义 B.重农主义 C.重金主义 D.货币主义 2.采取进口替代战略的国家不倾向使用的政策是D A.对进口关税设置壁垒 B.对非关税设置障碍 C.对外汇实行管制 D.对本国货币低估对外价值 3.相对技术差异论的提出者是B A.斯密 B.李嘉图 C.奥林 D.赫克歇尔 4.关税与贸易总协定进行了多轮多边贸易谈判C A.日内瓦回合 B.东京回合 C.乌拉圭回合 D.安纳西回合 5.世界贸易组织成立于C A.1993年 B.1994年 C.1995年 D.1996年 6.一般而言不属于外汇市场主要参与者的是D A.商业银行 B.中央银行 C.外贸公司 D.居民个人 7.国际收支平衡表中最重要的收支差额是D A.官方结算差额 B.商品贸易差额 C.基本收支差额 D.经常项目差额 8.国际收支调整的重要基础理论是C A.调整论 B.货币论 C.弹性论 D.平衡论 9.从总体上看 产品的需求弹性的绝对值将A A.大于1 B.小于1 C.等于1 D.不确定 10.在开放经济条件下c=0.6s=0.3 考虑政府的财政收入部分C A.10/9 B.5/3 C.5/2 D.10/3 11.下列属于非关税壁垒的措施是D A.反倾销税 B.反补贴税 C.进口附加税 D.国内最低限价 12.最佳关税来源于B A.进口国厂商 B.出口国厂商 C.第三国出口厂商 D.第三国进口厂商

Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter Organization Basic Tariff Analysis Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Effects of a Tariff Measuring the Amount of Protection Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Consumer and Producer Surplus Measuring the Costs and Benefits Other Instruments of Trade Policy Export Subsidies: Theory Case Study: Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy Import Quotas: Theory Case Study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. Sugar Voluntary Export Restraints Case Study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in Practice: Japanese Autos Local Content Requirements Box: American Buses, Made in Hungary Other Trade Policy Instruments The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary Summary Appendix I: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium A Tariff in a Small Country A Tariff in a Large Country Appendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly The Model with Free Trade The Model with a Tariff The Model with an Import Quota Comparing a Tariff with a Quota

Chapter 2 Chapter 12 1. 正如题目中所说的，GNP只包括最终产品和服务的价值的原因是为了避免重复计算。如果从GNP中减掉中间产品进口并加上中间产品出 口，那么就可以避免重复计算。以卖给丰田公司和通用汽车的美国钢铁为例，卖给通用汽车的钢铁由于其价值已经包含在美国生产的汽车 中，因此不应再计入美国GNP；由于丰田的产值计入日本GNP，卖给丰田的钢铁的价值不再以成品形态计入（日本）国民收入账户。日本 的GNP则应扣除这些钢铁的价值，因为这是美国生产要素的报酬。 2. 等式2可以写成CA = (S p - I) + (T - G)，更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄，投资及预算赤字几乎没有影响。若这些变量没有受影响，那么征收的关税或进口配额无助于改善经常项目账户收支状况（赤字）。但是贸易壁垒对经常账户的影响是柄双刃剑，例如，收关税保护的行 业的投资上升会恶化经常账户（有时关税确实被证明是正当的，因其为国内落后行业升级技术装备提供了机会）。另一方面，由于关税导 致的进口半产品成本上升，某些行业的投资可能下降。一般来说，永久性关税和临时性关税具有不同的效果。问题的关键在于，预测关税 以何种方式影响经常账户需要从一般均衡，也就是宏观经济角度分析。 3.（a）购买德国股票借记美国金融账户；由于开支票减少了他在瑞士银行的付款要求权，所以当他用瑞士银行的账户开出的支票支付时， 则贷记金融账户。在该案例中，美国人用持有的一种外国资产换取了另一种外国资产。 （b）购买股票借记美国金融账户，贷记则发生于德国售股者将美国支票存入德国银行而该银行又把钱借给德国进口商（贷记美国经常账 户）或购买美国资产的公司或个人（贷记美国金融账户）。德国银行的某些行为最终将贷记美国国际收支账户。 （c）法国政府通过出售美国资产，即它在美国银行的美元，干预外汇市场，因此借记美国金融账户。法国公民购买美元后，如购买美国 商品，则贷记美国经常账户；如购买美国资产，则贷记美国金融账户。 （d）假设发行旅行支票的公司使用它在法国的支票帐户进行支付。当它为这顿饭向法国饭店付款时，借记美国经常账户。旅行支票的发 行公司必须出售（美国的）资产（即减少在法国支票帐户上的存款），该公司在法国资产的减少意味着贷记美国金融账户。 （e）由于没有市场交易，经常账户和资本账户借贷双方都没有变化。 （f）离岸交易没有计入在美国国际收支。 4. 购买电话录音机分别借记纽约州，贷记新泽西州的经常账户；当新泽西公司把钱存到纽约银行时，分别贷记纽约州，借记新泽西州的 金融账户。如果交易使用的是现金，那么两州金融账户的变化仍与前述相同：新泽西州获得了美钞（从纽约进口资产，借记金融账户）； 纽约州失去了美钞（出口钞票，贷记金融账户）。 5. （a）由于非央行渠道的资本流入只能以弥补经常账户5亿美元的赤字，因此Pecunia国际收支余额（官方结算余额）是-5亿美元。由 于国家要为10亿美元的经常账户赤字融资，因此Pecunia的海外净资产下降了10亿美元。 （b）对Pecunia国的外汇储备稍加研究，我们发现Pecunia的央行无法通过私人资本流入来为经常账户赤字融资。只有在外国中央银行 购进Pecunia资产的情况下Pecunia央行才可以避免动用5亿美元外汇储备来弥补经常账户赤字。Pecunia央行失去了5亿美元的外汇储 备，在国际收支账户中则体现为官方资本流入。 （c）如果外国官方资本流入是6亿美元，Pecunia就拥有1亿美元的国际收支顺差。换而言之，Pecunia只需要10亿美元弥补经常账户 赤字，但是却有10亿美元流入。因此Pecunia央行必须对外借出1亿美元以增加其储备。外国央行购买Pecunia资产的行为在其国际收 支账户中表现为资本流出，是借方项目。其中的基本原理是：这些交易导致了外国对Pecunia出售资产进行的支付。 （d）与央行间交易相伴的是，Pecunia金融账户显示外国在Pecunia持有的官方储备资产增加了6亿美元（贷记Pecunia金融账户，资本 流入），Pecunia在外国持有的官方储备资产（借记其金融账户，资本流出）增加了1亿美元。因此，10亿资本的净流入正好弥补了经常 账户赤字。 6. 从长期来看，经常账户盈余或赤字都是不能接受的。有些情况下，赤字是合理的，例如，为提高未来的国民收入而借款提高当前生产 能力。但是，对于任何时期的经常账户赤字，必然要有相应的时期支出少于收入以偿还外债。在没有特别的投资机会时，对于一个经济体 来说最好的情况莫过于长期的消费和支出相当。 一国央行持有的外汇储备会随着国际收支差额变动而变动。央行使用外汇储备来干预汇率，外汇储备不足会限制央行干预或固定汇率的能 力。对于一些国家而言（特别是发展中国家），当它们向国外贷款出现困难时，央行的储备就成了保持消费和投资的重要力量。高水平的 外汇储备还可使潜在的外国投资者确信该国是信誉卓著的。 7. 官方结算余额，也叫国际收支平衡，显示了像美联储和财政部这样的美国政府机构持有的外汇储备相对于外国政府机构持有的美元储 备的变动。该账户提供了美联储干预外汇市场程度的部分描述。例如，德国联邦银行购买美元并存在它在伦敦的欧洲美元账户中，虽然这 笔交易是外汇干预的一种形式，但它并没有体现在美国官方结算余额中。当伦敦银行将这笔存款贷记他在美国的账户时，这笔交易就体现 为私人资本流入。 8. 如果金融账户和资本账户的盈余超过经常账户赤字，那么一国可以既有经常项目赤字又有国际收支盈余。国际收支盈余=经常账户盈余 +资本账户盈余+金融账户盈余。例如，如果经常账户赤字为1亿美元，资本账户盈余为1.02亿美元，那么国际收支盈余为0.02亿美元。 本问题可以作为第十七章固定汇率和外汇干预的引言。在80年代的头几年美国政府没有直接干预外汇市场，课本上结果是国际收支差额 为0，而实际数字则显示在82年到85年有少量的国际收支盈余。这些年份有达尔的经常账户赤字，因此，在这些年里，美国的资本流入 超过了经常账户赤字。

国际经济学练习题及答案(内部资料)

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国际经济学练习题 一、判断题 1、当开放贸易时，所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。 2、根据简单贸易模型，在贸易发生之前，如果各国的某种商品价格相同，这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。 3、如果一国中某生产者通过贸易能使自己的境况得到改善，那么，该国中所有的生产者都会通过贸易来改善自己的境况。 4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下，一国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另一国对该商品的过度需求相等。 5、不存在free lunch，但却存在free trade。 6、一国即便在某种商品的生产上具有绝对劣势，它也可以在该商品的生产上具有相对优势。 7、根据H—O理论，一国如果比他国拥有更多英亩的土地，该国便是“土地丰富”的国家。 8、在成本递增的条件下，各国并不一定要完全专业化于一种商品的生产。 9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。 10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的生产要素定义而解决Leontief Paradox。 11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为，贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收入，同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更高的实际收入。 12、如果各国的生产技术相同，贸易便不会使生产要素价格均等化。 13、一国的非技术性工人会比技术性工人更加反对贸易自由化。 14、大国可投资发展进口替代产业而不是出口产业，进而改善本国的贸易条件。 15、按照定义，小国的经济增长将不会使贸易条件发生变化。 16、青春期是一个贫困化增长的好例子。 17、一国生产要素的增长总会使该国更加自给自足，进而减少对国际贸易的依赖。 18、一个与外界隔绝的国家一定会降低其公民的生活水平。 19、产业内贸易在充分竞争性产业中更为盛行。 20、根据H—0理论，各国应进行大量的产业内贸易。 21、规模经济是指资源的平衡增长导致平均成本上升。 22、产业内贸易发生的原因包括产品差异化、规模经济以及收入分配效应。 23、如果瑞士旅行鞋的进口增加，英国皮鞋制造商就会受到损失。 24、自由贸易总是一种比征收关税更好的政策。 25、从量关税的优越性之一是其保护价值量与进口商品的价格上涨保持同步。 26、关税对一个国家来说可能是最优的，但对全球来说不会是最优的。 27、关税给消费者带来的损失要大于它给生产者带来的收益。 28、与关税相比，配额给政府官员以更大的管理灵活性。 29、只要进口许可证是被拍卖的，配额的福利效应就与关税相同。 30、如果一国政府的税收收入很少，它就会倾向于采用关税而不是配额。 31、对于进口国来说，自愿出口限制比进口配额效果更差。 32、自愿出口限制实际上很少是自愿的。 33、对症规则（specificity rule）认为，关税通常不是纠正一国经济中扭曲的最佳方法。 34、贸易保护的国防理论和国家荣誉理论基本上是次优的。 35、如果“learning by doing”意味者今天更多的生产会使未来的成本降低，那么最好的政策就是实行保护性关税。

Overview of Section II: International Trade Policy Section II of the text is comprised of four chapters: Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter 9The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter 10Trade Policy in Developing Countries Chapter 11Controversies in Trade Policy n Section II Overview Trade policy issues figure prominently in current political debates and public policy discussions. The first two chapters of this section of the text are concerned with the instruments of trade policy and the arguments for free trade and managed trade. The second two chapters consider these concepts in the context of specific sets of countries that face common problems. Throughout, the use of case studies provides the student with real world examples that clearly illustrate the theoretical arguments. Chapter 8 discusses various instruments of trade policy including tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. The effects of these policies on prices and trade volumes are determined in the context of a partial equilibrium framework. The chapter reviews the analytical tools of consumer and producer surplus, and uses these tools to consider the welfare effects of various protectionist measures. The specific incidents of trade restrictions presented as case studies include import quotas on sugar entering United States markets, voluntary export restraints on Japanese autos, and oil import quotas. Chapter 9 presents the set of ideas known as the political economy of trade theory. These ideas enable you to understand why certain trade restrictions exist, despite the force of general economic arguments which suggest that they reduce aggregate welfare. Possible motivations for trade restrictions are identified as those which increase national welfare, such as the optimum tariff, and those which foster either income

国际经济学作业 一、名词解释 幼稚产业：所谓幼稚产业是指某一产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的新兴产业。 倾销：是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。 提供曲线：也称相互需求曲线，是由马歇尔和艾奇沃斯提出的，它表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某一进口量愿意提供的出口量的轨迹。两个国家的提供曲线的交汇点所决定的价格，就是国际商品交换价格（交换比率）。 国际收支：国际收支分为狭义的国际收支和广义的国际收支。狭义的国际收支指一个国家或地区与世界其他国家或地区之间由于贸易、非贸易和资本往来而引起的国际间资金收支流动的行为。包括两种具体形式:直接的货币收支和以货币表示的资产的转移。反映了以货币为媒介的国际间的债权、债务关系。广义的国际收支为系统记载的、在特定时期内(通常为一年)一个国家或经济体的居民与世界其他地方居民的全部各项经济交易，不仅包括外汇收支的国际借贷关系，还包括一定时期全部经济交易与往来。 二、简答题 试画出出口贫困化增长的图形并作出分析 答：出口贫困化增长，是指某国的传统出口产品的出口规模极大地增长，但结果不仅使该国的贸易条件严重恶化，而且该国的国民福利水平也出现下降，这种现象一般出现在发展中国家。

贸易条件变化前，该国生产均衡点为A，消费点为C；由于该国传统出口产品X 的出口规模极大增长，使得该国贸易条件恶化，此时，生产点变为A’，消费点变为C’。由图中的无差异曲线可以看出，该国贸易条件的变化使得它的福利水平低于增长前。这种情形就成为“出口贫困化增长”。 产生出口贫困化增长的原因主要有：（1）该国在该种出口产品的出口量中占到相当大的比重，这样，当其出口大幅度增加时，会导致世界市场上出现供大于求的情况，导致价格大幅下跌。（2）该种产品的需求国的需求弹性很低，当产品价格降低时，需求是并不会相应大幅增长。（3）该国经济结构十分单一，依赖该种产品的出口来促进经济的发展，因此在贸易条件恶化的时候也不能压缩出口，而是进一步扩大出口量从而保持一定的出口收入。 试说明国际贸易中要素密集度逆转的情况 答：这是解释列昂惕夫反论的观点之一，它认为，某种商品在资本丰富的国家属于资本密集型产品，而在劳动力相对丰富的国家则属于劳动密集型产品，如小麦在非洲是劳动密集生产过程的产品，而在美国则是资本密集型的产品，也就是大机器和高效化肥生产的产品。所以，同一种产品是劳动密集型产品还是资本密集型产品并没有绝对的界限。在国外属于劳动密集型的产品，也有可能在国内属于资本密集型的产品。 即如果两种要素在行业间的替代弹性差异很大，以至于两种等产量曲线相交两次，那么，可能产生生产要素密集度逆转的现象。即一种产品在A国是劳动密集型产品在B国是资本密集型产品。可能就无法根据H-O的模式预测贸易模式了。

【国际经济学】英文题库 Chapter 1: Introduction Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States? *A. Coffee, tea, cocoa B. steel, copper, aluminum C. petroleum, coal, natural gas D. typewriters, computers, airplanes 2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of: A. the United States *B. Switzerland C. Germany D. England 3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has: *A. grown B. diminished C. remained unchanged D. cannot say 4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by: A. the size of the nations' population B. the percentage of its population to its GDP *C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDP D. all of the above 5. Economic interdependence is greater for: *A. small nations

国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著) P16页练习题 6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。 （2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。 7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？ 答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？ 答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。 8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？ 答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。 而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。 （2）它们在哪方面相似？ 答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。 1

计算题及答案 1. 在古典贸易模型中,假设A国有１2０名劳动力，Ｂ国有50名劳动力,如果生产棉花的话,Ａ国的人均产量是2吨，Ｂ国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话,A国的人均产量是10吨,Ｂ国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：Ｂ国由于每人能生产１6吨大米,而A国每人仅生产10吨大米,所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为０.2,而B国为0.125，所以B 国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 2.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和１单位小麦所需的劳动时间。假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动,加拿大的总劳动为600小时,中国总劳动为８00小时。 （1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机和小麦的产量。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势?哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势? （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦,加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间?中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换２4单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了?试用图分析。(以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路: （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为１０0/4=25,加拿大为6０/3=2０ （2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低,所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。 （3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。 加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1／22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算,生产 一单位小麦本国要用3小时，但生产１／2２单位计算机本国要用60／22小时劳 动，所以加拿大进口一单位小麦相当于用60／22小时的劳动换回本国３小时生 产的产品，节省了３-60/２2＝3／11小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需 要出口22单位小麦，相当于用22＊4=8８小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产 的产品,节省了100-88＝1２小时的劳动时间。 如果世界价格是１单位计算机交换24单位的小麦,则相当于用60/24小时的劳动 换回本国３小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/24=１/２小时的劳动时间。中国进口 一单位计算机需要出口24单位小麦，相当于用24＊4=９6小时的劳动换回本国 需用1０0小时生产的产品，节省了１０0-96=4小时的劳动时间。

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案 第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？ 试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。