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浅论旅游翻译中的跨文化意识

浅论旅游翻译中的跨文化意识
浅论旅游翻译中的跨文化意识

浅论旅游翻译中的跨文化意识

论文关键词:旅游翻译跨文化意识文化信息

论文摘要:本文以旅游翻译中的跨文化意识为出发点,通过具体实例,从旅游翻译所涉及的地名、景点名称、历史人物名字、诗词、楹联的翻译以及语用意义、文化信息处理等几方面阐述了跨文化意识在旅游翻译中的重要性,提出了跨文化意识是旅游翻译圆满完成文化传播重任的重要前提和可靠保障这一观点。

旅游翻译是为旅游活动、旅游专业和行业所进行的翻译实践活动,属于专业翻译,是一种跨语言、跨社会、跨时空、跨文化、跨心理的交际活动。由于旅游翻译是在各种文化的差异中,甚至是在各民族、各地区文化的碰撞中进行的,所以,同其他类型的翻译相比,它在跨文化交际这一特点上表现得就更为直接、更为突出、更为典型又更为全面。跨文化意识进而也自然成为旅游翻译圆满完成文化传播重任的重要前提和可靠保障。

一、地名、景点名称的翻译与跨文化意识

地名、景点名称等专有名词的翻译方法大致可分为音译、直译、意译、意译加音译、直译加音译、意译加注等,但在何种情况下采用何种译法就需要译者具备敏锐的跨文化意识。

地名的翻译多采用音译法,如

Beijing , Shanghai , NewYork,London等。当然除此之外,在含有表示地理类别的普通名词的地名中.普通名词通常译音.如the Gulf ofMexico(墨西哥湾),the Philippine Islands(菲律宾群岛),Liaoning Province(辽宁省),the city of Shenyang(沈阳市)等。拼音是一种语音符号,语音符号与人类交际的关系是极为密切的,因为人类交际其实就是一个以获得目的为意义的从编码到译码的心理活动过程,该过程的基础就是首先必须有一套约定俗成的交际规范或符号译码。不规范或错误的汉语拼写就相当于错误的符号译码,会给跨文化交际带来诸多困难。

景点名称的翻译主要偏重文化内涵的理解,音译往往是不得已而为之,音译过来的东西往往无法从字面上看出其内涵,有时会使译文读者产生文化隔膜,给理解造成困难。因此译者在翻译时不应采取“一刀切”的态度,而是根据实际情况灵活处理。如此时还单纯地采用音译而忽略“意”,则无法成功地跨文化交际。因此,采取保留原文形象及其内涵的译法成为了重中之重。如苏州着名园林“拙政园’,译为Garden of Humble Administrator就要比Zhuozheng Garden要好得多,因为“拙政园”是明朝嘉靖年间御史王献臣辞职回乡后在元大宏寺遗址所建造的别墅,并借用近代潘岳《闲居赋》中“拙者之为政也”为园名。如果是导游口译的话,还可以解释其历史背景,使旅游者不仅被美丽的景色所吸引,而且沉浸在深远的历史情思之中,进而充分保留原文文化及历史内涵。

二、历史人物名字的翻译与跨文化意识

几乎所有人名的翻译都趋同于地名译法、音译。例如:Marx(马克思),Clinton(克林顿),Lu Xun(鲁迅)等,但也有些人名若按照现在的规定是不合规范的,但由于已经使用了很长时间,人们己经习以为常,若突然改变,可能

会引起混乱,这时最好保留原译名。如Bernard Shaw译成肖伯纳而不是“伯纳肖”,Shelley译为雪莱(特指英国诗人)而不是“谢莉”。同样,中国的儒家学派创始人孔子被译为Confucius而非Kongzi,孙中山被译为Sun Yat-Sen(由孙逸仙音译而来)而非Sun Zhongshan.

对于人的称呼除了名字之外,外号也是其一,由于人的外号往往准确生动地体现了人的某一特征,如果音译其内涵则无法被人了解,也就称不上是外号了,因此,外号一般意译。例如,Iron Lady(铁娘子,指撒切尔夫人),Cinderella(灰姑娘),Li Kui the Black Whirlwind(黑旋风李遴)等。

语言既是文化载体,又是文化的一个重要组成部分。不同的民族在各自独特的文化传统作用下必然会产生附加在词汇本身概念之上的不同的联想意义。不了解这种联想意义的差别,就不能完全接受一个词所承载的全部语言信息量,这也是跨文化意识在旅游翻译中的一个重要体现。

三、语用意义与跨文化意识

由于语用失误是导致使用英语的中国人跨文化交际故障的一个重要根源,因此译者应对语用意义予以高度重视。如中文中的“芙蓉”既可指“木芙蓉”,亦可指“水芙蓉”(《应用汉语词典》,2000:374),但是只可在指示意义、认知意义、概念意义上相提并论,因为仅译成英语中的"lotus”后,便出现了交际故障。"lotus”仅指“水芙蓉”,不包括cotton rose木芙蓉)。前者即“荷花”,属睡莲科,莲属,后者属锦葵科,木模属。两者的学名分别为Helumbonucifera和Hibiscus mutabilis(余树勋、吴应样,1995:159/336),英语中尚未有“wood lotus”和“water lotus”这样的表达法。可见中英文理解上都存在语用语言失误。比如,毛泽东诗句“芙蓉国里尽朝魂晖”中的“芙蓉”应为“木芙蓉”(《唐诗鉴赏辞典》,1983:1381)。然而,的确有将其译成"lotus”水芙蓉的(黄龙,1993:96)。

四、诗词、楹联翻译与跨文化意识

导游词中常引用各种类型的古诗词,所以翻译古诗词是导游翻译的又一大特点,也是一大难点。导游词中所引用的诗词,主要是供导游员在给旅游者介绍景点时用的

。要求在忠实原文的基础上,能较好地将旅游者带人特有的“译境”。译诗犹如写诗,是艺术的再创造。而古诗词用语多较精炼,且寓意深刻,这就要求译者具备很高的跨文化翻译素质。例如,宋朝诗人杨万里的《晓出净慈寺送林子方》的前两句“毕竟西湖六月中,风光不与四时同。”中,“六月”指的是夏历六月,不能直接译成“June"或者“sixth month";其次,诗开头的两字“毕竟”主要是为了借助它强调“风光不与四时同”的特定地点与时间。所以,为了使外国游客更好地理解这首诗,如下翻译较为恰

当:"After all it’s the West Lake in summer hot.Displayingsce nes no other seasons have got.”进而很好地将诗中寓意传达给读者。

贴于或刻写在景点楹柱上的对联也被习惯称为楹联。楹联作为中国一种独特的文学艺术形式充分地传递了中国特有的文化。景点的讲解若与楹联的译介相结合不仅会宣扬中国文化,使两者相得益彰,还会使导游服务平添佳趣。楹联的译介跟古诗词的翻译一样,也是导游翻译的跨文化交际之难点。有人把

楹联称为张贴的诗。但它又不同于诗,它较诗更精练,句式更灵活,可长可短,伸缩自如。楹联的成功译介取决于对文化内涵的了解、翻译策略的选择、顺畅通达的文字及背景故事的结合。这是一个有机的整体,缺一不可。

五、文化信息处理与跨文化意识

导游翻译属信息文本翻译,所以翻译时“要重达,便是漏译一两句也无关宏旨”。当然,我们还须看到问题的另一面,不少独具中国文化特色的信息都应尽可能通过翻译传递给海外旅游者。在此方面,导游翻译要比其他翻译形式更具灵活性和可行性。例如,作为中国常见的植物,“雨后春笋”被汉文化的大众普遍理解为“欣欣向荣、大片出现”的象征,而英国环境中缺乏“竹笋”这一实物,因此如果照实翻译成babmoo shoots after springrain,难以让外国游客产生同等感受。所以可以翻译成

mushroom after spring rain“雨后蘑菇”),因为“雨后蘑菇”是国外常见的现象,能够使他们领会到源语的含义。

此外,导游翻译还应经常琢磨如何创造新词,提供更多有趣的背景故事。如在介绍“女儿红”(Daughter’swine).“状元红”(Scholar’s wine)时除了概括性的介绍其为绍兴酒外,还可以介绍两个名字所蕴涵的风土人情、民俗故事。在参观苏州寒山寺时,可以介绍其名字的来历等。

随着全球化的不断发展,不同文化间的时空关系也逐渐被打破,而旅游资料翻译恰好起到了桥梁的作用。因为存在文化差异问题,因此为了既忠实原文,又增加外国游客兴趣,就需要译者合理地运用跨文化意识进行有效翻译,从而弥补不同文化之间的差异。

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Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view o f history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a pers istent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by sp ace, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about m any of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as globa l. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as w ell as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from si mple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it i mperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understan d people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with p eople who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only i n our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peac e. 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming,our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,我们“头脑的软件”。但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么,文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则,并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

跨文化交际翻译

题名/责任者/语种:跨文化交际翻译/金惠康著/中文 出版发行/载体形态:北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2003 /402页;20厘米ISBN/装订形式/定 价: ISBN:7-5001-1010-3/23.00元 索书号:H315.9/8050 丛编:翻译理论与实务丛书.-() 附注:“十五”国家重点图书 附件: 文摘或提要:本书以实例描写为主,配以适量的理论指导与分析,收集了近二十年来大陆、港、台、澳及海外华人的精彩汉英翻译例证,形成了一个比较统一、规范的汉英对译系统。 跨文化交际翻译 作者:金惠康 书摘 a sea oI people/flames/blood/flags/flowers/happy faces如海般的/如潮一样的人群;火海;血海;旗海;花海;无数幸福的面孔 an ocean of trouble/time/space/cheering 无穷的麻烦;无休止的时间;浩瀚的宇宙;欢乐的海洋 a scene of great rejoicing一片欢腾 a chorus of protest/praise一片抗议之声/赞扬之声 a trove of Chinese porcelain一批中国磁器 a grove of coco(a)nut/hamboo一战挪椿}镌椿 a blaze of lights一片灯火

a mountain of debts/rubbish/money/dirty clothes 债台高筑/gr圾如山;家财万贯;一大堆脏衣服 a mass of images/facts/figures/data大量的图像/事实/数据等 a rain/storm of tears/ashes/arrows/bullets嚎啕大哭;尘土蒙蒙;一阵箭雨,一阵弹雨 a storm of applause/criticism/cheering 一阵暴雨般的掌声;激烈的批评;狂热的欢呼 a gale oflaughter/excitement阵阵欢笑;一阵激动 a flood of tears/words/light/terror 泪如潮涌;滔滔言辞;一片光明;一片恐惧 a store oflearnlng/experience知识渊博;经验丰富 a wealth of experience/data/troubles/good/goods 经验丰富;丰富数据;问题多多;大有好处;商品丰富 a sudeit offood/drug dosage 过量的食品;过量的药品 a succession of defeat接二连三的挫败 a world of goods/food/pleasure/meaning/to do s b a world of good/harm a forest of hllls/nags/chimneys/hands 这些表量的手法也可用复数,像10ts of,tho。。。。d。。f一样.如seas。f,mountains。f,st。r es。f,swamls。f,thunders。f。sh。wers of,in showers,in stores,in numbers。 a(great)number of books许多的书 numbers of peoples许多的民族 a quantity of energy大量的能量 quantities of oxidize大量的氧化酶 an amount of material大量的材料 small amount of water少量的水 l he。mount of energy possessed by a given quantity of radiation depends strictly on it s frequency.一定量的辐射所掘有的能量完全基于其频率。 The total amount of radiation辐射的总量 What’S the size?尺码多少?

浅谈中西文化差异与翻译_朱耀先

浅谈中西文化差异与翻译 朱耀先 文化差异是翻译中的障碍和难题。要在两种语言之间进行翻译,除了通晓两种语言文字外,还必须了解两种文化,深刻理解两种文化之间的差异。本文拟从历史文化、地域文化、习俗文化和宗教文化几个方面,就中西文化的差异以及翻译过程中应注意的问题,谈一点自己的粗浅看法。 一、历史文化差异与翻译 历史文化指的是由特定的历史发展进程和社会遗产的沉淀所形成的文化。由于各个民族和国家的历史发展不同,因而在其漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的历史文化也不相同。在两种语言之间进行翻译时,会经常遇到由于历史文化差异而出现的翻译难题。 历史文化的一个重要内容体现为历史典故。历史典故是民族历史文化中的瑰宝,它具有浓厚的民族色彩和鲜明的文化个性,蕴含着丰富的历史文化信息,最能体现不同历史文化的特点。要对这些历史典故进行恰当的翻译,就必须了解它们丰富的历史文化内涵,并运用恰当的翻译方法,否则就不可能很好地体现和传递历史典故的涵义。例如,“东施效颦”这一汉语成语典故,对中国人来说,不难理解其文化内涵,但对于不甚了解中国历史文化的西方人来说,若仅仅直译为Tung Shih imita tes Hsi Shih,就没有准确、形象地表达和再现原典故的含义。东施是谁?西施又是谁?译者没有交待清楚。为了让西方读者能了解这一成语的内涵,比较合适的做法是采用直译加注的方法:Tung Shih imitates Hsi Shih(Hsi Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient King-dom of Yueh。Tung Shih w as an ug ly girl who tried to imitate her w ay)(杨宪益译)。这样,就会使读者一目了然。 又如“三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮”。诸葛亮是中国历史上的著名人物,在中国家喻户晓,他在中国读者的心中是当然的智慧的象征,但英美读者未必知道他是何人,与“臭皮匠”有何联系,若采用直译的方法,很难传递句子所蕴含的丰富历史文化信息,因此,只有采用直译和增译相结合的方法,才能使原语言的文化信息得以充分再现。故该句可译为:“Three cobblers with their wits com bined equal Chukeh Lia ng the m aster mind”. 再如,毛泽东《七律·送瘟神》诗词中有两句诗:“春风杨柳万千条,六亿神州尽舜尧。”诗中的“舜尧”是中国历史传说中的两位贤明帝王,为人民所爱戴,代表圣贤。这对于中国人来说比较容易懂,但对于英美读者来说,若采取音译,会使他们莫明其妙,因此必须增译注释。即使那样,仍有隔靴搔痒之感,而且显得累赘,同时也使诗句失去了“诗气”。亚瑟·古柏在翻译该诗句时干脆用Sag e-Kings代替,将其妙译为:“Spring winds mov e willow w ands,in tens of millions:Six hundred million w e sha ll all be Sag e-Kings!”这样翻译既简单明了,音韵铿锵,又达到了传神的效果。 对于有些历史人物和历史典故,可采用类比的翻译方法。据说,有一次周总理陪外国客人观看戏剧“梁山伯与祝英台”,翻译作了很多说明 7

新编跨文化交际课后翻译中英对照

Translation1 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解,无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解--从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Translation 2 Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture:culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides

跨文化交际翻译练习

Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. 1. People in Paris eat snails, but people in San Diego put poison on them. Why? People in Tabriz or Tehran sit on the floor and pray five times each day, but people in Las V egas stand up all night in front of slot machines. Why? Some people speak Tagalog, others speak English. Why? Some people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others spend millions of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. Why? The general answer to these questions is the same. People learn to think, feel, believe, and strive for what their culture considers proper. People respond to the world through the messages they receive, but it is culture that determines, to a large extent, the form, pattern, and content of those messages. Culture also determines the content and conformation of the messages we send. This omnipresent quality of culture leads Hall to conclude that “there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.” In many ways, Hall is correct: culture is everything and everywhere. And more importantly, at least for our purposes, culture and communication work in tandem. In fact , they are inseparable: it is often difficult to decide which is the voice and which the echo. 2. There are six barriers to communication----anxiety, assuming similarities instead of differences, ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice, nonverbal misinterpretations and language problems. Anxiety is feeling nervous, which can affect communication when you focus so much on your own feelings that you do not pay attention to what other people are telling you. If you are speaking to someone in your second language, you may worry that the other person may speak too fast or will use words you do not understand. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others. If you are in a situation where you feel very nervous, such as talking to your boss, you may find yourself saying awkward things or even making mistakes in grammar that you never do when talking with your friends. Individualism-oriented cultures hold individual interests and goals as most important while in collectivism-oriented cultures group interests and goals precede over those of the individual. Most Western countries value individualism and people strive hard to achieve individual identity in terms of possessions and achievement in their professions. Many eastern countries place high value on the collective. Sometimes individuals have to sacrifice their own interests to achieve what is good for the group. 3. When studying stereotypes, prejudice, and racism, you may be struck with the role that communication can play in either spreading the beliefs or stopping their spread. Prejudice and racism are commonly viewed as being rooted in the child’s early socialization and fostered in communication with other people who are prejudiced or racist. 4. Here is an important point to bear in mind. Chinese learners of English tend to assume that when it is their turn to speak, they must speak accurately, completely, fluently and without any hesitation. If they cannot do so, they begin to blush and lose confidence. In actual fact they have made a unreasonable demand on themselves. In natural conversation, it is quite common that native speakers of English make grammatical mistakes, hesitate a lot, make a false start, use words or expressions that they regret using them later. The point you should bear in mind is that when you are engaged in spontaneous conversation (i. e. natural conversation), your goal is to get your ideas across. Do not worry about hesitation, misuse of words, too many pauses, etc. Nobody, not even a native speaker, is free from these flaws. Y ou can use those meaningless but useful syllables to gain time.

文化差异与翻译之间的联系

浅谈文化差异与翻译之间的联系 我们都知道语言是一个国家文化的重要表现形式,而翻译则是将不同语言不同文化联系在一起的桥梁。就是说文化差异都翻译是有着非常大的影响。接下来就随着英语翻译公司一起来了解文化差异与翻译之间的联系。 历史文化差异与翻译 不同民族有不同的历史,也就形成了不同的历史文化,最终有了不同的文化内涵,形成的语言。比如,John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game…这句话里面就包含了两个极具民族特色的典故和习语:to eat no fish 和 to play game。对不了解英国这些历史文化的人就不能正确了解,容易翻错,错误理解为“他一向不吃鱼而且经常玩游戏。”其实不然,to eat no fish出自一个典故,指英国伊丽莎白女王时代,耶稣教徒为了表示对政府忠诚,拒绝遵守反政府的罗马天主教徒在星期五只吃鱼的习惯,因此,to eat no fish是“忠诚”的意思。而to play game和 to play fair (规规矩矩地比赛)同义。因此,这句话正确翻译是“约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直。”像这类历史典故还有非常多,作为译员要做的就是多多了解源语言的历史文化,注意源语言与目的语之间历史文化的差异。 地域文化差异与翻译 不同的地理位置和自然环境,不同的民族创造了不同的文化。比如中国自古是以农业为主,在亚洲大陆生存和繁衍,人们的生活与土地、农业密切相关。而英国是一个岛国,其航海业在历史上就处于世界领先地位。因此,英汉民族在同一个含义会用不同的词语表达。如:汉语会用“跟牛喝水似的”来形容大口大口喝水,英语则用“drink like fish”。 民俗文化差异与翻译 目标语与源语言民族有着不同的文化传统、民族习俗习惯、生活方式、价值观和道德观等,这些差异导致了中英民族对相同或相似的事物持截然不同的态度。比如中国人见面常用几句客套话:“你去哪儿?”“你吃过饭没有”等,这些话在中国文化中并无多大深意,只不过是打招呼的一种。而西方人对这些话就会比较敏感。在比如,中国人十分喜爱猫,用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴,常有亲昵的成分。而西方文化中cat 被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。 宗教文化差异与翻译 众所周知,中国的主要宗教是佛教和道教,它们对中国文化有着很深的影响,很多词汇都源于这两种宗教或与之相关的传说,比如:观音菩萨、佛祖、阎王、盘古等,我们在英语中找不到恰当的词来翻译它们。再比如,英国的主要宗教是基督教,他们认为上帝(God)创造了世界万物,世上一切事物都是按照上帝的旨意安排的。

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