维多利亚时期的英国文学(考研资料)

English literature in the 20th century

20世纪的英国文学

1. Historical Background

?Historically：

Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The First World War and the Second World War had greatly influenced the English literature.

?Economically:

The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. People were in economic, cultural, and belief crisis. Frequent economic depressions and mass unemployment sharpened the contradictions between the rich and the poor.

?Ideologically:

The rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. (Scientific Socialism, Social Darwinism)

2. Artistic features of modern period

Realism

Realism was, to a certain extent, eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s.

In the 1930s, novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some modernist techniques. However, the realist novels of this period were more or less touched by a pessimistic mood, preoccupied with the theme of man’s loneliness, and shaped in different forms: social satires by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell, comic satires on the English upper class by Evelyn Waugh; and Catholic novels by Graham Greene.

The Angry Young Man: A group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s.

They demonstrated a particular disillusion幻灭over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded过时的social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis was the first to start the attack on the middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim (1954). The term “The Angry Young Man” came to be widely used. Having been merged and interpenetrated with modernism in the past several decades, the realistic novels of the 1960s and 1970s appeared in a new face with a richer, more vigorous and more diversified style.

二十世纪英国现实主义文学改变了维多利亚时代那种高雅温和的倾向，加强了对英国社会的保守性和虚伪性的批判，具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点。

Modernism

Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century. After the First World War, all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared: symbolism, expressionism, surrealism, cubism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.

1. A reaction against realism

2. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.

3. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted扭曲的, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and himself.

4. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, the past, the present, and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual

The basic characteristics of Modernism in literature:

1. Complexity and obscurity: They express the subjective world of the individual writers. As the consciousness and sub-consciousness of a particular writer shifts from time to time, usually there is no time sequence in their writings. The old tradition of Time and Space is done away with.

2. The use of symbols: The modern poets and writers find in symbol a means to express their inexpressive selves.

3. Allusion: By means of allusion, the modernist writer tries to unite the past, present, and future. Allusions helps to achieve effects of irony, for allusion set the past against the present and thus exhibit a decay of past standards of morality and glory, showing the shallowness and degradation of the modern world.

4. Irony: As modernist writers think themselves helpless in this chaotic world, they find their life ironical.

Symbolism

象征主义是19世纪末起源于法国的一种艺术思潮。是当时欧洲一部分知识分子对社会生活不满的反映。他们不敢正视现实，不愿直接表述自己的意思，往往采用象征和寓意的手法，在幻想中虚构另外的世界，抒发自己的愿望，这样便产生了近代象征性的艺术。1886年诗人让·莫雷亚斯发表《象征主义宣言》首先提出这个名称

Expressionism

它强调反传统，不满于社会现状，要求改革，要求“革命”。在创作上，他们不满足于对客观事物的摹写，要求进而表现事物的内在实质；要求突破对人的行为和人所处的环境的描绘而揭示人的灵魂；要求不再停留在对暂时现象和偶然现象的记叙而展示其永恒的品质。

Stream of Consciousness

“意识流”原是心理学术语，由威廉·詹姆斯所创。他认为人的意识活动是一种连续不断的流程。意识流小说家主张让人物主观感受到的“真实”客观地、自发地再现于纸面上，反对传统小说出面介绍人物的写法，要求作者“退出小说”。

Imagism

意象主义的宗旨是要求诗人以鲜明、准确、含蓄和高度凝炼的意象生动形象地展现事物，并将诗人瞬息间的思想感情溶化在诗行中，反对发表议论及感叹。它是针对后浪漫主义的反弹。

Dadaism

达达主义是二十世纪初在瑞士产生的一种文艺流派。它的诞生是对野蛮的第一次世界大战的一种抗议。达达主义者们坚信是中产阶级的价值观催生了第一次世界大战。

达达主义的主要特征包括：追求清醒的非理性状态、拒绝约定俗成的艺术标准、幻灭感、愤世嫉俗、追求无意、偶然和随兴而做的境界等等。

Surrealism超现实主义

超现实主义源于达达主义。此派别受精神分析理论影响，致力于发现人类的潜意识心理。主张放弃逻辑、

有序的经验记忆为基础的现实形象，而呈现人的深层心理中的形象世界，尝试将现实观念与本能、潜意识与梦的经验相融合。

主要特征是以超现实、超理智的梦境、幻觉等作为创作的源泉，认为只有这种超越现实的“无意识”世界，才能摆脱一切束缚，最真实地显示客观事实的真面目。

Futurism未来主义

未来主义20 世纪初从意大利起源。它的基本特征是: 否定传统文化, 主张彻底抛弃艺术遗产和传统文化；歌颂机械文明和都市混乱,赞美“速度”和“力量”;主张打破旧有的形式规范，用自由不羁的语句随心所欲地进行艺术创造。未来主义者对现代战争大加颂扬，认为战争是艺术最终极的形式。未来主义有明显的文化虚无主义倾向，但它的创新性试验却丰富了文学创作的艺术表现的手法。

Realistic modern writers:

Ford Madox Ford,

W. Somerset Maugham,

E. M. Foster

The Psychological Novel

Modernist writers:

James Joyce,

Virginia Woolf

3. Representatives

John Galsworthy (1867-1933)

1. Life: English novelist and playwright

Known for his portrayal of the British upper middle class and for his social satire

1932 won Nobel Laureate in literature for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Soga

2. The C haracteristics of Galsworthy’s Critical Realism

Galsworthy inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickson and Thackeray.

He learned from Maupassant for the vigor, economy and clarity of writing, Turgenev for the wisdom and naturalness, and Tostoy for the depth of insight and the breadth of character drawing.

Technically, he was more traditional than adventurous, focusing on plot development and character portrayal.

With an objective observation and naturalistic description, Galsworthy has tried his best to make an impartial presentation of the social life in a documentary precision.

By emphasizing the critical element in his writing, he dauntlessly laid bare the true features of the good and the evil bourgeois society. He was also successful in his attempt to present satire and humor in his writing.

He wrote in a clear and unpretentious朴实无华style with a clear and straightforward language.

3．Works:

The Forsyte Soga 《福尔赛世家》includes:

The Man of Property《有产业的人》

In Chancery《进退两难》/《骑虎难下》

To Let《出租》

The Modern Comedy《现代喜剧》includes:

The White Monkey《白猿》

The Silver Spoon《银匙》

Swan Song《天鹅曲》

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)

1. Life:

Irish dramatist, literary critic, a socialist spokesman, and a leading figure in the 20th century theater.

Shaw was a freethinker, defender of women's rights, and advocate of equality of income.

In 1925 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

2. Works

Widowers' Houses (1892) 《鳏夫的房产》

Mrs. Warren’s Profession 《华伦夫人的职业》

Caesar and Cleopatra (1898)《凯萨与克丽奥佩拉》

Man and Superman (1903)《人与超人》

Major Barbara (1905) 《巴巴拉少校》

Pygmalion (1912)《卖花女》

Heartbreak House (1917)《伤心之家》

Saint Joan (1923)《圣女贞德》

The Apple Cart (1929)《苹果车》

3. Characteristics

In these works Shaw laid bare the gross injustice and utter inhumanity of the bourgeois society. His exposure of the capitalist society is very significant and it places Shaw among the most important representatives of critical realism in modern English literature. He opposes to Osc ar Wilde’s “Art for art’s sake”, advocating literary works should reflect the social reality. Characteristics of Shaw's plays:

the greatest critical realistic playwright since Shakespeare.

the great master of language.

wrote more than 50 plays of a large variety of topics.

the plot of his plays advanced not by action but by witty and brilliant dialogues.

paradox effectively used, through which the truth is revealed.

James Joyce(1882－1941)

1. Life:

An Irish novelist

Revolutionized the methods of depicting characters and developing a plot in modern fiction Widely considered as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century

His astonishing way of constructing a novel, his frank portrayal of human nature in his books, and his compete command of English has made him one of the outstanding influences on literature.

2. Works

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 1916

--Semi-autobiographical

--Stephen Dedalus coming of age

Ulysses 1922尤利西斯

--Novel based on The Odyssey

Finnegan's Wake 芬尼根守灵夜

Dubliners 都柏林人

3. Characteristics

Symbolism (objects, everyman)

Realism (people, places, names—middle class)

Epiphany顿悟: seen by reader, not always by character

Objective point of view (or critical of character)

Irony (or sympathy)

Color imagery and recurring images/objects

Allusions: literary, historical, religious

Interior Monologue and Stream of Consciousness.

Primary Themes:

Escape vs. Paralysis

Nationalism

Religion

Duty to Ireland

Duty to the church

Aging and growing

Virginia Woolf (1882-1928)

1. Life

Virginia Woolf was an English author, essayist, publisher, and writer of short stories, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.

2. Works:

Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人

To the Lighthouse到灯塔去

The Waves浪

3. Characteristics of her creations:

1. Special personal experience and views;

2. Relations between people above the social environment;

3. Not concern much about politics, but concern much the rights of women.

4. Limitation in depth and wideness of reflecting society, but contributed much in content and technics of creation

5. Stream-of-consciousness narration style

The narrator conveys a subject’s thoughts, impressions, and perceptions exactly as they occur, often in disjointed (不连贯的) way and without the logic and grammar of typical speech and writing. Stream-of-consciousness narration usually is written in the first person, as in Marcel Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past, but it can also, by means of free indirect discourse, be written in the third person, as in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway.

Themes:

Communication vs. Privacy

Meaningful Connection; Love

Unfulfilled Dreams

Uncompromised Soul不妥协的灵魂

Disillusionment with the British Empire

The Fear of Death

The Prevalence of Oppression and Constraint限制

D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)

1. Life:

An English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter

One of the greatest writers of the 20th century, and perhaps the greatest from England proper and from a working-class family.

2. Works:

Sons and Lovers儿子与情人

The Rainbow虹

Women in Love恋爱中的女人

Lady Chatterley’s Lover查特莱夫人的情人

3. Features:

1. He condemned the industrial civilization, which he thought, was destructive both to the nature environment and to the nature of human beings.

2. He tried to rearrange the personal relationship, especially between men and women, which he explored from different angles in his novels.

3. He gives more stress to psychoanalysis in his novels, combing skillfully with social criticism.

4. He was the first to try to revolutionize modern English attitude toward sex by casting off restraints of conventions取消公约的约束.

Theme:In his writings, Lawrence has expressed a strong reaction against the mechanical civilization.

Influence on modern and contemporary English literature: He was one of the first novelists to introduce t hemes of psychology into his works.

Poets:

T. S. Eliot (1885-1930)

1. Life:

American-born English poet and critic

Won Nobel Prize in 1948

A pioneer of the Modernist poetry and one of the greatest poets in the world

2. Works:

The Love Songs of J. Alfred Prufrock 普鲁弗洛克的情歌

Four Quartets 四个四重奏

The Waste Land 荒原

3. Features:

The Waste land

It established Eliot’s status in modern literature. For no one has been able to embrace so much material with such skill as Eliot did in writing this poem. In the poem, London is presented as an arid, waste land.

The central symbols are drought and flood, representing death and rebirth. Eliot saw the modern world falling apart and spiritually barren荒原. He gives more stress to psychoanalysis in his novels, combing skillfully with social criticism.

The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock

The poem is noted for its irony, and the allusions to classical literary works add to the depth of irony.

In the poem we can also see the technique of stream of consciousness, for the mind of Prufrock jumps from one subject to another without transitionary words

罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第9章 维多利亚时期(1832～1901)【圣才出品】

第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901) 9.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) 1832～1848 The first reform bill—the industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers. 凭借第一部改革议案，工业资产阶级在议会中赢得了权利。这个议案使工业资产阶级和中下层阶级获得了选举权，但是工人却并没有获得选举权。 (2) In the fifties and sixties（五十年代和六十年代） England had become the workshop of the world and the world’s banker. It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism. 英国成为“世界工厂”和“世界银行”。这个时期的社会稳定发展，人们对未来信心百倍。 (3) In the 1890s（十九世纪九十年代） The 1890s is a period of serenity and security. By 1890, England continued to grow in strength. The British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth. 九十年代是一个安稳而宁静的年代，这个时期，英国的实力持续增长，英国占据了世界四分之一的领土。

English Literature of the Victorian Age 维多利亚时期的英国文学

English Literature of the Victorian Age 1. The Victorian Period: Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. II. Historical Background 1. economy: Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840) 2. politics: Chartist movement (1838 – 1848) 宪章运动 3. science: Darwin’s theory of evolution(1859) 4. society: the women question Queen Victoria ( 1837 – 1901) The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. III. Critical Realism 1. definition----English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. 2. Features: Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded. a. introduction of characters from the working class b. strong hatred for vices in the society c. an illusion of bringing about social justice and harmony by reforms d. an interest in woman emancipation (Charlotte Bronte) 3. Representatives: Charles Dickens; William Thackeray etc. 4. Features of Victorian novels In this period，the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people’s life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.

英国维多利亚时期

Chapter 4 The Victorian Period 一。学习目的和要求 通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。 二。考核要求 (一) 维多利亚时期概述 1. 识记：(1)维多利亚时期的界定 (2)社会政治，经济，文化背景。 2. 领会：(1)维多利亚时期的文学特点 (2)批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。 3. 应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释 (二) 该时期的重要作家 1. 一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯 2. 识记：重要作品及主要内容 3. 领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。

4. 应用：(1)狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色。 (2)小说《简.爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造。 (3)“我逝去的公爵夫”;中的戏剧独白。 (4)乔泊.艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。 A. Introduction to the Victorian Period 1. 识记 (1) Definition： the Victorian Period Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. (2) Political， Economical & Cultural Background The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists， the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century，England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness， there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions， the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848)。

维多利亚时代文化

维多利亚时代是英国发展史上迅猛上升的时期。大英帝国的经济实力空前强大，势力范围迅速扩张。从殖民地掠夺的财富源源不断的流入英国，这似乎是现实世界理所当然的一部分，也许是许多维多利亚文学作品的背景。从《简·爱》(Jane Eyre,1847)中女主人公意外地继承叔叔在马地拉给她流下的两万磅的遗产，到《远大前程》(Great Expectations,1861)中失意后的匹普去埃及经营茶叶，到《名利场》(Vanity Fair,1848)中的利蓓卡第一次施展身手就勾引从印度回国的财主乔瑟夫，人们不难看出，当时去殖民地捞钱是本国人民公认有效的“生财之道”。总之，这是一个充满了机会的时代，是一个能让人梦想“远大前程”的自信的年代。有的评论家，如斯坦纳(Steiner)，认为维多利亚的黄金时代像伊甸园，20世纪初的某些评论家则认为它像地狱。一般来说，为研究方便。维多利亚时期被文史家们分为三个阶段：维多利亚早期（1832~1848）、维多利亚中期（1848~1870）和维多利亚晚期（1970~1891）。 维多利亚早期也常被称为“多事之秋”(A Time of Troubles)。经济上的繁荣并不能阻止阶级矛盾的产生。就在新兴资产阶级奇迹般地暴富起来时，劳动者却不得不在残酷的压迫下过着穷困的生活。这一时期反抗压迫、争取民主选举权的运动蓬勃发展，在“宪章派”诗人的作品中得到忠实反映，最有代表性的有欧内斯特·琼斯(Ernest Jones,1819~1869)的《民主之歌》(The Songs of Democracy)。散文家托马斯·卡莱尔( Thomas Carlyle,1795~1881)的《法国大革命》(The French Revolution,1837)和《过去与现在》(Past and Present,1843)，小说家伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔(Elizabeth Gaskell,1810~1865)的《南方与北方》(North and South,1855)都在一定程度上揭示了金钱拜物教和市侩主义对人类道德的腐蚀，而狄更斯(Charles Dickens,1812~1870)在他早期的小说中更是不遗余力地反映了英国私有制社会的阴暗面。 维多利亚中期正好处于相对稳定的五六十年代，科学技术飞速发展，天文、地理和生物学等学科的新成果大大扩展了人类的眼界。这一时期被称为“经济繁荣和宗教分歧的时期（Economic Prosperity and Religious Controversy）”。达尔文的《物种起源》(The Origin of Species)提出的进化论打破了上帝造物的唯心史观，给传统信仰以猛烈的冲击，人们不得不重新认识自己并再次定位；英国国教的势力衰减，新教派林立，福音派吸引了大批小生产者，知识界的所谓“牛津运动”(The Oxford Movement)或“高教派”(High Church)也激烈展开，引起了强烈的反响甚至天主教势力的抬头。尽管勤奋和富有责任感仍为这一时期的主要价值取向，但全社会都在经历着一场信仰危机。许多文人学者对英国状况深感忧虑。狄更斯等一大批作家继续对维多利亚社会的弊端进行批判。最激烈的一位莫过于约翰·罗斯金(John Ruskin,1819~1900)，他的《威尼斯之石》(The Stones of Venice,1851~1853)预言了维多利亚工商业文明的毁灭，在《直到最后》(Unto the Last,1862)中对自由竟争的经济法则进行了无情攻击。较为客观的要数安索内·特罗洛普(Anthony Trollope,1815~1882)的小说。教育家马修·阿诺德(Mathew Arnold,1822~1888)在他的著名论著《文化与无政府》(Culture and Anarchy,1869)中，反对对物质的迷信，提倡文化和精神价值。他对英国社会状况的反思代表了一代有识之士面对新现实的焦虑和危机感。尽管这个时期存在许多问题，但它仍然是一个繁荣时期。因为它不仅创造了惊人的物质财富，同时也是各种文学样式，尤其是长篇小说发展的黄金时代。

维多利亚时代文学作品

课程名称：英国文学史及选读 教师姓名：谢群李晶 编写时间：2007――2008年度第一学期 使用教材：新编英国文学教程，彭家海主编，华中科技大学出版社，2006年4月第1版 授课对象：英语专业0601、0602、0603、0604班学生

Teaching Plan for Unit 11 The Victorian Age (3) Teaching objectives 1.Students should be clear about the literature in The Victorian Age II.Teaching Strategies 1. Use student-centered teaching method to guide students in their learning; encourage students think themselves and participate in class activities actively. 2.Through group work or discussion in pairs to devel op students’ communicative ability. 3.Encourage students to find related information through Internet or other references to develop their self-study ability. III.T eaching Aims: 1.To provide the learners with a brief outline of the history of British literature up to the end of 19th century; 2.To introduce the learners to imaginative use of English and to help them towards an appreciation of literary language and literature; 3.To consolidate and extend the learners’ knowledge and fluency in English through interaction with literary texts; 4.To further develop the learners’ ability to recognize and express emotional and moral attitudes on a higher level than about daily occurrences so as to facilitate their communication with educated native speakers; 5.To prepare the learners for the study of literature in English at a higher level and to help them to develop interest in and, hopefully, the habit of，reading extensively. IV.Time Allocation Introduction to the Victorian Age…………… 1 period Text Study of Charles Dickens Great Expectations…………………. 1 period V.Teaching Methods ●lectures on the related historical and cultural background ●textual study ●class discussion or presentation ●reading assignment before each class ●group work ●research work for the term paper

维多利亚时期文学作品中的女性意识

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 英文征婚广告和中文征婚广告所体现的文化差异 2 《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义 3 精神危机下的自我救赎－－对索尔贝娄《赫索格》中社会异化与身份认同的解读 4 从功能对等和文化语境差异角度看商务英语翻译技巧 5 浅析中西价值观差异对跨文化交际的影响及其解决方法 6 自然主义在《海狼》中的表现 7 论性别歧视 8 中美学校教育对比——学生个性发展方面 9 英汉基本颜色词的文化差异及其翻译策略 10 《抽彩》和《蝇王》的艺术魅力比较 11 从女性主义分析《红字》与《傲慢与偏见》 12 从妇女主义视角看《紫色》中西丽的成长 13 《麦克白》的独白 14 中英动物习语使用和翻译的差异研究 15 English to Chinese Translation Methods 16 Influence, Barriers and Soft Cultural Power in Cross-cultural Communication 17 游戏在小学英语教学中的运用 18 从文化角度谈美国俚语的汉译 19 Contradiction of Hawthorne Reflected in the Symbols and Images in Young Goodman Brown 20 福斯特《霍华德庄园》中的三个世界 21 论斯嘉丽的形象特征分析 22 《儿子与情人》恋母情结分析 23 A Study on the Cross-Cultural Management in the Sino-American Joint-Venture Enterprises －－With Special Reference to Changan & Ford Motor Company 24 探析《愤怒的葡萄》中人性的力量 25 《推销员之死》中男主人公悲剧命运分析 26 从《麦琪的礼物》和《爱的牺牲》分析欧?亨利的写作特色 27 中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 28 英汉称赞语回应的对比研究 29 《太阳照常升起》中科恩屡遭排斥的根源分析 30 浅析“欧亨利式结尾”在其小说中的主题揭示 31 浅析英语新闻标题特点及其翻译技巧 32 语用移情及其在英语学习中的运用 33 普通话对英语语音的迁移作用 34 论修辞格在英语广告中的运用 35 词汇教学法在中学英语教学实践中的应用 36 目的论视角下《了不起的盖茨比》两个译本对比研究 37 旅游与文化 38 英汉礼貌用语及交际策略的对比分析 39 文化视野下的中美家庭教育方法的比较 40 An Analysis of The Woman Warrior from the Perspective of Construction of Discrete Identity in Chinese American Community

维多利亚时期服饰特点

维多利亚风格服饰（Victorian Fashion） 维多利亚风格指1837年至1901年间，英国维多利亚女王在位期间的服饰风格风情，以唯美，高贵,雅致为主旋律 大体来说，维多利亚时代就是一个以烦琐体现优雅高贵的时代吧…… 我从各个年代的服饰变化角度切入 1825-1850 这个时期两性服裝的潮流到达一种荒谬的定点。男性服装清一色是未经装饰的黑色烟管状服裝；女性则持续使用裙撑架，利用褶皱及蕾丝等把自己过度装饰得像个会走路的婚礼蛋糕。由于缝纫机的发明，还有打版书和系统的散播，这个时期不论男人和女人的服裝都变的更为复杂。虽然男人的衣服外在看來简单却需要更复杂的剪裁来使服装线条更为贴近身体线条。 接下来重点介绍女性服饰的演变。 无论英国或西欧，再度流行起蓬松的袖摆如下图： 1840年才是有真正的维多利亚风格 此时女性的裙子又变得宽大(当然不如18世纪那麼宽)裙子并不需要刻意填充以使其膨胀，虽然也会显得丰满，但是大体上还是与自然体型相当。之后衬裙变得很沉重而且不灵活。

先从袖子谈起， 维多利亚女性的上衣其实已经具备现代女装的特色 长长的窄袖、披肩、封闭式的外衣 18世纪洛可可时代的女装，其实是开放式的外套，并且裸露裏头的低胸束腰。 这点在道德观念严密的维多利亚，是非常要不得的。 ↑洛可可时代 因此你可以看到，维多利亚女人们的上衣都是 一体成形的罩衫 最明显的改变莫过於花纹 19世纪流行的风潮，其实把装饰都留给了花边 反而在布料染色跟绣花上的功夫，其实比较简约

1850年代，19世紀女性服裝的体态轮廓，在50年代为「半球型」 这时的洛可可的气息几乎消失得无影无踪 受到家庭的道德观影响，女人们的衣著色调变得更深，更素雅 并且全身色系相当统一。 1850年代，女性采用Hoop Skirt(或称作Crinoline)取代以往又重又热又大又不卫生的衬裙，使得她们的双脚有更多活动的自由，而她们对于這服装上一点小小的改革感到滿足。这种Hoop Skirt可能会露出女性的双脚，因此她们必须采用The Bloomer Costume內搭的长裤，而且在初期这些裙撑架是以坚固的铁制成的，这种服饰使男性受到惊吓并企图阻止这样的流行继续下去，他们毫不留情的在报纸及公开场合等利用各种方式来嘲笑这种流行趋势。Hoop Skirt的好处使得大多数女性不顾父亲及丈夫的放对，Hoop Skirt 的材料也很快地从坚固的铁制成到有弹性的钢丝，这使得裙子可以越來越轻。到了1850年代中期，时髦的裙子需要圈环或者钢箍撑起来，膨胀得很厉害。在当时的幽默或者讽刺杂志上时常可以见到嘲讽的图画。这时期裙子的膨大化是靠穿数层衬裙来实现的，一般至少重叠四到六层衬裙。女装的下半部越来越沉重。但是圈环裙的流行并没有持续多久，许多女性并不喜欢。维多利亚女王也从没穿过这样的裙子。这一样式脱离实际，非常不便，而且显得不庄重（会有暴露内衣的危险）。 在1850-1865年间，女性服饰的轮廓变得更大和趋于水平线在过去所有的线条都是向下拉的。如图： 1860年到了1860年代末期，圈环裙就被淘汰了。 和1850年代最大的差别还是裙摆的宽度 已经宽大到都可以拖地了

Chapter VIII Modernist English Literature维多利亚时期英国文学 (Word版)

Chapter Eight English Modernist Literature I.Historical Background 1.Social and Political Background: the influences of the two world wars (1)World War I weakened the British Empire and World War II marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. (2)The two world wars not only brought economic dislocation but also spiritual disillusionment to the English people, inspiring cynical post-war works. (3)Development in human rights: The Education Act in 1870 (the encouragement of elementary education compulsory and universal resulting in the steadily growing rate of literacy among the masses) and the Married Women’s Property Act in 1882 (first wave of feminist movement; higher education and suffrage for women) 2.Cultural Background: (1)Spiritual crisis: Owing to the two wars, skepticism and distrust spread in the modern Western civilization, leading to prevalent despair and despondency. (2)Ideologically: many kinds of pessimism and determinism (naturalism & fatalism); a.In natural science: the development of Darwin’s theory of evolution (the survival of the fittest; natural selection in the world); Einstein’s theory of relativity b.In social science: Karl Marx’s scientific socialism(the fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system—and that the workers were anything but free); Nietszche’s theory of irrationalism; Sartre’s theory of existentialism; Schopenhauer’s theory of Will; Bergson’s irrational philosophy; Sigmund Freud’s analytical psychology (the unconscious theory) (resulting in the emphasis on individual subjective experience, the rejection and revolt against rationalism, materialism and positivism, the negation of the "practical" philosophical ideas and the Realist political and aesthetic ideology) (3)Culturally: questioning of and challenge to the previous optimism, the bourgeois conservative values, the axioms of the Victorian Age, the progress of civilization; the reflections on a new definition of the meaning of existence; (4)Artistically: Changes that resulted from social, political, and economic forces and occurred across a wide range of scientific and cultural pursuits (industrialization and urbanization) call for the rejection of traditional aesthetic forms to serve the presentation of the new realm of subject matter followed by innovations in artistic form (impressionism in art, symbolism in literature as two schools of avant-garde appearing in the middle of the 19th century, encouraged by aestheticism) II.Modernism: An Overview a.Modernist literature is a predominantly European movement beginning in the early 20th century that was characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional aesthetic forms. b.Generally speaking, modernism is the result of the spiritual crises that took place in the capitalist world around the two world wars, especially after the First World

维多利亚时期英国文学

六．维多利亚时期（Victorian Era 1837年—1901年） 查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens） 杰出的小说家，批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的代表人物。代表作《波兹特写》（Sketches by Boz），《匹克维克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist），《老古玩店》（The Old Curiosity Shop），《美国札记》（American Notes），《董贝父子》（Dombey and Son），《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield），《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House），《艰难时世》（Hard Times），《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities），《远大前程》（Great Expectations）。 威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷（William Makepeace Thackeray）： 杰出的批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的小说家。代表作长篇小说《名利场》（Vanity Fair），《亨利·艾斯蒙德》（Henry Esmond），《纽可姆一家》（The Newcomers）。 勃朗特三姐妹（The Bronte Sisters）： 夏洛特·勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte）的《简爱》（Jane Eyre）；艾米丽·勃朗特（Emily Bronte）的《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）；安尼·勃朗特（Anne Bronte）的《安格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。 乔治·艾略特（George Eliot）： 著名的现实主义女作家。代表作《亚当·比德》（Adam Bede），《弗罗斯河上的磨坊》（The Mill on the Floss），《织工马南》（Silas Marner），《米德尔马契》（Middlemarch—A Study of Provincial Life）。 盖斯凯尔夫人（Mrs. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell）： 现实主义作家，代表作《玛丽·巴顿》（Marry Barton），《南方与北方》(North and South)《夏洛特·勃朗特传》（Life of Charlotte Bronte）。 乔治·梅瑞迪斯（George Meredith）： 小说家，代表作《理查德·法弗尔的苦难》（The Ordeal of Richard Feverel）。 托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）： 伟大的小说家，诗人。代表作《德伯家的苔丝》（Tess of the D’Urbervilles），《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure），《远离尘嚣》（Far From the Madding Crowd），《还乡》（The Return of the Native），《卡斯特桥市长》（The Mayor of Casterbridge），《威赛克斯故事集》（Wessex Tales），《人生小讽刺》（Life’s Little Ironies），诗歌《列王》（The Dynasts）。 罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森（Robert Louis Stevenson）：

维多利亚时代女性的标准

维多利亚时代女性的标准 此文主要从三个方面介绍了维多利亚女性特点。 首先文章介绍了十九世纪兴起的女权主义运动，从运动的起因，过程和特点阐述分析维多利亚时代女性的特征。然后，文章描述了英国文学界的一次女性创作高峰，即维多利亚时代女性写作的兴起。在这个部分，文章对女性写作兴起的原因，女性作家写作特色进行了分析。最后，文章讲述了维多利亚时代贵族女性的特点，从政治，经济，婚姻三个方面对她们的生活状况进行了大体描述。 关于维多利亚时代女性，不得不说到女权主义（ｆｅｍｉｎｉｓｍ）运动。西方的女权主义发展分为三个阶段，第一个阶段即发生在维多利亚时期，和工业**同步，也就是１９世纪下半叶。 在１９世纪以前，女性社会地位身份低下，尤其是已婚女子，被认为只是男性的附属品，几乎失去了自由，存在感十分微弱。女性不能做自己喜欢的工作，她们的活动范围基本被局限在家庭，社交场合，因而女性的创造力也受到了压制和忽视。女性在社会显然处于弱势，可是女性并没有因为弱小而收到保护，恰恰相反，在家庭或者公共场所，女性常常受到攻击和骚扰。由此看来，当时的女性面临着自我意识的觉醒问题，当女性渐渐意识到只有依靠自己的奋斗才可能获得成功，获得社会的认可时，女权主义运动也就顺着历史的潮流产生了。维多利亚时代早期，下层劳动女性为了面包而工作，广大中产阶级女性为了权力而斗争。由于劳动女性斗争意识的增长和女权主义的呼吁，英国制定了保护妇女和儿童的法律。维多利亚时代中期，这一阶段的斗争主要采取了请愿的方式，广大女性纷纷组织社会团体，上街进行宣传讲演，在社会上扩大女权运动的影响，给议会施加压力，以迫使议会通过女性的要求。

女权运动在进入维多利亚时代晚期之初，依然延续着维多利亚时代中期的斗争方式，主要采取舆论宣传，组织请愿等方式。１９世纪８０年代，相续出现一批女权运动的团体。到１８９４年时，女性争取参政权的斗争有了一定效果，已婚妇女获得了在地方上的选举权。在女王去世的的头两年，一些激进的女权运动者认为通过和平请愿获得参政权力的方式已经过时，一些女权组织开始使用暴力手段进行抗议，运动更加激进化。但不论采取什么运动方式，直至维多利亚时代结束，女性的参政要求也没有被议会通过。分析维多利亚时代的女性参政运动，不难发现，运动的参与者大多是中、下层女性，尤其是中产阶级女性，她们由于家庭生活水平的提高，获得了学习的机会，她们中的一些人在学习中逐渐认识到她们作为中产阶级女性的权力的缺失，于是首先起来进行抗议。在她们的宣传影响下，更多的中、下层女性参与到运动中来，女权运动逐步发展壮大。 女权主义运动使得维多利亚时代的女性敢于发出自己的声音和请求，在维多利亚时代，还有一个典型的特征便是女性作家的兴起。 女性作家的兴起做主要的体现是女性写作在小说领域的兴起与发展。十九世纪以前，小说一度被当做是难登大雅之堂的文学创作形式，当时的文学形式以诗歌创作为主，出现了很多大家耳熟能详的浪漫主义诗人，如约翰济慈，雪莱，拜伦等等。而此时的诗歌领域，注定了只是男人们驰骋的疆场，因为浪漫主义诗人都是有机会大量接触拉丁文、腊文和古典文学成就的、有一定经济基础的能接受正规高等教育的男人们。从十八世纪后期英国多产的女小说家简奥斯丁开始，随后出现了勃朗特姐妹，盖斯凯尔夫人和乔治艾略等等，形成了英国文学史上第一次女性创作文学的高峰。

英美文学选读-英国-维多利亚时期-练习题汇总(选择大题)

I．Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. chapter 18.The Victorian Age was largely an age of ____, eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray. A.poetry B.drama C.prose D.epic prose (024) 18. A typical feature of the English Victorian literature is that writers became social and moral ______, exposing all kinds of social evils. A. revolutionaries B. idealists C. critics D. defenders(044) 16. The Victorian Age is most famous for its ________. A. plays B. novels C. poems D. essays (047) 14.Which of the following statements about Victorian literature is NOT true?（）4 A. Novels became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. B. Victorian novelists were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality, the widespread misery, poverty and injustice. C. Influenced by a particularly strict set of moral standards, Victorian writers like Oscar Wilde, advocated the old moderate, respectable life-style. (057) D. Victorian prose writers joined forces with the critical realist novelists in exposing and criticizing the social reality. 18. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques，writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common，that is，they were all concerned about ______． A. the fate of the upper class B. the reformation of the government C. the fate of the common people D. the future of their family clans(087) 1. The first mass movement of the English working class and the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people is_____. 3 A. The Enclosure Movement B. The Protestant Reformation C. The Enlightenment Movement D. The Chartist Movement （097） 13. In the Victorian Period _____ became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. 2 A. poetry B. novel C. prose D. drama（097） 14. All of the following statements about the Victorian period is true EXCEPT ______. 1 A. England was the “workshop of the world”. B. The early years was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social