语言学教程第四版练习第一章

Chapter One Introduction to Linguistics

I. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.

languages’have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a system of semantics.

A. morphology

B. lexicogrammar

C. syntax

D. meaning

of the following words is entirely arbitrary

function of the sentence Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade is ___.

Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believe might affect their lives. Which function does it perform

of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation)

A. Transferability

B. Duality

C. Displacement

D. Arbitrariness

6. What language function does the following conversation play(The two chatters just met and were starting their conversation by the following dialogue.)

A：A nice day, isn’t it

B : Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.

A. Emotive

B. Phatic

C. Performative

D. Interpersonal

refers to the a ctual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.

C. Langue

D. Parole

a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates that dog’s language does not have the feature of --------- .

A. Reference

B. Productivity

C. Displacement

answers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language.

A. Psycholinguistics

B. Anthropological linguistics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Applied linguistics

deals with the study of dialects in different social classes in a particular region.

A. Linguistic theory

B. Practical linguistics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Comparative linguistics

II. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.(10%)

1. The widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by Chomsky first.

2. For learners of a foreign language, it is arbitrariness that is more worth noticing than its conventionality.

3. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.

4. For Jakobson and the Prague school structuralists, the purpose of communication is to refer.

5. Interpersonal function is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar.

6. Emotive function is also discussed under the term expressive function.

7. The relationship between competence and performance in Chomsky’s theory is that between a language community and an individual language user.

study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.

phonetics investigates the properties of the sound waves.

nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with prescription instead of description.

III．Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given(10％)

1.Nowadays, two kinds of research methods co-exist in linguistic studies,

namely, qualitative and q__________ research approaches.

2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and

can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed as p__________.

has many functions. We can use language to talk about language. This function is m__________function.

claim that language originated by primitive man involuntary making vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the y＿theory.

is often said to be concerned with the organization of speech within specific language, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in particular language.

linguistics is d＿ in the sense that linguist tires to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.

general principle of linguistics analysis is the primacy of s___________over writing.

8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a d___________ linguistic study.

9.Saussure put forward the concept l__________ to refer to the abstract

linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.

10.Linguistic potentia l is similar to Saussure’ s langue and Chomsky’ s c__________.

IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.

1.Design features

2.Displacement

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e12869992.html,petence

4.Synchronic linguistics

V. Answer the following question briefly.(10%)

do people take duality as one of the important design features of human languages

Can you tell us what language would be like if it had no such design features

can we use language to do things Please give two examples to show this point.

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).

1. Language is ____________in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.

2. Language is_____________ and__________ in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction.

features that define our human languages can be called_____________, which include____________, _____________, ______________,

_____________.

the opposite side of arbitrariness.

fact that in the system of spoken language, we have the primary units as words and secondary units as sound shows that language has the property of___________. is resourceful because of its_____________ and its___________, which contributes to the_____________ of language.

human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions.

Jakobson’s vers ion, there are six functions of language, namely, ____________, _____________, _______________, ________________, ________________and metalingual function.

people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the _____________ function of language in Jakobson’s version. functional grammar, language has three metafunctions, namely, _____________,____________________,__________________.

Halliday’s three metafunctions______________creates relevance to context.

of language is primary to change the social status of persons.

name five main branch of linguistics:___________________________,___________________,_________ _________, _____________________and ____________________.

,we study the speech sounds produced by articulatory organs by identifying and classifying the individual sounds.

,we focus on the way in which the listener analyzes or processes a sound wave

the minimal unit of meaning.

study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called_______________.

study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is called_________________.

study of the way in which symbols represent sounds in linguist communicate are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of study called_____________.

study of rules which governs the combinations of words to form permissible sentences constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies that is_________________.

fact that we have alliteration in poems is probably because of the__________________ function of language.

III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.

1.The description of a language at some print in time is a_______________ study.

A.descriptive

B. prescriptive

C. synchronic

D. diachronic

2. According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an

infinitely large number of sentence because_______

A. he has come across all of them in his life

B. he has internalized a set of rules about his language

C. he has acquired the ability through the act of communicating with others language

3.Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is very similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance,but Saussure takes a ____________view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a__________ point of view

A. sociological, psychological

B. psychological, sociological

C. biological, psychological

D. psychological, biological

4.The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we write with indicates language is______

A. arbitrary

B. rule-governed

C. applied

D. illogical

5.We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is______

A.creative

B. arbitrary

C. limitless

D. resourceful

6.______means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker

A.Duality

B. Displacement

C. productivity

D. Arbitrariness

7.______examines how meaning is encoded in a language

A.Phonetics

B. syntax

C. Semantic

D. Pragmatics

8.______is concerned with the internal organization of words.

B. syntax

C. Semantic

D. phonology

9.______refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning

B. Arbitrariness C .Replacement D. Creativity

10.______of language makes it potentially creative, and______ of language makes learning a language laborious

A. Conventionality, arbitrariness

B. Arbitrariness, replacement

C. Arbitrariness, conventionality

D. Conventionality, arbitrariness

11.When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the______ function of language

B. creative

C. phatic

D. metalingual

12.____proposes a theory of metafunctions of language.

A.Chomsky D. Halliday

13.____function constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations.

B. Textual

C. Logical

D. Ideational

14.Interpersonal function enacts_________ relationship.

A.social

B. experiential

C. textual

D. personal

15.By_____________ function people establish and maintain their status in society.

A.experiential

B. referential

C. metalingual

D.

Interpersonal

16.The study of the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech belongs to the study of_____.

B. phonetics

C. morphology

D. syntax

17.In__________ phonetics, we investigate the properties of the sound waves.

B. acoustic

C. auditory

D. sound

18.French distinguishes between nouns like GARE(station)which is feminine and nouns like TRAIN which is masculine. This shows that French is a language which____.

illogical B. has grammatical gender

biological gender D. has two cases

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e12869992.html,petence, in the linguistic sense of the word, is______.

skill B. intuitive knowledge of language

knowledge of language skill D. communicative ability

20.French has Tu (means: you) aimer a (means: will love) Jean and English has You will love Jean. This shows us that____.

A. both languages are alike in expressing future time

B.Both languages have a future tense but English requires more words

C.English is loose while French is compact

D.French forms its future tense by adding a special suffix

21.Knowing how to say something appropriate in a given situation and with exactly the effect you intend is a question of the_____

A.lexis

B. syntax

C. semantics

D. pragmatics

22.A(n)_____is a speaker/listener who is a member of homogeneous speech community, who knows language perfectly and is not affected by memory limitations or distractions.

A. perfect language user

B. ideal language user

C. proficient user

D. native language user

IV. Analyze the following with your linguistic knowledge.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e12869992.html,e the following two examples to support the idea that language is not all arbitrary.

a.They married and had a baby.

b.They had a baby and married.

2.Examine the way the following words are separated. Comment on the way of separation in relation to Bloomfield’s idea that word is minimal unit of meaning.

3., is the difference between the following two statements in terms of attitude to grammar What kind of linguistic concepts do they represent

a.Never put an a before an uncountable noun.

b.People usually do not put an a before an uncountable noun.

4.How do you understand the sentence Music is a universal language

5.What are the two interpretations of the sentence They are hunting dogs What is the linguistic knowledge that enables you to distinguish the meanings of this sentence

V. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.

1. Match the linguistic items in Column A with one relevant item in Column

2. Match the sentences in Column B with the language functions in Column

语言学教程第一章ppt

语言学教程胡壮麟主编

Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics

Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is

《语言学教程》中文笔记(完整)

语言学教程笔记 第一章语言学导论 语言的定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点。 1. 任意性：任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系，任意性是语言的核 心特征。例如，我们无法解释为什么一本书读作 a /buk/，一支钢笔读作a /pe n/。 任意性具有不同层次：（1）语素音义关系的任意性。（2）句法层面上的任意性。 （3） 任意性和规约性。 2. 二层性：二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成， 每层都有自身的组合规则。话语的组成元素是本身不传达意义的语音，语音的唯一作用就是 相互组合构成有意义的单位，比如词。因为底层单位是无意的，而上层单位有明确的意义，所以我们把语音叫做底层单位，与词等上层单位相对。二层性使语言拥有了一种强大的能产 性。 3. 创造性：创造性指语言的能产性，指语言有制造无穷长句的潜力，这来源于语言的二层性 和递归性。利用二重性说话者可以通过组合基本语言单位，无止境地生成句子，大多数都是以前没有过的或没有听过的。 4. 移位性：是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的 物体、时间或观点。因此我们可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经去世两千五百五十多年而 后者位置距我们非常之远。语言使我们能够谈及已不存在或还未出现的事物。移位性赋予人 们的概括与抽象能力使人类受益无穷。词在指称具体物体时，并不总是出现在即时、形象化 的语境中。他们通常为了体现指称含义而被使用。 5. 文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6. 互换性：指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的 角色是可以随意更换的。 元语言功能：我们的语言可以用来讨论语言本身。比如说，我可以用“书”指代一本书，也可以用“书这个词”来指代“书”这个词本身。这使语言具有无限的自我反身性：人类可以谈论“说话”，也可以思考“思考"。所以只有人类才能提问：元语言功能对交际、思考及人类的意义是什么？

《普通语言学教程》读书笔记

《普通语言学教程》读书笔记 10级汉语3班徐星星100322 本书著者是本世纪最著名、影响最深远的语言学家之一费尔迪南·德·索绪尔，在本书中，他对欧美语言学界所接触到的各种有关原理和方法的问题都作了总结，并且提出了自己独到的见解。这本书的影响也遍及世界。 首先在绪论的第三章中，索绪尔向我们阐释了语言的定义： 语言是一种约定俗成的东西，人们同意使用什么符号，这符号的性质是无关轻重的。即一套和不同的观念相当的不同的符号。人们说话的机能只有借住集体创造和提供的工具才能运用，不管是天赋的或非天赋的。所以说，说语言使言语活动成为统一体，那绝不是什么空想。在索绪尔看来。语言是语言共同成员中的语法体系，言语则是人们平时说的那些话，是依赖于语法系统的说话行为。言语是语言的体现。语言学研究实际语言行为中所潜藏的形式系统，因此，在索绪尔看来，语言学的对象是语言而不是言语。 索绪尔认为，把语言和言语分开，我们就把什么是社会的，什么是个人的，什么是主要的，什么是从属的和偶然的区分开来了。照此看来，语言学家主要的研究对象应该是“语言”、确定构成“语言”的单位及其组合规则，而不是去描写言语活动。“语言”是一个符号的系统，在这个系统中，只有意义和音响的形象的结合是主要的。 索绪尔为了确立语言学的研究对象，区分出“语言”和“言语”，他的“语言”和“言语”理论不仅对本世纪的语言研究的方法产生了深刻的影响，而且还影响着文学和符号学研究。 在第一编中，索绪尔指出语言是一个符号系统。语言是符号学的一部分，他强调语言具有一般符号系统的主要特征。语言与其他一切同类的的符号系统有以下几点共同点。一是目的相同，各种符号系统虽然采用的手段不同，复杂程度不同，但目的都是一样的，都是为了传递信息。二是它们的内涵相同，一切符号系统之所以能传递信息是因为它们与意义相联系。意义是符号的内涵，是符号在使用该系统的人在头脑中激发的概念。三是构成元素相同，无论使用

老师新编_简明英语语言学教程第二版第4章答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题 参考答案 Chapter 4 Syntax 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ... VP →(Qual) V (NP) ... AP →(Deg) A (PP) ... PP →(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. 3. What is category? How to determine a word's category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. 若详细回答，则要加上： Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the propertie s and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving. The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est. The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, and

(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题 第一章：语言学导论 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human A. contact C. relation B. communication D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree C. crash B. typewriter D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”s A. interrogative C. informative B. directive D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal C. Performative B. Emotive D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability C. Displacement B. Duality D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn 't it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive C. Performative B. Phatic D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usesr knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance C. Langue B. Competence D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.

语言学第七章知识点总结

语言学第七章知识点总结 Language is an essential part of a given culture. It is an indispensable carrier of culture. It is regarded as a mirror of society. In primitive culture, the meaning of a word greatly depended on its occurrence in a given context. Firth-Context of Situation -illustrate the close relationship between language use and its co-occurrence factors. 1.The relevant features of the participants, persons, and personalities The verbal action of the participants; the non-verbal action of the participant 2.The relevant objects 3.The effects of the verbal action Speech Community It refers to a group of people share the same rules of speaking and one linguistic variety as well. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Our language helps mould our way of thinking. Different languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of understanding the world. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e12869992.html,nguage may determine our thinking patterns

索绪尔普通语言学教程单词.

绪论 第一章 A Brief Survey of History of Linguistics institute 建立，实行prescriptive 规范性的Alexandria 亚历山大Philology 语文学inaugurate 倡导scientific 学术上的literary 文学的institution 制度criticism 考订 insofar 只有/在…范围内/达到…程度decipher 解密archaic 古代的problematic 难懂的couch v. 表达、措辞slavishly 如奴隶般的subservient 有帮助的/奉承的antiquity 古代文物affinity 亲属关系furnish 提供elucidation 说明，解释Sanskrit 梵语broader 广阔的sounder 牢固的Paradigm 范例/词性变化（表）Latin 拉丁语hypothesis 假定Vowel 元音Proto-Indo-European 印欧语faithful 如实的 havoc 杂乱，浩劫by chance 偶然，意外Germanic 日耳曼语etymological 词源学comparative mythology 比较神话学school 学派 principle 原理mutual 互相的，共有的codification 法典编纂systematization 系统阐述volume 著作instead of 然而warrant n.授权/搜查证/理由/委任书/证明vt. 批准/成为…的根据/向…论证/[口]断言elude 困惑/躲避exclusive 高级的/排外的/独有的validate 使生效/承认/验证Bizarre 异乎寻常的permissible 可容许的methodological 方法论的Initial stage 初期magnify 放大attest 证明 Restrict 限制，约束Junggrammatiker 新语法学派inadequacy 不足第二章语言的材料和任务；它和毗邻科学的关系

刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(认知语言学)【圣才出品】

第10章认知语言学 10.1 复习笔记 本章要点: 1. Cognitive linguistics 认知语言学 2. Categorization and categories 范畴化与范畴 3. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 概念隐喻与转喻 4. Iconicity and grammaticalization 象似性与语法化 常考考点： 认知语言学定义；范畴化与范畴定义分类等；概念隐喻与转喻的定义，层次分类；象似性的分类以及语法化等。 本章内容索引： I. Definition of cognitive linguistics II. Categorization and categories

1. Definition of categorization 2. The classical theory 3. The prototype theory 4. Levels of categorization III. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 1. Conceptual metaphor 2. Conceptual metonymy IV. Iconicity 1. Iconicity of order 2. Iconicity of distance 3. Iconicity of complexity V. Grammaticalization I. Definition of cognitive linguistics (认知语言学定义) 【考点：名词解释】 Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information. 认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。 II. Categorization and categories (范畴化与范畴) 1. Definition of categorization and categories (定义)

《普通语言学》读书心得

《普通语言学教程》读书会心得 近一个月来,大家都在为这次读书会进行忙碌的准备。下午听完各位同学不同的观点,有受益匪浅的地方,有值得学习的地方,也有可以讨论、不确定的地方,甚至反驳的地方。 值得一提,也就是值得思考的就是,几乎所有同学对这本书的普遍反映就就是——瞧不懂。有瞧了整本书三遍以上还就是觉得很费解的同学,也有反反复复的瞧很多遍绪言却还就是没懂,卡在绪言部分的同学。大家都非常用心的读了这本著作,却也被其中谈到的哲学、心理学、地理学、甚至物理学的东西的搞得头晕眼花,我也就是如此。借用今天读书会上一位同学的话说,“哲学系的同学跟我说想瞧懂这本书就要先学懂哲学,于就是,我就借了一本哲学书瞧,可就是瞧不懂。心理学的同学跟我说,想要瞧懂这本书就要先学心理学,我又借了一本心理学的书,还就是瞧不懂。无奈,我又去借了一本微心理学的书,瞧就是瞧懂了,可就是发现跟语言学没什么关系”。这足以说明索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》这本书涉猎学科之广泛,蕴藏知识之深奥。再借用另外一名同学在读书会上讲到的一个小笑话为例,她说她曾在朋友圈发表一条状态,她的某位学经济的同学就是这样评论的,“索绪尔说:‘您的结构有问题’。乔姆斯基说:‘亲爱的,别听她的,结构这玩意儿就就是一坨屎。’”。可见,这本书不仅仅就是学语言的人需要读的著作,也吸引着其她很多学科的人了解它,认识它,潜心研究。 先以我个人的观点为例谈谈我对这本书的内容的感触。与其她同学一样,《普通语言学教程》之于我也就是非常难理解的一部著作,其中涉猎的学科之广,有些就是我从未接触与涉及过的领域,以现阶段的学识基础,读起来真的就是非常有难度。那么,就我现阶段知识结构来说说关于书中第三章“地理差异的原因”——基本原因:时间的浅显认识吧。索绪尔提出语言有地理差异的原因的基本原因就是时间。相信很多同学瞧到这里都会有疑问,我也就是如此,一谈到语言的地理差异,第一反应认为基本原因就就是空间差异,因为去了另外一个地方,受到当地人、事、环境、习俗等等的影响,语言才会出现差异。抱着这种疑问并且不服气的心态瞧了这章内容,不得不说,我被索绪尔的理论说服了,也被自己曾经历过的实践说服了。由于大学时读英语专业,自己有着很深切学习另一门语言的感受,加之对英美文化背景的了解,让我更容易理解与赞同索绪尔提出的——言地理差

新编语言学教程第2版第4章答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ... VP →(Qual) V (NP) ... AP →(Deg) A (PP) ... PP →(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. 3. What is category? How to determine a word's category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. 若详细回答，则要加上： Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving. The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记1_3章

胡壮麟语言学重难点 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 常考考点：1. 语言: 语言的定义；语言的基本特征；语言的功能；语言的起源 2. 语言学：语言学的定义；现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别；语言学研究的四个原则及简要说明；语言学中的几组重要区别；每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。 1. 语言的定义特征 1.1. 任意性 1.2. 二重性 1.3. 创造性 1.4. 移位性 1.5. 文化传递性 1.6. 互换性 2. 语言的功能 1.1. 信息功能 1.2. 人际功能 1.3. 施为功能 1.4. 感情功能 1.5. 寒暄功能 1.6. 娱乐功能 1.7. 元语言功能

3. 微观语言学 3.1. 语音学 3.2. 音系学 3.3. 形态学 3.4. 句法学 3.5. 语义学 3.6. 语用学 4. 宏观语言学 4.1. 心理语言学 4.2. 社会语言学 4.3. 应用语言学 4.4. 计算语言学 4.5. 神经语言学 5. 重要概念及其区分 5.1. 描写式&规定式 5.2. 共时&历时 5.3. 语言&言语 5.4. 语言能力&语言应用 5.5. 唯素的&唯位的 5.6. 传统语法&现代语法 5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

常考考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义；发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类；基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法 2. 音系学音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系与区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布于互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音；音高和语调。 1. 语音学及其三大领域 1.1. 语音学定义 1.2. 语音学三大领域 ①发音语音学 ②声学语音学 ③听觉语音学 2. 辅音 2.1. 辅音定义 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。 2.2. 发音方式 发音方式是指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位的方式 2.3. 发音部位 发音部位是指声道的哪些部位发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍。 3. 元音

语言学教程[第一章语言学导论]山东大学期末考试知识点复习

第一章语言学导论 复习笔记 Ⅰ．语言的定义 语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义揭示了语言的五个要素：系统，任意，口头，符号，人类。 Ⅱ．语言的定义特征 语言的定义特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。 1．任意性 任意性是语言的核心特征，是指符号的形式或者声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。虽然语言从本质上讲是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些词语，例如一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。 2．二重性 二重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。二重性只存在于这样的系统之中，既有元素又有它们组合成的单位。 3．创造性 创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其中很多句子是以前从未听过的。 4．移位性 移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、事件和观点。移位性赋予人们的概括和想象力使人类受益无穷。 5．文化传递性

语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6．互换性 互换性是指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的角色是可以随意更换的。 Ⅲ．语言的起源 1．圣经的记载 语言是上帝的恩赐。 2．“汪汪”理论 语言是模仿自然的声音，例如动物的叫声，如 (鸭子)的刮刮声，嘎嘎声，布谷鸟的叫声。 3．“噗噗”理论 语言来源于人本能的情感声音，表达疼痛或喜悦。 4．“哟一嘿一吼”理论 语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。 5．进化理论 语言起源于劳动的过程，满足了社会的需求。 Ⅳ．语言的功能 1．信息功能 语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现在陈述句中。 2．人际功能 人际功能是语言最重要的社会功能。人们由此建立和维持他们的身份和社会

索绪尔及其《普通语言学教程》之心得

费迪南德?德?索绪尔（Ferdinand de Saussure，1857-1913）是现代语言学的创始人。他是一位杰出的语言学家。作为一门新兴人文学科的开创者，他对语言哲学的影响也极为广泛深刻。 索绪尔出生于日内瓦，父亲是一位科学家。他从小受到自然科学的教育，同时也得到良好的语言教育和语言学教育，掌握法语、德语、英语和拉丁语，初通梵文。15岁时就写了一篇《语言论》。曾于日内瓦大学和莱比锡大学，研习物理、化学和希腊文。莱比锡大学当时是新语法学家的中心，在那的学习大致确定了索绪尔后来以语言学为业的道路。也就在这个时期，他发表了他的第一篇重要论文，《论印欧系语言中原因的原始系统》，引起学术界的重视，而那时他才年仅21岁。获得博士学位后，索绪尔移居巴黎，在高等研究学院讲授梵文、哥特语、古高地德语以及印欧语文学概况。1891年，他开始到日内瓦大学任教。日内瓦与巴黎的学术研究相比相对滞后。索绪尔穷究一生，不带任何传奇色彩。他在世时只是著名的语言学家，但他作为一个哲学家的地位，却是直到他死后才为人们所认可的。 索绪尔生前只发表过很少几篇相当专业的论文。1907-1911年期间，他在日内瓦大学担任普通语言学课程的教学。1913年他去世以后，他的学生和同事根据几本听课笔记才汇编成《普通语言学教程》一书，出版发行。索绪尔不仅吝于发表，他留下的笔记也很少，因此编辑这本书很不容易。因为，跟所有的老师一样，他讲课时也是有很多重复，甚至不一致的内容。难得的是编辑者们没有放弃，合并梳理成一本书，从而造就了一部惊世巨著。 《普通语言学教程》这部著作主要由绪论和附录两部分组成。绪论部分主要阐述了索绪尔对于语言系统的看法。索绪尔认为语言系统具有自主性和形式化这两个特点。他把语言现象划分为“内部要素”和“外部要素”两部分，并以此作为语言研究的前提。“内部要素”是指语言系统内符号与符号之间所形成的相互制约、相互对立的关系；“外部要素”则是指与语言有间接关系的政治、经济、文化、宗教、地理、历史等社会因素。因为索绪尔认为“内部要素”与“外部要素”之间无联系，且进行语言研究必须建立起一个界限清晰的“语言系统”。所以，他说：“我们关于语言的定义是要把一切跟语言的组织、语言的系统无关的东西，简言之，一切跟我们用‘外部语言学’这个术语所指的东西排除出去。”另外，索绪尔还阐发了“语言符号的价值决定于语言系统整体性质”的观点，并将此观点以及上面所提及的观点合在一起，共同支撑起关于语言系统具有自主性的说法。实际上，此举的真正目的是为语言学的研究对象下定义，且以此厘清语言和言语之间的关系。 语言是言语行为的社会部分，是个人被动地从社会接受而储存于头脑中的系统。它存在于个人意志之外，是社会每个成员共同具有的，是一种社会心理现象。言语是言语行为的个人部分，是个人对语言系统的运用。语言和言语紧密相连，互为前提。个人要说话使人理解，必须用语言，同时语言的存在又必须体现在言语当中，而且，使语言发生变化的也是言语。所以，语言既是言语的工具，又是言语的产物，但“这并不妨碍它们是两种绝对不同的东西” 在对语言学进行概述之后，《普通语言学教程》的附录部分进一步详细叙述了索绪尔的音位观、符号观以及结构主义研究方法论。他认为语言可为语音符号和文字符号，语音由心灵激活而被赋予意义，文字则只是语音的无生命的、随意的、可有可无的替代物。在符号观中，索绪尔对符号的“任意性”和“线条性”展开阐述，并且重点论述了符号的“不变性”与“可变性”特点。由此他不但揭