【备考】考研英语完型填空讲义
考研英语完型填空讲义
（一）四分原则
1、利用“红花绿叶“原则：
红花词（必选的词）：however、although、yet、because
做好的方法是：先选择再检查
绿叶词（必不选的词）：since、ever since从那时到现在、now that、what；
虚拟语气系列词：in case万一、lest、if only(=I wish)、or else；
与“关于”意义有关的词：about、as to、with regard to、with/in reference to
2、答案分布的规律：
⑴、每篇完形填空中A、B、C、D作为正确选项的个数各在4—6个之间；
⑵、A作为正确选项的个数最多；
⑶、没有连续三个答案都一样的情况（查检），连续两个答案都一样的情况为0—3个；相邻答案彼此都不一样的概率为17-20(即相邻答案几乎不一样).
⑷、在五个一组的答案中，最少要出现三个字母作为正确的选项，在每组接缝处没有连续两个答案都一样的情况；
Eg.P48 2002年 21、29、31、35
P52 2004年22、25、40、
P56 2006年 7、18(so跟thus同意，选Ｃas)
P60 大纲样题4、８
3、完形填空文章特点：
⑴、文章字数：240—280之间；
⑵、首段首句不出题，是主旨句（2001年除外），除首句外基本每句话都要出题；
⑶、总分结构进行到底；
⑷、每篇文章都有明确的主题和作者态度；
⑸、逻辑关系非常明确：
※五大逻辑关系：（按照考核频度排序）
①对立关系（包括：转折、让步及其他）；②因果关系；③并列关系；④总分关系⑤递进关系。
（二）四分到七分技巧
１.同义原则
２.逻辑关系原则
３.表语原则
４.复现原则
５.杀熟原则
１、同义原则：(每年考４到７个)
⑴、在四个选项中，有两个实词（动、名、形、副）互为同义词时，答案往往在其中；
⑵、在四个选项中，有两个虚词（介、连、感叹）互为同义词时，答案往往都不选；
⑶、当四个选项有一个共同意义时，该意义往往不能入选，要看选项的特殊含义。（没有考过四个同义词辨析）
★２.逻辑关系题原则：（７个左右）
（1）对立关系
?
①、根据意思判断；
②、根据褒贬色彩判断；
③、根据句式结构判断；前面肯定后面否定，或前面否定后面肯定
每年一道）
?表示对立关系的词：
转折：however、but、yet、nevertheless
让步：although、though、even through、even if、much as然而，虽然、as、
while、where as然而，虽然
其他：against、instead of、rather than、admit、ignoring忽略忽视、on the contrary、by contrast相比之下
?转折与让步的区别：
①、当后句是对前句的完全直接否定部分否定
在一句话中同时出现；
叫从属连词，既可以放句首，也可以放句中，放句中时，前面一般不加逗号；
叫并列连词，只能放在句中，前面逗号可加可不加。
，放于句中是前面后面都要有逗号；
While可以引导省略式的状语从句，while as不行。
※while引导省略式的状语从句的条件
a.从句主语与主句主语相一致
b.从句是系表结构
同时满足以上两个条件之后，可省去从句中的主语和系动词。
He will go to school while ill.
★逻辑关系词先做的理由
a.选项都认识
b.范围确定
c.往往不用通读全文，只需要通读前后句
(2)、表示因果关系的词：
表原因的词：
because、in that、now that、since、as、for、as a result of、considering
表结果的词：
so that、such that、as a result、lead to、consequently、therefore、hence、thus、so
因果倒置是因果关系题里最常见的出题陷阱。
(3)、表示并列关系的词：
and、as well as、likewise, while, similarly、simultaneously，meanwhile
▲and题型三种做题方法：
(4)、表示总分关系的词：（即前总后分，前大后小，前复数后单数）
for example、for instance插入状语、such as、including
of表分总关系，总概念和分概念不能并列。
(5)、表示递进关系的词：（考的不多）
also、furthermore进一步；indeed、moreover而且，此外；still、highlighting 突出，强调；in particular特别地，尤其
●考点：a.；
：两者遭遇时选后者。
still是指一件事情的递进；
also既可指一件，又可指两件事情的递进；
06年第一题）
furthermore仅指一件事情的递进；
indeed既可指一件，又可指两件事情的递进。
３.复现原则
定义：某一个概念在完型文章中出现两次或两次以上时，它的提法应当是一样的，也就是说相对应的成分彼此互为答案。（2004 29T）
４.表语原则（系动词后面出的题）
如果所考的空是表语，那么主语就是线索。
当表语是名词时，它与主语是对等关系；当表语是形容词时，或相当于形容词时，与主语是修饰关系。I am very handsome. handsome修饰主语
例子：2002 23T medium媒体和newspaper报纸对等关系；
1994 49T The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50 that can be understood by his listeners.
49.[A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable
解答：表语题，这里be后面的形容词是来形容人的，只有unable（没有能力的）可以直接修饰人。
2003 26T
5.杀熟原则
标准：是否在历年真题中出现过,
补充：考过的，只有三个动词可以接宾语+补足语
Make/keep/find +宾语+宾补（因此考试中出现这种结构就选这几个词）
例子：01 43make，
以05年与历年真题的对应关系
1.C－97年48T A 13.D－04年 39T C
6.A—97年 44T A 1
7.C－04年39T B
9.D—97 年48T D 18.D－04年 33T B
10.B—03年 33T C 19.A－97年45T C
11.C—94年48T C 20.B－01年31T D
(三)、完形填空的七分以上技巧
１.动词题解题方法６点
２.名词题解题方法５点
３.形容词题解题方法４点
４.副词题解题方法３点
⑴、看主语，注意主谓搭配一致性：
①、看主语是人还是物：
只能是人做出的动作有：
believe、doubt、intend、require、respect、regard、be impressed by、notice、present
只能是物做出的动作有：
Manifest表明，证明
②、注意主谓一致性：P39（43）1994年:prevents
⑵、看宾语，注意动宾搭配一致性：
00 45T；01 32T;98 50T
enhance+抽象名词
feed、label（贴标签于, 指...为, 分类, 标注）、fasten（扎牢, 集中于, 强加于）+具体名词
tighten+抽象、具体均可
?
assure、impress + sb、side with支持、share with分享，分担、confide to向..透露，吐露心声、credit sth to sb把...归给：credit the invention to him.
将这项发明归功于他
?宾语既可是◇人又可是◇物的动词：ensure, agree with
ensure + sb./sth.均可
⑶、根据主语和宾语的逻辑关系所致动词：（目前考的比较少不过是发展方向01 38T,04 30T）
changes in economy _A_ fewer jobs（2004年）因果
A. lead to导致
B. amount to总计
⑷、从及物（vt）和不及物（vi）角度出发做题：(平时重点背vi)
词组也存在及物和不及物之分：as time go by
{00 44T, 98 49T, 02 45T, 94 44T, 06 2T}
In order to ____old agricultural implements
A. replace (vi)
B. dispose
不及物动词有：
dispose
speculate
沉思,思索,推测(about, on, upon)speculate about the origin of sth
投机(in)speculate in stocks做股票投机
distinguish
distinguish A from B 区别A和B 为及物动词
distinguish between A and B 为不及物动词
approve
vt：批准,通过；赞许:Congress approved the budget; approve sb vi：同意、认可 + of:didn't approve of the decision.
cope + with：
（妥善地）处理；对付，应付；克服（with）：cope with unexpected catastrophes （机会均等地）竞争，抗衡（with）：No one can cope with him in English.
⑸、根据动词后的介词以及介词宾语做题：{01 45T,01 37T,45T}
__B__ with the report
A. expose
B. agree
C. share (wish +sb)
expose：+ to暴光（贬义），考研中只考此点agree with + sb./sth.
⑹、考虑句子中能够对动词构成限制的成分（一般指形容词）：[联系是普遍的]
[A]purchase [B] supplement [C]replace更换
２、名词题解题方法：
(1)、名词做主语时，谓语或表语就是线索：____require A.sb B.sth
(2)、名词做宾语时，谓语动词就是线索：
(3)、根据名词前后介词判断名词：(把握固定搭配)
____for A. explanation对..解释 B. purpose of on purpose故意,有意的
____for A. cause B. reason
固定搭配：
approach to方法，途径、answer to、key to
confidence in在..自信、confident of
例子：I have confidence in English=I am confident of English.
specialist in在..方面的专家、attitude to/toward对..态度、
research into主流研究,比on深、by contrast相比之下、
reason for、explanation for、
{题目：95 45T,98 48T,04 24T}
(4)、当名词后出现定语从句或同位语从句，从句就是线索：★爱考
need the _A_ that comes from success（表示褒义：从成功中获得自信）
A. confidence
B. tolerance
{题目：06 12T,01 33T 49T,02 37T,03 25T,04 35T}
(5)、根据已有名词判断所选名词：
__A__ of the letter(01年39T,41T)
A. publication发表
B. release（letter要用复数形式）
C. printing（letter要用复数形式）
3、形容词题的解题方法：
⑴、形容词做表语时，主语就是线索：{94 49T,03 26T、27T}
⑵、有副词修饰形容词时，副词就是线索：{01 44T}
⑶、有多个修饰成分同时修饰一个名词，答案就在修饰成分中▲{01 33T,03 33T}
⑷、形容词修饰名词时，名词就是线索：
a __B__ of media protest抗议[01 40T]
A. rage愤怒（语义重复）
B. storm暴风雨般
C. flare摇晃的光
D. flash
闪光
▲语义重复：06 1T therefore和such that逻辑关系语义重复。
４、副词题的解题方法：
⑴、主旨做题：{2000 50T}
⑵、同义原则：{98 46T,03 33T,06 5T}
⑶、利用时态做题：瞬间性的副词不能用于进行时{97 47T}
, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs.
47.[A] instantly立刻，马上[B] reversely相反的，颠倒的
[C] fundamentally根本上[D] sufficiently足够的（有结果）
★进行时表示动作正在持续，没有结果。因此只能选持续性的词。
四、完形填空常考语法解读：
1、what从句：
①what只能引导主、宾、表语从句；
②what不能引导定语从句和同位语从句，也就是说what前不能有名词；
③what后面的从句通常不完整。
相关知识：
①凡是从句部分不完整的，98%是定语从句，1%是what从句，1%是省略式状语从句。
②同位语从句、表语从句引导词只能用that，不能用which；只能用weather不能用if。
★that,不能用which;只能用whether，不能用if.
2、as引导定语从句：
①as作关系代词引导定语从句，先行词可以是名词，也可以是句子；
which的先行词也可以是句子。
★
②as引导定语从句，位置灵活：
例：As we know, he is honest.
区别是定语从句还是状语从句例子：{P48 2002 22T 32T}
As was discussed before,... 定语从句
As time went by,... 状语从句
③as和which的区别：
A）．在引导限制性定语从句时，as只能用在一些固定结构中，例如：
as … as、so … as、such … as、the same … as
例：He has many books which are displayed here.同一批书
He has as many books as are displayed here.两批书我所拥有的书和这些书一样多
B）. 在引导非限制性定语从句时，用as表示从句与从句是一致关系或顺从关系，而用which则表示从句和主句是不一致或对立的关系。
例：He has been married, as we expect.
3、than引导定语从句：
①than作为关系代词引导定语从句；即从句中缺名词时可以用than；
②主句要有比较级；
③than
④
例：I am taller than you.（状语从句）
说明：这里you后面省略了you are tall,为状语从句。因为只有状语从句才可以省略后面的系动词，定语从句是不能省略系动词的。
例：He drinks more wine than is good for his health.（定语从句）这里前面有比较级more,而且后面缺主语，比较成分不明显，三个条件都符合。2004 35T考than
children are likely to have less35 was common in the traditional family36 .
35. [A] than[B] that [C] which [D] as
说明：这里不能认为是考that和which的区别：
当先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时只能用that，不能用which,
即如果主句有最高级，则必须用that。这里是比较级less，不是最高级。
As用于限定性定语从句必须用于固定结构中。
因此，这里只能从than引导定语从句，比较的成分是supervision。
考试发展方向：
the mind of the public.
A.exist
B. exists
C. existing
D. existed
说明：existing存在，这个单词本身就表状态，已经有的意思，不用加ing，如have, belong 的用法。
4、but引导定语从句：（唯一没有考过）
①but定语从句；
②主句要有否定成分；
③but相当于that … not或who … not。
例：There is no one but errs. = There is no one that doesn’t err.
四、完形填空解题顺序：
１、先看选项
２、做题理念：
⑴、首段首句没有读懂就不要做下去；
⑵、能够用顺序的方法做对的题目，尽量不要用逆序带入的方法；
⑶、能够用阅读方法做对的题目，尽量不要用同义词辨析方法做。
文章要不要通读看情况，建议不要花太多可间，做前九步就行，不需要怎么通读，如果时间充裕的话再通读。
★固定搭配: 最近考的比较多的是：中心词是动词的固定搭配
★从句原则：喜欢考定语从句和同位语从句:which不能引导同位语从句→that; if→whether
答：看选项如果出现：that, which, what, who, whom, than, as表明考的是从句。
九道题不局限于前三步，颗粒归仓，只要能做对９道就OK.
※分析：
做十二道题：三个A,B,C,D,再瞎蒙一手Ａ，最多可得２到３题，总计：12+2(3)=14-15 做九道题：三个A,B,C,瑞瞎蒙一手Ｄ，最多可得４到６题，总计：9+4(6)=13-15 算下来差不多。
建议：做完第二步，可以确实７-９个开始蒙一手，然后有时间的话再在其中的１１-１３个之间改动一下，先定下大局就不怕了。（舍得；有舍才有得）
３、复习
完形不需要做模拟题，就记一下700个选项，背一背文章，推敲真题
七选五等新题型就应该做点模拟题
五、新题型“七选五”解题方法与技巧：(目标６分) (7到15分钟)
1、大纲要求：
文章长度：500—600字
题目：共5题，每题2分，非等额选项
题型：句子题、句子+段落题、段落题
★得两分的技巧：蒙一手的“最长的”。2005 G
2、解题方法：
(1)逆序做题
(2)小词帮你出大力，时态帮你理顺序，标点解决大问题。
小词：
★代词：例：选项开头为They are …必然该选项位置在文章中间；
★冠词：the 、a、 an
a,an出现的话，说明第一次出现，下文要展开。
the出现的话，说明该名词至少是第二次出现，上文一定还有不带the的该名词。★专有名词或数词；
★逻辑关系词；
(3)总体观，相互补，做题不用按顺序；先做易，后做难，莫忘临近上下文
(4)“绝对”常是干扰项，意思太泛、太窄要小心
(5)警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案
composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal . As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45)_____C____.（段落题比较理想：先做，一般比较长，蒙Ｃ长;也可根据时间前后Ｃ）
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
2005-2015年历年考研英语一完形填空真题
The human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,1 this is largely because,2 animals,we stand upright.This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air,4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million. Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose.These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain.However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary.This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's.The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire. 1.[A]although [B]as [C]but [D]while 2.[A]above [B]unlike [C]excluding [D]besides 3.[A]limited [B]committed [C]dedicated [D]confined 4.[A]catching [B]ignoring [C]missing [D]tracking 5.[A]anyway [B]though [C]instead [D]therefore 6.[A]even if [B]if only [C]only if [D]as if 7.[A]distinguishing [B]discovering [C]determining [D]detecting 8.[A]diluted [B]dissolved [C]determining [D]diffused 9.[A]when [B]since [C]for [D]whereas 10.[A]unusual [B]particular [C]unique [D]typical 11.[A]signs [B]stimuli [C]messages [D]impulses 12.[A]at first [B]at all [C]at large [D]at times 13.[A]subjected [B]left [C]drawn [D]exposed 14.[A]ineffective [B]incompetent [C]inefficient [D]insufficient 15.[A]introduce [B]summon [C]trigger [D]create 16.[A]still [B]also [C]otherwise [D]nevertheless 17.[A]sure [B]sick [C]aware [D]tired 18.[A]tolerate [B]repel [C]neglect [D]notice 19.[A]available [B]reliable [C]identifiable [D]suitable 20.[A]similar to [B]such as [C]along with [D]aside from
新东方考研英语翻译技巧_附丁雪明完型讲义
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历年考研英语完形填空真题（2005） The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals ,we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact 5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 1. [A]although [B]as [C]but [D]while 2. [A]above [B]unlike [C]excluding [D]besides 3. [A]limited [B]committed [C]dedicated [D]confined ￥ 4. [A]catching [B]ignoring [C]missing [D]tracking 5. [A]anyway [B]though [C]instead [D]therefore 6. [A]even if [B]if only [C]only if [D]as if 7. [A]distinguishing[B]discovering [C]determining[D]detecting 8. [A]diluted [B]dissolved [C]determining[D]diffused 9. [A]when [B]since [C]for [D]whereas 10. [A]unusual [B]particular [C]unique [D]typical 11. [A]signs [B]stimuli [C]messages [D]impulses （ 12. [A]at first [B]at all [C]at large [D]at times 13. [A]subjected [B]left [C]drawn [D]exposed 14. [A]ineffective [B]incompetent [C]inefficient[D]insufficient 15. [A]introduce [B]summon [C]trigger [D]create 16. [A]still [B]also [C]otherwise [D]nevertheless 17. [A]sure [B]sick [C]aware [D]tired 18. [A]tolerate [B]repel [C]neglect [D]notice 19. [A]availabe [B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable 。 20. [A]similar to[B]such as [C]along with [D]aside from
2020考研英语 第二次讲义
第一部分：框架整合 图画（图表）写作结构：九宫格 开头段 一. 话题引起 二. 图画（表）描述 三. 图画（表）总结 中间段 四. 具体意义 五. 意义论证 六. 意义总结 结尾段 七. 归纳评论 或 预测趋势 八. 建议措施 九. 憧憬未来 信件 称谓， 开头段：自我介绍（私人信函可省）+ 写信目的 中间段：总分结构，分层次阐释内容 结尾段：期待回信 + 表示感谢 + 保持联系（告示类要写） 礼貌语， 署名 告示 标题（首字母大写） 正文：告示目的 时间、地点、事件、注意事项。 保持联系（留下联系方式） 署名：（特指且首字母大写） 日期：月日，年 报告 Report on XXXXX This report aims to analyze ... and find ... From the information, we can find that ... In conclusion, ... 备忘录 From : To : Date : Subject : 正文： 可分为三大段，交代时间、地点、时间和注意事项
第二部分：应用文预测范文讲解 预测一：道歉信+答复信 要求: 假设你是书店的客服经理，有顾客投诉客服态度不好、有口音等服务问题，请你针对客户的投诉信进行回复。 【范文】 Re: Complaint about store services Dear Customer, In response to your complaint about customer services you received from our company, I would like to apologize. Your opinion is important to us and that is why we would like to give you a satisfied explanation. The concerning explanations are as follows. Firstly, we will not deny that a good accent is the first step of good customer services. Yet the salesman you complained about is new here for only one week, who is trying his best to get used to everything here and communicate with each customer. Additionally, we would like to give you a free new book in order to make up for all your loss. If there is anything else we can do to be of assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us. We greatly appreciate your business. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【正文译文】
考研英语完形填空历年常考固定搭配汇总
考研英语完形填空历年常考固定搭配汇总 be absorbed in 专心于 by accident 偶然 account for 说明 on account of 因为，由于take…into account 考虑 be accustomed to 习惯于 add up to 合计，总计 in addition 另外 in addition to 除。。。之外 in advance 提前，预先 take advantage of 利用 ahead of 在。。。前面，先于 in the air 在流行中，在传播中 all but 几乎，差一点，除。。。之外其余都 all over 遍及，到处 all right 行，可以 in all 总共，共计 make allowances for 考虑，顾及，体谅 in alliance with 与。。。联盟leave…alone 听其自然，不要去管 let alone 更不用说 along with 与。。。一起 one after another 一个接一个 one another 互相 apart from 除去 as for 至于，就。。。方面说 as if 好像，仿佛 as though 好像，仿佛 as to 至于，关于 aside from 除。。。之外 ask for 请求，要求 on the average 平均，一般来说 right away 立即，马上 back and forth 来回，往返，来来往往地 back off 放，让步，退却 back up 支持，援助 on the basis of 根据 on behalf of 代表，为了 at the best 充其量，至多 get the best of胜过 make the best of 充分利用 for the better 好转，改善 get the better of 打败，智胜had better 最好还是，应该 on board 在船/车飞机上 be bound to 必定，一定 break away 脱离，逃跑 break down 损坏，分解，瓦解 break in 强行进入，闯入，打断break into 闯入 break out 突发，爆发 break through 突破 break up 终止，结束，打碎catch one’s breath 屏息 out of breath 喘不过气来 in brief 简而言之 bring about 带来，造成 bring down 打倒，挫伤 bring forth 产生，提出 bring forward 提出 bring out 使出现，公布 bring to 使恢复知觉 bring up 教育，培养，使成长build up 积累，树立，逐步建立 in bulk 散装，大批 burn out烧掉 burn up烧完，烧尽 call for 邀请，要求，需要 call forth 唤起，引起
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