新航标职业英语 提高级 第二册 unit Text A

Text A Effects of the Automobile on the World

Paragraph 1

During the 20th century, the automobile rapidly developed from an expensive toy for the rich into a practical vehicle for transport in most developed countries. (topic sentence) In developing countries, the practical uses of the automobile are catching up. The development of the automobile introduced sweeping(wide in range or effect 影响大的；彻底的；广泛的) changes in employment patterns, social interaction( reciprocal action or influence 交流，交往；互动), infrastructure(基础设施（如运输、通信和银行体系等）；基础结构) and goods distribution.

Paragraph 2

However, the effects of the automobile on everyday life have become a subject of controversy(争论；辩论；争议).(topic sentence) The introduction of the mass-produced automobile certainly began a revolution in mobility and convenience, but the large number of cars in use is contributing to the depletion of non-renewable fuels, thousands of road accident deaths and injuries, social isolation, a rise in obesity, and increased air and noise pollution.

Paragraph 3

Access and Convenience

Worldwide, the automobile has allowed us easier access to far places. However, the average journey time has increased in large cities as a result of widespread automobile use. This is due to traffic jams and the increased distances between home and work brought about by urban expansion

Economic Changes

Paragraph 4

As an economic factor, the development of the automobile has contributed to changes in employment, goods distribution, shopping patterns, social interactions, manufacturing priorities and city planning.

Aside from industries, one of the most visible effects the automobile has had on the world is the huge increase in the number of roads. For example, between 1921 and 1941, the United States spent US $40 billion on roads, increasing(结果状语) the length of roads from 387,000 miles (619,000 kilometers) to over 1,000,000 miles (1.6 million kilometers), and that doesn’t even take road widening into account!

Environmental Impact

Paragraphs 6&7

Automobiles are a major source of air and noise pollution. The use of automobiles makes up 20 to 25 percent of the carbon dioxide emissions that are believed to be causing global climate change.

With increased road-building, came bad effects on wildlife habitats. Road construction through sensitive habitat areas can damage ecosystems and increase the risk of flooding. Cultural Changes

Paragraph 8

The car has also had a significant effect on the culture of the middle class. Automobiles were incorporated into all parts of life from music to books to movies. Having a car has become associated with independence, freedom, and increased social status.

Paragraph 9

Because of the automobile, cities grew faster and suburbs in automobile-intensive cultures developed more quickly. Unfortunately, these developing suburbs created few local jobs, so people had to travel longer distances to work each day.

Changes to Urban Society

Paragraph 10

Another change brought about(定语) by the automobile is that today’s urban people must be more careful than ever before. In the past, people crossing(定语) the street had only to worry about relatively slow moving streetcars. But now, at the risk of injury or even death, they have to watch out for cars moving at high speeds.

1. vehicle: n.车辆，交通工具9. revolution:n. 革命

2. sweeping:a. 彻底的，广泛的10. mobility: n. 活动性，灵活性

3. pattern: n. 模式11. depletion: n.消耗，损耗

4. interaction: n. 交流，交往12. non-renewable: a.（能源）不可再生的

5. infrastructure: n. 基础设施13. isolation:n. 隔离，孤立，分离

6. distribution: n. 分配，分布14. obesity:n. 肥胖，肥大

7.controversy: n.争论，辩论15. urban: a. 城市的，市内的

8. mass-produced: a. 大批生产的16. expansion:n. 扩张，膨胀

17. manufacturing: n. 制造业26. contribute to 对......起促进作用；导致

18.priority:n 优先27.(gain/get)access to... 到达某地；取得（接近）

19. widening: n.加宽，扩展28. bring about 引起......

20. impact：n.冲击，影响29. aside from 除......以外

21. habitat: n.植物的生长地，动物的栖息地30. have an effect on 对......有影响

22. ecosystem:n. 生态系统31. take...into account 把......考虑在内

23. incorporate: v. 把（某物）并入，包含，吸收32. make up 形成，组成

24. intensive: a.集中的，加强的33. the middle class中产阶级

25. catch up 赶上34. be associated with 与......有关系

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新航标职业英语 提高级 第二册 unit Text A

Text A Effects of the Automobile on the World Paragraph 1 During the 20th century, the automobile rapidly developed from an expensive toy for the rich into a practical vehicle for transport in most developed countries. (topic sentence) In developing countries, the practical uses of the automobile are catching up. The development of the automobile introduced sweeping(wide in range or effect 影响大的；彻底的；广泛的) changes in employment patterns, social interaction( reciprocal action or influence 交流，交往；互动), infrastructure(基础设施（如运输、通信和银行体系等）；基础结构) and goods distribution. Paragraph 2 However, the effects of the automobile on everyday life have become a subject of controversy(争论；辩论；争议).(topic sentence) The introduction of the mass-produced automobile certainly began a revolution in mobility and convenience, but the large number of cars in use is contributing to the depletion of non-renewable fuels, thousands of road accident deaths and injuries, social isolation, a rise in obesity, and increased air and noise pollution. Paragraph 3 Access and Convenience Worldwide, the automobile has allowed us easier access to far places. However, the average journey time has increased in large cities as a result of widespread automobile use. This is due to traffic jams and the increased distances between home and work brought about by urban expansion Economic Changes Paragraph 4 As an economic factor, the development of the automobile has contributed to changes in employment, goods distribution, shopping patterns, social interactions, manufacturing priorities and city planning.