安全工程专业外语翻译
The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components．
（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。）
There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.
（译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。）
The purpose of a driller is to holes.
（译为“钻孔”）
A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.
（译为“车”）
The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components．
（译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。）
There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.
（译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。）
The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines.
（译为“炼钢”，不译“制造刚”。）
An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.
（译为“很大阻力”，不译“高阻力”）
Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater.
物质可以转换为能，能也可以转化为物质。
The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest.
最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。
If A is equal to D, A plus B equals D plus B.
若A=D，则A+B=D+B。
The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes and other components, and this made the equipment very large and bulky.
第一代电子计算机使用真空管和其他元件，这使得设备又大又笨。
Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。
The cost of such a power plant is a relatively small portion of the total cost of the development.
这样一个发电站的修建费用仅占该开发工程总费用的一小部分。
The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe, the diameter of the pipe, and the feature of the inside walls（rough or smooth）。
水管对通过的水流的阻力取决于下列三个因素：管道长度、管道直径、管道内壁的特性（粗糙或光滑）。Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds.
太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生了风。
In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second.
一般来说，金属都是良导体，其中以银为最好，铜次之。
The world of work injury insurance is complex.
工伤保险是复杂的。
Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
任何物质，不论是固体、液体或是气体，都是有原子组成的。
In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest, or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line.
无外力作用，物体则保持静止状态，或作匀速直线运动。
A wire lengthens while it is heated.
金属丝受热则伸长。
Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.
几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。
Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.
不锈钢硬度大、强度高。
A change of state from a solid to a liquid form requires heat energy.
从固态变为液态需要热能。
The term laser stands for amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
“激光”这个术语指的是利用辐射的受激发射放大光波。
Both of the substances are not soluble in water.
这两种物质都不溶于水。
In this case the temperature in furnace is up.
在这种情况下，炉温就升高。
Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.
这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。
The result of this experiment is much better than those of previous ones.
这次实验的结果比前几次的实验结果都好的多。
All structural materials behave plastically above their elastic range.
超过弹性极限时，一切结构材料都会显示出塑性。
The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.
刀具必须具有足够的强度、硬度、韧性和耐磨性。
Both the compounds are acids, the former is strong, the latter is weak.
这两种化合物都是酸，前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。
This man-machine system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.
这种人机系统的主要特点是操作简单，容易维修。
It is demonstrated that dust is extremely hazardous.
已经证实，粉尘具有极大的危害。
The equations below are derived from those above.
下面的方程式是由上面的那些方程式推到出来的。
This experiment was a success.
这个试验是成功的。
The mechanical automatization makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.
机械自动化可以大大地提高劳动生产率。
A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.
直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。
Rapid evaporation at the heating surface tends to make the steam wet.
加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。
Gases differ from liquids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.
气体和固体的区别，在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。
Rubber is a better dielectric but a poorer insulator than air．
橡胶的介电性比空气好，但绝缘性比空气差。
Water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot．
水的密度是每立方英尺62.4磅。
Aluminum is very light in weight，being only One third as heavy as iron．
铝的重量很轻，只有铁的1/3。
The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world
全世界都使用同样的数学计号和符号。
The prevention of many types of occupational diseases is distinctly within the realm of possibility．
许多职业病显然可以预防。
Also present in solids are numbers of free electrons．
固体中也存在着大量的自由电子。
A semiconductor has a poor conductivity at room temperature，but it may become a good conductor at high temperature．
在室温下，半导体导电率差，但在高温下，它可能成为良导体。
The wide applications of computers affect tremendously the development of science and technology．
计算机的广泛应用，对科学技术的影响极大。
CMOS chips in computer work a thousand times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brain．
电脑芯片的工作比人类大脑中的神经细胞要快1000倍。
In Britain the first stand-by gas-turbine electricity generator was in operation in Manchester in 1952．
英国的第一台辅助燃气发电机于1952年在曼彻斯特开始运转。
By 1914 Einstein had gained world fame．
1914年爱因斯坦已成了著名的科学家。
It was an amazing piece of scientific clairvoyance，comparable perhaps to Charles Babbage’S anticipation of the principle of the computer．
这个理论在科学上充满了远见卓识，也许可以跟巴贝奇的计算机原理相提并论。
After more experiments，Galileo succeeded in making a much better telescope．
又做了一些实验之后，伽利略成功地制造了一架好得多的望远镜。
The result of his revolutionary design is that the engine is much smaller，works more smoothly，and has fewer moving parts．由于他在设计上的革新，发动机变得小多了，工作得更平稳了，活动部件也少了。
The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator.
利用发电机可以把机械能重新转变成电能。
Television has been successfully sent by laser，too．
用激光发射电视也获得了成功。
The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man．
太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。
A great contribution of Edison was the carbon microphone．
炭精传声器是爱迪生的一大贡献。
The production had considerable difficulty getting patent protection if it had no patent right．
如果产品没有专利权，要获得专利保护是相当困难的。
Fire protection engineers define the term explosion as an “effect”produced by a sudden violent expansion of gases．消防工程师把爆炸定义为气体瞬时剧烈膨胀的效应。
We take steel as the leading engineering material．
我们把钢作为主要的工程材料。
As known to us，inertia is an absolute quality possessed by all bodies．
正如我们所知，惯性是所有物体都具有的一种绝对属性。
As have been found there are more than a hundred elements
已经发现，元素有一百多种。
Fire deals with such ideas as substance，temperature，explosion and combustion．
火灾涉及到诸如物质、温度、爆炸和燃烧之类的概念。
The weight of an object on the moon is not the same as its weight on the earth．
某一物体在月球上的重量与该物体在地球上的重量不一样。
A vector multiplied by a scalar quantity is a vector in the same direction as the original vector．
乘以标量的矢量是一个与原矢量同向的矢量。
The force of gravitational attraction between two bodies decrease as the distance between them increases．两物体之间的引力随着两物体之间的距离增大而减小。
As liquids and gases flow，they are called fluids．
由于液体和气体能流动，因此称为流体。
The wheel turns as fast as stable．
这只轮子旋转得又快又稳。
The development stage lasts as long as it needs to．
研制阶段需要持续多久，就持续多久。
Complicated as the problem is，it can be worked out in a few minutes by a computer．
尽管那个问题很复杂，计算机能在几分钟内将它解出。
Friction，as the term is understood in mechanics，is the resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact．正如大家在力学中所知，摩擦就是两个相接触的物体产生相对运动的阻力。
We found it necessary to use modern composite materials for tall buildings．
我们认为，采用现代复合材料建造高层建筑是必要的。
It is to reduce accidents that safety valves are designed．
正是为了减少事故，才设计了安全阀。
A new science，safety behavior，has emerged，and it is very closely allied to management and psychology．
出现了一门新兴学科——安全行为学，它与心理学和管理学关系密切。
The light is slowed down as it goes through the lens．
当光线穿入透镜时，速度就减慢下来。
Is a structure safe when loaded? It is a problem to be studied．
结构受载后还安全吗? 这是一个需要研究的问题。
Up to that time wood and stone were still the main building materials.
直到那时，木材和石头仍是主要建筑材料。
Plastics are light and strong and do not rust at all. That is why they find such wide uses in industry．
塑料既轻又牢，毫不生锈。这就是塑料在工业上如此广泛应用的原因。
Mild steel has a high tensile strength，this being 200 times that of concrete．
低碳钢具有很高的抗拉强度，大约是混凝土的抗拉强度的200倍。
Power is the rate that mechanical move is performed at．
功率是作机械运动的速率。
Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms．
物质由分子组成，而分子由原子组成。
An element is a simple substance that cannot be broken up into anything simpler．
元素是一种单质，它不能再分成任何更简单的物质。
Energy takes many forms，but all these forms can be induced to the statement that energy is the capacity to do work．能量具有很多形式，但所有这些形式都可以归纳为这样一句话，即能量是做功的能力。
The idea that energy is conserved is the first law of thermodynamics．
能量守恒这一概念是热力学第一定律。
In 1905 Einstein worked out a theory that matter and energy were not completely different things．
1905年，爱因斯坦提出了一个理论：物质和能量并非完全不同的东西。
One of the advantages of concrete is that it can be easily shaped into any desired form．
混凝土的优点之一在于它易于制成所需的任何形状。
The law of electric current is that an electric current varies directly as the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance．电流定律就是：电流与电压成正比，与电阻成反比。
It is generally believed that oil is derived from marine plant and animal life．
通常认为石油来源于海生动植物。
The climate is very hot and dry that much evaporation takes place．
气候既很炎热又很干燥，因而产生大量的蒸发。
The parts are of enough strength that they may not break in use．
零件具有足够的强度，才不会在使用中破损。
What is large and what is small is only relative．
所谓大和小只是相对的。
hydrogen and oxygen are what make up water．
氢和氧是组成水的元素。
What is worrying the world greatly now is a possible shortage of coal，oil，natural gas，or other sources of fuel in the not too distant future．
现在令全世界所担心的是，在不久的将来可能会出现煤、石油、天然气或其他能源的短缺。
One of the important problems to be solved is what material is most suitable for this particular part．
需要解决的重要问题之一是，对于这个特定的零件用什么材料最合适。
The temperature at the sun’s center is as high as 10, 000, 000℃.
太阳中心的温度高达摄氏一千万度。
This substance reacts three times as fast as the other one．
这一物质的反应速率比另一物质快两倍。
In case of electronic scanning the beam width is broader by a factor of two．
电子扫描时，波束宽度扩大一倍。
Whenever we double the force on a given object，we double the acceleration．
每当作用在某一给定物体上的力增加一倍，加速度也增加一倍。
A temperature rise of 100℃increases the conductivity of a semiconductor by 50 times．
温度上升100℃，半导体的电导率就增加到50倍。
Since the first transatlantic telephone cable was laid the annual total of telephone calls between UK and Canada has increased sevenfold．
自从第一条横跨大西洋的电缆敷设以来，英国与加拿大之间的年通话量增加了6倍。
The amount left was estimated to be again as much as all the zinc that has been mined．
当时估计，剩余的锌储量是已开采量的两倍。
The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions．尺寸相同时，铝的电阻约为铜的一倍半。
The new equipment will reduce the error probability by seven times．
新设备的误差概率将降低到1/7。
The voltage has dropped five times．
电压降低了4/5。
The power output of the machine is twice less than its input．
该机器的输出功率比输入功率小1/2。
The pressure will be reduced to one-fourth of its original value．
压力将减少到原来数值的四分之一。
New booster can increase the pay load by 120﹪．
新型助推器能使有效负荷增加120﹪。
This year the factory has produced 250﹪the number of color TV sets in 1985．
该厂今年生产的彩电是1985年的250﹪。
If a machine part is not well protected. it will become rusty after a period of time.
如果机器部件不好好防护，过一段时间后就会生锈。
Every moment of every day，energy is being transformed from one form into another.
每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式转换成另一种形式。
Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.
润滑能减少摩擦，延长机器寿命。
Modern scientific discoveries lead to the conclusion that energy may be created from matter and that matter in turn，may be created from energy.
近代科学的发现得出这样的结论：物质可以产生能量，能量又可以产生物质。
To explore the moon’s surface，rockets were launched again and again.
为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。
Although the first synthetic materials were created little more than a hundred years ago，they can be found almost everywhere.
虽然第一批合成材料仅在100多年前才研制出来，但现在人们几乎到处都能见至它们。
Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.
大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。
It is believed to be natural that more and more engineers have come to prefer synthetic material to natural material.
愈来愈多的工程人员宁愿用合成材料而不用天然材料，人们相信这是很自然的。
In the watch making industry，the tradition of high precision engineering must be kept.
在钟表制造业中，必须保持高精度工艺的传统。
Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.
已经注意到采取防腐新措施。
The voltage is not controlled in that way.
电压不是用那样的方法控制的。
The metric system is now used by almost all countries in the world.
米制现在被全世界几乎所有的国家采用。
A molecule may be considered as the smallest particle of matter that can exit without changing its nature.
可以认为分子是在不改变物质性质的情况下能够存在的物质的最小微粒。
A color transmission contains the same information as a black and white transmission.
彩色传输所容纳的信息，和黑白传输容纳的信息一样。
Such liquid fuel rockets as are now being used for space research have t0 carry their own supply of oxygen.
像现在用于宇宙研究的这类液态燃料火箭，必须自己携带氧气。
A floating object displaces an amount of water whose weight equals that of the object.
浮体排开一定量的水，其重量等于该浮体的重量。
Gasoline is a fuel whose vapor is readily explosive.
汽油是一种燃料，其油汽很容易爆炸。
A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.
燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧，并放出热量。
There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.
某些金属既能导电，又能磁化。
A force can be shown by a straight line，the length of which stands for the magnitude of the force.
力可以用直线表示，其长度表示力的大小。
This type of meter is called a multimeter，which is used to measure electricity.
这种仪表称为万用表，用来测量电。
3）译成独立句。
Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully，which showed that the computation was accurate.
不过问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算很准确。
Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.
体积小的晶体管使得先前那种大而笨的收音机变得又轻又小。
Aluminum copper alloy which when heat-treated has good strength at high temperature is used for making pistons and cylinder heads for automobiles.
由于铜铝合金经过热处理后具有良好的高温强度，所以用来制造汽车发动机的活塞与气缸盖。
Copper，which is widely used for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance.
铜的电阻很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力。
Friction，which is often considered as a trouble，is sometimes a help in the operation of machines.
摩擦虽然常被认为是一种麻烦，但有时却有助于机器的运转。
4. 译成表示条件的分句
For any machine whose input and output forces are known, its mechanical advantage can be calculated.
对于任何机器来说，如果知其输入力和输出力，就能求出其机械效益。
An improved design of such a large tower must be achieved which results in more uniformed temperature distribution in it.
这种大型塔的设计必须改进，以保证塔内温度分布更为均匀。
6. 译成表示时间的分句
Electricity which is passed through the thin tungsten wire inside the bulb makes the wire very hot.
当电通过灯泡里的细钨丝时，会使钨丝达到很高的温度。
The sun heats the earth，which makes it possible for plants to grow.
太阳供给地球热能，这使植物生长有了可能。
To find the pressure we divide the force by the area on which it presses. which gives us the force per unit area.
欲求得压强，需把力除以它所作用的面积，从而得出单位面积上的压力。
As is mentioned above，the function of the device is wonderful.
如上所述，这种装置的功能十分出色。
These two pipes are not properly aligned，as you can see from that position.
这两根管子没有完全对直，这可以从那个位置上看出来。
The concept of energy leads to the principle of the conservation of energy，which unifies a wide range of phenomena in the physical science.
对能量的理解导致了能量守恒定律，该定律统一了物理科学中相当众多的现象。We have come to the correct conclusion that two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen are united into one volume of steam.
我们已得出正确的结论：两个体积的氢和一个体积的氧化合成一个体积的水蒸气。
Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the results can be obtained without any error.
即使进行的是最精确的实验，也没有希望获得无任何误差的实验结果。
Heat is always given out by one substance and taken in by another when heat-exchange takes place.
热交换发生时，总是某一物质释放热量，另一物质吸收热量。
The earth turns round its axis as it travels around the sun.
地球一面绕太阳运行，一面绕地轴回转。
Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。
Heat is always being transferred in one way or another，where there is any difference in temperature.
凡有温差的地方，热都会以这样或那样的方式传输
Where water resources are plentiful，hydroelectric power stations are being built in large numbers.
只要是水源充足的地方，就可以修建大批的电站。
It is hoped that solar energy will find wide application wherever it becomes available.
可以期望，太阳能将得到广泛的利用，以至于任何地方都可以使用。
To launch a space vehicle into orbit, a very big push is needed because the friction of air and the force of gravity are working against it.
要把宇宙飞行器送人轨道，需要施加很大推力，因为空气的摩擦力和地球引力对它起阻碍作用。
Because energy can be changed from one form into another，electricity can be changed into heat energy，mechanical energy，light energy，etc.
能量能从一种形式转换成另一种形式，所以电可以转变为热能、机械能、光能等。
Unless you know the length of one side of a square or a cube, you can not find out the square’s area or the cube’s volume. 除非已知一个正方形或一个正方体的边长，否则就无法求出这个正方形的面积或这个正方体的体积。
Iron or steel parts will rust，if they are unprotected.
铁件或钢件是会生锈的，如果不加保护的话。
Though we get only a relatively small part of the total power radiated from the sun，what we get is much more than enough for our needs.
虽然我们仅得到太阳辐射总能量的一小部分，但是，与我们的实际需要量相比，这已绰绰有余了。
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed although its form can be changed.
能量既不能创造，也不能消失，尽管其形式可以转变。
The imitation of living systems，be it direct or indirect，is very useful for devising machines，hence the rapid development of bionics.
对生物的模仿不管是直接的还是间接的，对于机械设计者都很有用处，因此仿生学才迅速发展。
A rocket must attain a speed of about five miles per second so that it may put a satellite in orbit.
火箭必须获得每秒大约5英里的速度以便把卫星送入轨道。
All the pans for this kind of machine must be made of especially strong materials in order that they will not break while in use.
为了使用时不致断裂，这种机器的所有部件都应该用特别坚固的材料制成。
Electronic computers work so fast that they can solve a very difficult problem in a few seconds.
电子计算机工作如此迅速，一个很难的题目几秒钟内就能解决。
通信工程专业英语翻译
通信工程专业英语翻译 JXTA is a crystallization by Sun company's chief scientist Bill Joy's more than twenty years of brewing."JXTA technology is a platform for Network programming and calculation.To solve the modern distribution calculation especially peer-to-peer (Peer to Peer, P2P) in the calculation of the problem".[1] JXTA research project,which will provide a new framework that make the user more convenient to access to connect on the Internet's personal computer resources, thus further expand Internet 's space. At the same time JXTA is also the Sun's "ONE Internet" strategic continuance, and will take a more positive attitude to compete with the .net strategy of Microsoft and Hailstorm plan . JXTA agreement defines a set of six agreement based on XML, the organization of node into node group, release and found some resources, communication and mutual monitoring provides standardized method.(Endpoint Routing Protocol,ERP) is used for node found routing.To send a message to other nodes, and through the potential firewall and connection.(Rendezvous Protocol,RVP) s used for the nodes in the group to spread information.(Peer Resolver Protocol,PRP) is Used to one or more points to send general inquiries, and receive the response of inquiries.
工业工程专业英语词汇及表达
Professional Words and Expressions 1. a code of ethics 道德规范 2.absolute accuracy 绝对精度 3.abstract n. 摘要 4.accountant n. 会计（员），会计师 5.action learning 行动学习 6.adherence n. 忠诚 7.afterwards adv. 之后，以后，后来 8.AGV(Automated Guided Vehicles) 自动导航小车 9.aligning results 校正结果 10.alternation ranking method 交替排序法 11.AM(Agile Manufacturing)敏捷制造 12.analyst n. 分析者；善于分析者；分解者 13.anatomical adj. 解剖的，解剖学 14.annual bonus 年终分红 15.anthropometric adj. 人体测量的 16.anthropometry n. 人体测量学 17.appeal n. 申诉，请求，呼吁，上诉，要求 18.application forms 工作申请表 19.appraisal interview 评价面试 20.appreciation n. 正确评价 21.aptitudes n. 资质
22.arbitration n. 仲裁 23.architecture n. 结构，构造 24.arena n. 舞台，竞技场 25.assembly line 装配线 26.assessment n. （为征税对财产所作的）估价，评估 27.assurance 确信，断言，保证 28.attract vt. 动手处理（某事）；攻击，抨击 29.attainment n. 到达 30.attendance incentive plan 参与式激励计划 31.audit n. 审计，稽核，查账 32.auditor n. 审计员，核数师 33.authority n. 职权 34.awkward adj. 难使用的，笨拙的 35.backdates vt. 回溯 36.batch production 批量生产 37.be prone to 倾向于…… 38.behavior modeling 行为模拟 39.behaviorally anchored rating scale（bars）行为锚定等级评价法 40.below contributor 贡献较小的人员 41.benchmark job 基准职位 42.benchmarking n. 【计】基准 43.benefits n. 福利
安全工程专业英语部分翻译
Unit 1 safety management system Accident causation models 事故致因理论 Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件 Machine guarding 机械保护装置 House-keeping 工作场所管理 Top management 高层管理人员 Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型 Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效 Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员 Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化 Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查 Lower-level management 低层管理者 Business performance 组织绩
效 Most senior executive 高级主管 Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识 Safety performance 安全性能 One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” 译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management. 译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。 Unit 2 System Safety Engineering System safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果
工业工程专业英语1-3单元翻译
Professional English for Industrial Engineering Chapter1 Unit3翻译 姓名： 专业：工业工程 班级： 学号： 完成日期：2015-10-31
Chapter 1 Unit 3 Academic Disciplines of Industrial Engineering 五大主要工程学科和它们的发展 在美国，有五个主要工程学科（土木、化学、电工、工业、机械），它们是早在第一次世界大战时就出现的工程分支学科。这些进步是世界范围内发生的工业革命的一部分，并且在技术革命的开始阶段仍在发生。 随着第二次世界大战的发展导致了其他工程学科的发展，比如核工程，电子工程，航空工程，甚至是电脑工程。太空时代导致了航空工程的发展。最近对环境的关注使得环境工程和生态工程也得到了发展。这些更新的工程学科经常被认为是专长学科包含“五大”学科，即土木，化学，电工，工业，和机械工程里的一种或多种。 和美国的情况不同，工业工程在中国属于第一层级管理科学和工程学科下面的第二级别的学科。 IE学科的开端 学科后来演变成工业工程学科是最初在机械工程系被作为特殊课程教的。首个工业工程的分部在1908年的宾夕法尼亚州大学和雪城大学被建立。（在宾夕法尼亚州的项目是短期存在的，但是它在1925年又重建了）一个在普渡大学的机械工程的IE选科在1911年被建立。一个更完整的工业工程学院项目的历史可能在资料中被找到。 在机械工程部有一个IE选科的实践是主要的模式直到第二次世界大战的结束，并且分离出来的IE部在整个上个世纪里的文理学院和综合大学里被建立。 早在第二次世界大战的时候，在工业工程方面，只有很少的毕业生水平的研究。一旦分开的学部建立之后，学士和博士级别的项目开始出现。 现代IE的教育—分支学科 今天，与过去相比，工业工程对于不同的人来说意味着不同的东西。实际上，一个发展一个突出的现代工业工程的方法是通过获得在它的分支学科和它怎么联系到其他领域的理解。如果在分支学科和工业工程相关联的领域之间有清楚的
通信工程项目毕业材料外文翻译
用于多跳认知无线电网络的分布式网络编码控制信道 Alfred Asterjadhi等著 1 前言 大多数电磁频谱由政府机构长期指定给公司或机构专门用于区域或国家地区。由于这种资源的静态分配，许可频谱的许多部分在许多时间和/或位置未使用或未被充分利用。另一方面，几种最近的无线技术在诸如IEEE802.11，蓝牙，Zigbee之类的非许可频段中运行，并且在一定程度上对WiMAX进行操作;这些技术已经看到这样的成功和扩散，他们正在访问的频谱- 主要是2.4 GHz ISM频段- 已经过度拥挤。为了为这些现有技术提供更多的频谱资源，并且允许替代和创新技术的潜在开发，最近已经提出允许被许可的设备（称为次要用户）访问那些许可的频谱资源，主要用户未被使用或零星地使用。这种方法通常被称为动态频谱接入（DSA），无线电设备发现和机会性利用未使用或未充分利用的频谱带的能力通常称为认知无线电（CR）技术。 DSA和CR最近都引起了无线通信和网络界的极大关注。通常设想两种主要应用。第一个是认知无线接入（CW A），根据该认知接入点，认知接入点负责识别未使用的许可频谱，并使用它来提供对次用户的接入。第二个应用是我们在这个技术中研究的应用，它是认知自组织网络（CAN），也就是使用 用于二级用户本身之间通信的无许可频谱，用于诸如点对点内容分发，环境监控，安全性等目的，灾难恢复情景通信，军事通信等等。 设计CAN系统比CW A有更多困难，主要有两个原因。第一是识别未使用的频谱。在CW A中，接入点的作用是连接到互联网，因此可以使用简单的策略来推断频谱可用性，例如查询频谱调节器在其地理位置的频谱可用性或直接与主用户协商频谱可用性或一些中间频谱经纪人另一方面，在CAN中，与频谱调节器或主要用户的缺乏直接通信需要二级用户能够使用检测技术自己识别未使用的频谱。第二个困难是辅助用户协调媒体访问目的。在CW A中存在接入点和通常所有二级用户直接与之通信（即，网络是单跳）的事实使得直接使用集中式媒体接入控制（MAC）解决方案，如时分多址（TDMA）或正交频分多址（OFDMA）。相反，预计CAN将跨越多跳，缺少集中控制器;而对于传统的单通道多跳自组织网络而言，这个问题的几个解决方案是已知的，因为假设我们处理允许设备访问的具有成
工厂英语
公司英语 -----教育训练部一:常用术语 Hon Hai 鸿海 CMM Component module move 机动组件整合 CEM Contract Manufaction service 合约委托代工 IBSC Internet Business Solution Center 国际互联网应用中心PCEG Personal Computer Enclosure group 个人计算机外设事业群（FOXTEQ） CCBG Connector&cable business group CPBG Competition business group ESBG Enterprise system business group 鸿富锦事业群 SABG system assembly business group 系统组装事业群 NWE Net Work Enclosure NSE Network system enclosure NSG Network system group NFE Network flexible enclosure Foxcavity = HZ = Hong Zhun 鸿准 Stamping tool shop I 冲模一厂 Stamping tool shop II 冲模二厂 Prototype workshop 样品中心 Steel factory 裁剪厂 PCE molding tooling workshop PCE塑模厂 Hua Nan test and measurement center 华南检测中心 MPE mobile phone enclosure MPE MBE mobile phone and notebook enclosure 明塑厂 MGE Alloy magnesium alloy enclosure 镁合金 Engineer standard 工标 Document center (database center)资料中心 Design Center 设计中心 Painting 烤漆(厂) Assembly组装(厂) Stamping 冲压(厂) Education and Training教育训练 proposal improvement/creative suggestion提案改善
安全工程专业英语词汇及翻译(司鹄版)
Unit6 Industry hygiene工业卫生physical hazard物理危害、物质危害nonionizing radiation非电离辐射adverse effects副作用loud noise嘈杂的声音chemical bum化学烧伤live electrical circuits 带电电路confined space密闭空间hearing loss听力丧失physical or mental disturbance身体或精神障碍annoyance烦恼power tools电动工具impulse脉冲sound level meter噪声计jet engine喷气式发动机time-weighted average时间加权平均heat stress热应力、热威胁shivering 颤抖hard labor辛苦工作fatigued疲劳的living tissue活组织plastic sealer塑料密封机biological hazard生物危害potable water饮用水sewage污水physical contact身体接触allergic reaction 过敏反应severe pain剧烈疼痛manual handing手工处理airborne空中的on a daily basis每天hazard communication standard危害通识规定stipulation规定、条款trade name商标名 工业卫生被定义为：“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术，这些压力产生或来自与工作场所，能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或是工程或社区居民的工作效率不高，并使他们感觉到很不舒服。（P67） 当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失，使身体或精神发生紊乱，对语言交流产生干扰，或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时，它是一种非常严重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的声音，它通常是一种强度变化但不包括任何信息的声音。他干扰人们对正常声音的辨别，可能是有害的，能使人烦恼，并干扰人们说话。（P68） Unit9 Accident investigation事故调查after-the-fact事实背后的take an investigation进行调查fact-finding process寻找事实的过程insurance carrier保险公司/承保人plance blame推卸责任permanent total disability永久全部劳动力丧失for simplicity为简单起见accident prevention 事故预防investigation procedures调查过程fact finding寻找事实operating procedures flow diagrams操作过程流程图maintenance chart维修图表bound notebook活页笔记本physical or chemical law物理或化学定律table of contens 目录narrative叙事的counter-measure干预措施 调查人员在调查过程中从各方面收集证据，从证人、旁观者及一些相关报道中得到信息，在事故发生后尽快的找目击证人谈话，在事故现场遭到改变前进行检查，对事故场景进行拍照并绘制草图，记录与地形相关的所有数据，并将所有的报道复印保存。记录常规的操作流程图、维修图表或对困难、异常现象的报告等非常有用。在活页笔记本中完整准确地记录。记录事故发生前的环境、事故顺序及事故发生后的环境情况等。另外，记录伤者、证人、机械能量来源和危害物质的位置。（P119） Unit10 Safety electricity安全用电electrical equipment电力设备fuse puller保险丝夹break contact断开接点/触电hot side高压端load side 负荷端line side线路/火线端groundfault circuit Interrupt 漏电保护器ground fault接地故障receptacle电源插座hot bubs热水澡桶underwater lighting水底照明fountains 人工喷泉ungrounded（hot）conductor 未接地（高压）单体/火线neutral conductor中性导体fault current载荷中心panelboard 配电板branch-circuit分支电路CB一种多功能插座plug-in插入式 上锁/挂牌成套设备也是可用的。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有必须满足OSHA上锁/挂牌标准的组件。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有可重复使用的危险标签、临时悬挂标志、各种闭锁、锁、磁性标志、及与上锁/挂牌相关的信息。无论什么原因停下工作或当天不能完成工作时，在返回
英语 安全工程专业翻译
Unit1 Safety Management Systems 1. Accident Causation Models The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions，and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s
5G无线通信网络中英文对照外文翻译文献
5G无线通信网络中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
翻译： 5G无线通信网络的蜂窝结构和关键技术 摘要 第四代无线通信系统已经或者即将在许多国家部署。然而，随着无线移动设备和服务的激增，仍然有一些挑战尤其是4G所不能容纳的，例如像频谱危机和高能量消耗。无线系统设计师们面临着满足新型无线应用对高数据速率和机动性要求的持续性增长的需求，因此他们已经开始研究被期望于2020年后就能部署的第五代无线系统。在这篇文章里面，我们提出一个有内门和外门情景之分的潜在的蜂窝结构，并且讨论了多种可行性关于5G无线通信系统的技术，比如大量的MIMO技术，节能通信，认知的广播网络和可见光通信。面临潜在技术的未知挑战也被讨论了。 介绍 信息通信技术（ICT）创新合理的使用对世界经济的提高变得越来越重要。无线通信网络在全球ICT战略中也许是最挑剔的元素，并且支撑着很多其他的行业，它是世界上成长最快最有活力的行业之一。欧洲移动天文台（EMO）报道2010年移动通信业总计税收1740亿欧元,从而超过了航空航天业和制药业。无线技术的发展大大提高了人们在商业运作和社交功能方面通信和生活的能力无线移动通信的显著成就表现在技术创新的快速步伐。从1991年二代移动通信系统(2G)的初次登场到2001年三代系统（3G）的首次起飞，无线移动网络已经实现了从一个纯粹的技术系统到一个能承载大量多媒体内容网络的转变。4G无线系统被设计出来用来满足IMT-A技术使用IP面向所有服务的需求。在4G系统中，先进的无线接口被用于正交频分复用技术（OFDM），多输入多输出系统（MIMO）和链路自适应技术。4G无线网络可支持数据速率可达1Gb/s的低流度，比如流动局域无线访问，还有速率高达100M/s的高流速，例如像移动访问。LTE系统和它的延伸系统LTE-A，作为实用的4G系统已经在全球于最近期或不久的将来部署。 然而，每年仍然有戏剧性增长数量的用户支持移动宽频带系统。越来越多的
公司英语词汇大全(doc 14页)
公司英语 -----教育训练部 一:常用术语 Hon Hai 鸿海 CMM Component module move 机动组件整合 CEM Contract Manufaction service 合约委托代工 IBSC Internet Business Solution Center 国际互联网应用中心 PCEG Personal Computer Enclosure group 个人计算机外设事业群（FOXTEQ）CCBG Connector&cable business group CPBG Competition business group ESBG Enterprise system business group 鸿富锦事业群 SABG system assembly business group 系统组装事业群 NWE Net Work Enclosure NSE Network system enclosure NSG Network system group NFE Network flexible enclosure Foxcavity = HZ = Hong Zhun 鸿准 Stamping tool shop I 冲模一厂 Stamping tool shop II 冲模二厂 Prototype workshop 样品中心 Steel factory 裁剪厂 PCE molding tooling workshop PCE塑模厂 Hua Nan test and measurement center 华南检测中心 MPE mobile phone enclosure MPE MBE mobile phone and notebook enclosure 明塑厂 MGE Alloy magnesium alloy enclosure 镁合金 Engineer standard 工标 Document center (database center)资料中心 Design Center 设计中心 Painting 烤漆(厂) Assembly组装(厂) Stamping 冲压(厂) Education and Training教育训练 proposal improvement/creative suggestion提案改善 Technological exchange and study 技术交流研习会 Technology and Development Committee 技术发展委员会 BS Brain Storming 脑力激荡 QCC Quality Control Circle 品质圈
安全工程专业外语翻译
The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components． （译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。） There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology. （译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。） The purpose of a driller is to holes. （译为“钻孔”） A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes. （译为“车”） The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components． （译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。） There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology. （译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。） The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines. （译为“炼钢”，不译“制造刚”。） An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes. （译为“很大阻力”，不译“高阻力”） Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater. 物质可以转换为能，能也可以转化为物质。 The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest. 最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。 If A is equal to D, A plus B equals D plus B. 若A=D，则A+B=D+B。 The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes and other components, and this made the equipment very large and bulky. 第一代电子计算机使用真空管和其他元件，这使得设备又大又笨。 Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 The cost of such a power plant is a relatively small portion of the total cost of the development. 这样一个发电站的修建费用仅占该开发工程总费用的一小部分。 The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe, the diameter of the pipe, and the feature of the inside walls（rough or smooth）。 水管对通过的水流的阻力取决于下列三个因素：管道长度、管道直径、管道内壁的特性（粗糙或光滑）。Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds. 太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生了风。 In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second. 一般来说，金属都是良导体，其中以银为最好，铜次之。 The world of work injury insurance is complex. 工伤保险是复杂的。 Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或是气体，都是有原子组成的。 In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest, or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. 无外力作用，物体则保持静止状态，或作匀速直线运动。 A wire lengthens while it is heated. 金属丝受热则伸长。 Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。
安全工程专业外语翻译
Unit 1 Safety Management Systems 安全管理体系 1.Accident Causation Models 1.事故致因理论 The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment. 安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。在制定预防性计划时，了解为什么、怎样做和其他意外事故的发展是十分重要的。事故致因理论旨在阐明事故现象，和解释事故的机理。所有现代理论都是基于试图解释事件发生、发展过程和最终引起损失的事故致因理论。在古老的时期，事故被看做是上帝的行为并且几乎没有预防的方法去阻止他们。在20世纪开始的时候，人们开始相信差的物理条件是事故发生的根源。安全从业人员集中注意力在提高机器监护、维护和清理上。在大多数情况下，一件事故的发生主要有两个原因：人类的行为和物理或者社会环境。 Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions，and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays，this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work. 彼得森根据管理体系中个人的行为结合当地的环境扩充了事故致因理论。他的结论是像不安全行为、不安全情况是一些错误的组织管理系统导致事故的征兆。另外，他指出，高层管理人员负责建立一个能够有效控制危险源有关组织。一个人出现的错误可能是有意的或者是无意的。拉斯姆森和杰森已经提出了三个层次的技能规则知识模型来描述不同种类的人错误的起源。如今，这种模式已经成为在工作中检验人的错误的标准之一。 Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919，based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely
外文翻译通信工程英文的毕业设计论文
编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （译文） 学院：信息与通信学院 专业：通信工程 学生姓名： 学号： 指导教师单位：信息与通信学院 姓名： 职称： 2014年 2 月9 日 Radio network planning process and methods for WCDMA Abstract This paper describes the system dimensioning and the radio network planning methodology for a third generation WCDMA system. The applicability of each method is demonstrated using examples of likely system scenarios. The challenges of
modeling the multiservice environment are described and the implications to the system performance simulations are introduced. Keywords: Telecommunication network planning, Mobile radio- communication, Code division multiple access, Wide band transmission, Multiple service network, Dimensioning, Simulator, Static model, Dynamic model, Cellular network. Resume(?) Contents I.Introduction II. Initial planning, system dimensioning III. Detailed planning process IV. Example dimensioning case and verification of dimensioning with static simulations V. Comparison of a static to a dynamic network simulator VI. Conclusion INTRODUCTION As the launch of third generation technology approaches, operators are forming strategies for the deployment of their networks. These strategies must be supported by realistic business plans both in terms of future service demand estimates and the requirement for investment in network infrastructure. Evaluating the requirement for network infrastructure can be achieved using system dimensioning tools capable of assessing both the radio access and the core network components. Having found an attractive business opportunity, system deployment must be preceded by careful network planning. The network planning tool must be capable of accurately modeling the system behaviour when loaded with the expected traffic profile. The third generation cellular systems will offer services well beyond the capabilities of today's networks. The traffic profile, as well as the radio access technology itself form the two most significant challenges when dimensioning and planning a WCDMA based third generation system. The traffic profile describes the mixture of services being used by the population of users. There are also specific system functionalities which must be modelled including fast power control and soft handover. In order to accurately predict the radio coverage the system eatures associated with WCDMA must be taken into account in the network modeling process. Especially the channel characterization, and interference control mechanisms in the case of any CDMA system must be considered. In WCDMA network multiple services co-exist. Different services (voice, data) have different processing gains, Eb/N0 performance and thus different receiver SNR requirements. In addition to those the WCDMA coverage depends on the load characterization, hand over parameterization, and power control effects. In current second generation systems' coverage planning processes the base station sensitivity is constant and the coverage threshold is the same for each base station. In the case of WCDMA the coverage threshold is dependent on the number of users and used bit rates in all cells, thus it