国际商务英语课文电子版lesson13,14,15合集

国际商务英语课文电子版lesson13--- lesson15

Lesson 13

One of the major differences between domestic trade and foreign trade is documentation (单据的使用). Every shipment must be accompanied by a number of correct documents. If they are not the correct ones, the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of 提货the goods,

discrepancy不同, even in minor details, between the documents presented and those specified in the credit may lead to refusal by the bank to make payment. Different documents are required for different transactions, depending on the nature of the deal, the term of delivery, the type of commodity, stipulations of credit, regulations and practices in different countries, etc. However, most transactions require the following major documents.

The commercial invoice：Generally called “the invoice” for short, this document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. It constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared制作, and the banks check the conformity between credit terms and documents 单证一致and the conformity between the documents单单一致. A commercial invoice normally include the following contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks唛头, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter. It should be noted that the description of the goods in the invoice must comply with the credit while in other documents the goods can be described in general terms, and that the total invoice value should not exceed the total amount of the covering（适用的）L/C.

The packing list （is a document that）gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net weight and gross weight etc. Sometimes the credit stipulates for specification list规格清单which is similar to the packing list but emphasizes the description of the specifications of the goods. The weight list, weight note, or weight memo are also similar to the packing list in content and function but emphasis on the weight of the goods and are generally used for goods which are based on the weight for price calculation.

The Bill of lading is one of the most important documents and has three major functions: 1. It serves carrier and issued to the shipper or consignor; 2. It

）between the carrier and the consignor; 3. It is a

and the legal holder 合法持有人of the bill of lading is the owner of the goods it covers.

The major contents of the bill of lading include: 1. the carrier, i. e. the shipping company; 2. the shipper or consignor, it is normally the exporter; 3. the consignee收货人. It is generally

either the importer or made out “to order”; 4. the notify party, i. e. the party to be advised通知after arrival of the goods at the port of destination. It is often the agent of the consignee or the consignee himself. 5. a general description of the goods including the name, number of packages, weight,measurement 尺寸etc. 6. shipping marks; 7. the port of shipment and the port of destination; 8. the freight运费, for CIF and CFR it should be “freight prepaid”, or “freight paid”, for FOB it should be “freight to collect”, or “freight to be paid”, or “freight payable at destination”.

9. the place where the bill of lading is issued; 10. the date when the bill of lading is issued which is regarded as the time of shipment交货时间(time of delivery) and can by no means (never) be later than that stipulated in the credit.

There are quite a few types of bills of lading most

l etters of credit stipulate for “clean, on board bill of lading”. which states (indicate) that the goods have been shipped in apparent (表面上) good order and condition. It is meant that the document is devoid of没有any qualifying remarks 批注性话语concerning the packing and the outer appearance of the goods. And the carrier admits full

be presented by the seller under the term CFR and CIF.

The document similar to the ocean bill of lading海运提单is called airway bill for air transportation and railway bill, cargo receipt etc. for railway transportation.

The insurance policy and the insurance certificate are similar in function, the only difference being that the latter is a bit simpler than the former. The main contents of such insurance documents include: 1. the insured. Under CIF terms, the insured is generally the beneficiary of the credit unless otherwise specified, while under CFR and FOB terms，the insured is usually the importer. 2. cargo description including name, quantity, weight, shipping marks etc .

3. the amount insured and the risks covered 险别. It should be noted that the currency of the amount insured should be the same as that of the credit.

4. contents concerning transportation including the carrying vessel, the port of shipment and the port of destination, the sailing date起航日期etc.

5. the place where claims are to be settled (settle a claim索赔地点). Unless otherwise specified in the credit, the port of destination is taken as the place for settling claims.

6. the date on which the document is issued. It can be made earlier but by no means later than the date of the bill of lading.

Various certificates may be required depending on the nature of the commodity and the stipulations of the specific countries. The major types are certificate of quality; certificate of weight; certificate of quantity; certificate of health; certificate of disinfection; veterinary certificate; certificate of origin（原）产地证明; etc.

Other documents that may be required are customs invoice, consular invoice, consular visa, shipping advice装船通知etc.

Lesson 14

Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society. It

moved to the location where they are needed and wanted, such as groceries moved to a supermarket. You, in turn, must use some form of movement to get to the supermarket to buy

The freight system includes several distinct forms of transportation, called modes. The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages

mode enjoys For example, water transportation is usually used to move goods of low-value, and in large quantity. Low value reduces the transportation urgency, and the large quantity is especially suited for the volume loading and unloading machinery used at dockside.

All the modes and their representative carriers play important roles in the overall transportation system.

Three types of carrier ownership are legal forms of transportation: (1) common carriers, (2) and (3) private carriers.

are privately or publicly owned companies(committed to) performing (providing) a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis(and without discrimination).

Individual contracts may be arranged (signed) between transportation users (shippers) and carriers. With the formal agreement (contract), the transportation company becomes a contract carrier. The contract usually covers a specific time period and includes a description of the products to be transported and the locations to be serviced (covered, transported) (the starting point and destination).

The past decade has seen (witnessed) an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability and become private carriers (自有承运人). The primary mode of private transport is truck. Peculiarities (独特性) in operation, desires for total distribution control, cost economies (成本节约), and stringent (strict) service requirements are the major reasons for this trend.

Transportation plays a major role in the production process. It allows the entrepreneur to assemble(collect) more easily the raw material and

product. The same transportation system moved

unfinished product)to other producers for subsequent use in their production process, and

moves finished products (制成品) to consumers.

The most important contribution that transportation has made to the production process is that, by widening the market areas that a producer can reach, it has encouraged the introduction (adoption 采用) of more efficient, larger-scale production techniques. Substantial economies of scale (规模经济) have been achieved, and these have resulted in reduced unit production costs （单位生产成本）. This saving（节省）in per-unit production costs has often more than offset （抵消）the per-unit transportation cost involved in reaching more distant markets.

As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would if small communities had to be totally self-sufficient. Transportation has also allowed us to trade with countries throughout the world; and this commercial intercourse has helped to eliminate (remove) many barriers between nations.

One thing that makes international transportation different from domestic transportation is that movements between countries are accompanied (attached) by many more documents than is the case for domestic shipments. The amount of documentation required is determined by the product being shipped, its origin, and its destination.

Transportation is an exciting and dynamic aspect of our economy. It has been changing at an ever-accelerating (speed up) pace since the 1980s. Every indication was that this trend has continued. There are four factors that are substantially changing the transportation industry.

Transportation Deregulation (放松管制)

Before deregulation, government regulatory agencies, in effect, controlled carriers rates（承运费率）and the service offerings（提供的服务品种）that carriers made available to the public. Innovation was not encouraged. Now that deregulation has removed the shackles（束缚）of control, both shippers and carriers are free to negotiate th e(carrier) rate and service packages (一揽子服务) to meet the needs of both parties. Hence, both shippers and carriers are now free to innovate as much as their imagination allows.

Just-in-Time Inventory Systems

A second factor that has thrust（push）the transportation function into the limelight (focus) in recent years is the growing utilization (use) of just-in-time inventory systems. They are based on a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs. The utilization of this system has placed great pressure on the supplier’s transportation system because the supplier must be able to deliver products exactly when the customer requires them.

Competition Based on High Levels of Customer Service (after-sale service)

Many areas of business are mature, which means that product innovations do not take place frequently. Therefore, from a marketing point of view, competition often shifts (move) to price considerations. Another alternative (choice) is to compete on the level of customer service that is provided to each customer. This service involves ensuring that the product will arrive when wanted, in the right quantities, and in undamaged condition.

Globalization of Business

A final factor that has had a positive impact on the transportation function is the globalization of business. More and more companies purchase their production inputs anywhere

in the world where the best quality for the price (性价比最高) can be found. The entire world is a potential market for their products. In this worldwide environment, the transportation of both production inputs and finished products presents a special challenge to distribution managers, and for all the companies the need to competitively serve world markets will require a more sophisticated (advanced) logistics system.

Lesson 15 Insurance

A brief survey of insurance literature(文献，图书资料) reveals (shows, indicate) differences of opinion concerning how the term should be defined. In whatever way the term is defined, insurance is a social device（mechanism机制）in which a group of individuals transfer risk （转移风向）and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by (devoted by, given by) all members who transferred risk. Those who transfer risk are called insureds/assured. Those who assume (承担) risk are called insurers/underwriter/insurance company.

Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, whereby the individual or the business enterprise can shift (transfer) some of the uncertainty (不确定性) of life onto the shoulders of others. In return for a known premium(保费), usually a very small amount compared with the potential loss, the cost of that loss can be transferred to an insurer. Without insurance, there would be a great deal of uncertainty experienced by an individual or an enterprise, not only as to (about) whether a loss would occur, but also as to what size it would be if it did occur.

For example, a house-owner will realize that each year several hundred houses are damaged by fire. His uncertainty is whether in the coming year his house will be one of those damaged, and he is also uncertain whether, given that(假如) he will be one of the unlucky ones, his loss will amount to (reach 达到) a hundred dollars or so for the redecoration of his kitchen or whether the house will be gutted and cost him thousands of dollars to repair. Even though the probability of his house becoming one of the loss statistics is extremely low, the average house-owner will nevertheless select to spend, say $50 to $60 on house insurance, rather than face the extremely remote (very unlikely) possibility of losing a house worth $200 000.

In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss (likely to suffer loss) are usually much higher, and the premium charged (paid) is likely to be substantially (very much) higher than that for a house. Even in those circumstances the majority of (most of) firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.

The insured’s premium is received by the insurer into a fund or pool for that type of risk, and the claims of those suffering losses are paid out of this common pool. Because of the large number of clients in any particular fund or pool the insurance company can predict, with reasonable accuracy (precision), the amount of claims likely to be incurred in the coming year. There will be some variation (difference) in claims costs from year to year and the premiums include a small margin (remainder剩余) to build up a reserve (储备) upon which the company can draw（提取）in bad years.

The main stimulus (motive动机) to enterprise is the release of funds (腾出资金), now available for investment in the productive side of a business, which would otherwise need to be

emergencies (应急储备金)which might put their whole future viability (surviving capability) in jeopardy（put … in danger）. The premium payable (应付的保险金) to an insurer, however, would only be a small funds for emergencies）required because of the pooling arrangements (共同基金的设立), and so most of this money could be invested in new plants, buildings or stock.

destination) are great（地理间距大）, and the transport (is) multi-modal– that is to say, we

great(时间间隔长) between production and consumption. In bridging (connect or reduce the distance between) both the geographical gap and the time gap serious risks have to be run (当跨越这些地理间距和时间间隔时要冒很大的风险）. And it is in this framework that the insurance underwriters （保险商，承诺支付者）operate to carry the risks which otherwise would have to be borne（bear 负担）by the producers.

Cargo insurance is one of the main branches of insurance. These are usually listed as fire, marine, life and accident. The term “marine (insurance)” used to refer to the insurance of ships and their cargoes. Today the movement of cargoes is frequently effected(carry out; done) partly by other modes of transport(运输方式). Where cargo is concerned, “transportation insurance” seems a better term to use today than marine insurance. Goods do not go overseas solely(only) by sea –air transport takes an increasing share of cargo these days. Similarly export cargo moves to the docks by road, rail and inland waterway (内陆水道), while import

realize about transportation insurance is that it is “the handmaiden (侍女) of commerce”(serve commerce 为商业服务). Trade would not cease (stop) if there were no method of insurance available, but the losses would be suffered by those who were unfortunate(unlucky), and not shared out equally among all traders. By paying a premium into an insurance pool, the assured earns the right to claim compensation (索赔) from the pool should he suffer loss (if he should suffer loss). He does not want to “scoop the pool”(get money from the pool - claim) –he would prefer his cargoes to reach their destination safely – but being insured he feels easier (安心的；无忧虑的) about trading: his risks are covered to some extent at least.

Cover – v. 对…进行保险：

Insurance companies try to persuade them to cover themselves against fire.

保险公司试图劝说他们保火险。

As long as you put forward this request, we can cover the Risk of Breakage for you.

只要你提出要求，我们就为你提供破碎保险费。

Effect v. achieve sth and cause it to happen

effect a settlement of a dispute

As a political party they are trying to effect a change in their country.

国际商务英语课文电子版lesson (10)

Lesson10 International Payment Generally speaking, it is not very difficult for buyers and sellers in domestic trade to get to know each other’s financial status and other information, and payment is likely to be made in a straightforward manner, say（for example）by remittance or by debiting the debtor’s account. In international trade, however, things are far more complicated. Purchase and sale of goods and services are carried out beyond national boundaries, which make it rather

difficult for the parties concerned in the transaction to get adequate information about each other’s financial standing and creditworthiness (资信；信誉). Therefore, mutual trust is hard to build. Both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may not fulfill the contract. For the exporter there is the risk of buyer default（不按期付款）. The importer might fail to pay in full for the goods. He might go bankrupt.

商务英语词汇大全(BEC词汇打印版)

商务英语词汇大全abroad adv.在国外，出国，广泛流传 absence n.缺席，离开 absent adj.不在，不参与 absenteeism n.（经常性）旷工，旷职absorb v.吸收，减轻（困难等）作用或影响abstract n.摘要 access n.接近（或进入）的机会，享用权v.获得使用计算机数据库的权利 accommodation n.设施，住宿 account n.会计账目 accountancy n.会计工作 accountant n.会计 accounts n.往来账目 account for解释，说明 account executive n.（广告公司）客户经理accruals n.增值，应计 achieve v.获得或达到，实现，完成acknowledge v.承认，告知已收到（某物），承认某人 acquire v.获得，得到 acquisition n.收购，被收购的公司或股份acting adj.代理的 activity n.业务类型 actual adj.实在的，实际的，确实的 adapt v.修改，适应 adjust v.整理，使适应 administration实施，经营，行政administer v.管理，实施 adopt v.采纳，批准，挑选某人作候选人advertise v.公布，做广告 ad n.做广告，登广告 advertisement n.出公告，做广告advertising n.广告业 after-sales service n.售后服务agenda n.议事日程 agent n.代理人，经纪人 allocate v.分配，配给 amalgamation n.合并，重组 ambition n.强烈的欲望，野心amortize v.摊还 analyze v.分析，研究 analysis n.分析，分析结果的报告 analyst n.分析家，化验员 annual adj.每年的，按年度计算的 annual general meeting（AGM）股东年会anticipate v.期望 anticipated adj.期待的 appeal n.吸引力 apply v.申请，请求；应用，运用 applicant n.申请人 application n.申请，施用，实施appointee n.被任命人 appraisal n.估量，估价 appreciate v.赏识，体谅，增值appropriate v.拨出（款项） approve v.赞成，同意，批准 aptitude n.天资，才能 arbitrage n.套 arbitration n.仲裁 arrears n.欠账 assemble v.收集，集合 assembly line n.装配线，流水作业线assess v.评定，估价 asset n.资产 current asset n.流动资产 fixed asset n.固定资产 frozen asset n.冻结资产 intangible assets n.无形资产 liquid assets n.速动资产 tangible assets n.有形资产 assist v.援助，协助，出席 audit n.查账，审计 automate v.使某事物自动操作 average n.平均，平均水准 awareness n.意识；警觉 backing n.财务支持，赞助 backhander n.贿赂 backlog n.积压（工作或订货） bad debt死账（无法收回的欠款）balance n.收支差额，余额 balance of payments n.贸易支付差额balance sheet n.资产负债表

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商务英语词汇大全（一） economist 经济学家 socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济 rural economics 农村经济 liberal economy 经济 mixed economy 混合经济 political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义 autarchy 闭关自守 primary sector 初级成分 private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定 concentration 集中 holding company 控股公司 trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长 economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设 standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺 stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的 initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozen assets 冻结资产 fixed assets 固定资产 real estate 不动产,房地产

新编国际商务英语阅读教程译文

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14. I.1.Get letters, documents and packages delivered overnight. 2.Handle nearly 2 million packages and documents per day 3.Own a large number of airplanes, trucks and vans for handling delivery 4.Ensure that most of its flights arrive within fifteen minutes of schedule https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e53481737.html,e a combination of direct services and independent contractors for international deliveries 6.Promote the company's record of efficiency and on time delivery 7.Face intense competition from electronic mail 8.Businesses need to be able to communicate quickly with employees around the world 9.Offer international service to over one hundred countries 10.An adverse impact which losses in international operations have on a firm's earnings 11.Increase a company's fixed costs of international operations 12.Experience poor sales performance due to very stiff competition 13.Have difficulty in building a global infrastructure to support its operations 14.Try to improve its services through more sophisticated computers II.1.Businesses and individuals in the United States and the whole world benefit greatly from the overnight letter,document and package delivery service handled by Federal Express. 2.Federal Express has up-do-date means of transport,highly efficient service centers and facilities, and loyal and hardworking employees, which ensures the quick and punctual fulfillment of its delivery service. 3.To promote its delivery service, Federal Express motivates its employees by offering them excellent training and compensation, so that they have very high level of service and efficiency. 4.Despite its remarkable business performance, Federal Express is faced with fierce competition from its rivals in its business operations, with the result of a considerable loss of its market share. 5.Although it has experienced many difficulties and setbacks in its business operations, Federal Express is convinced that, by improving its service through more sophisticated computers and customer relations, it can certainly succeed in attaining further overseas expansion. Revision Exercises(LL.8-14) I.1.in 2.in 3.with 4.for 5.to 6.of 7.on 8.in 9.to 10.with 11.on 12.with 13.from 14.of 15.by 16.in II.1.along with 2.importers 3.ensure 4.advertise 5.establishing 6.existing 7.blueprint 8.in contrast with 9.in spite of 10.was subject to 11.were aimed at 12.are likely to 13.prevailing 14.affect 15.regardless of 16.extent III.1.the government will provide them with preferential loans and relatively