【优质】胡壮麟语言学第一章练习1

Chapter One Exercise 1 (1.1-1.4)

I. Define the following terms:

1. design feature

2. arbitrariness

3. duality

4. displacement

5. language

6. linguistics

Ⅱ. Beneath each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one which is the best answer.

1. Which is the commonly accepted definition of “linguistics” ?

A. The scientific social science of language

B. The scientific learning and teaching of language

C. The scientific study of language

D. The prescriptive study of language

2. ______ is considered as “father of modern linguistics”.

A. Bloomfield

B. Jackobson

C. Aristotle

D. Saussure

3. “______” is a word in English which is onomatopoeic.

A. Walkman

B. Waterloo

C. Ticktack

D. Seesaw

4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?

A. Arbitrariness

B. Displacement

C. Duality

D. Meaningfulness

5. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human ________.

A contact

B communication

C relation

D community

6. which of the following words is entirely arbitrary.

A tree

B crash

C typewriter

D bang

7. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _________.

A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing

B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.

C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue

D. All of the above

8. Language is first and foremost a ______ . A. system of words

B. system of grammar

C. system of vocal symbols

D. system of meanings

9. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.

A. cultural transmission

B. productivity

C. displacement

D. duality

10. Unlike animal communication systems, human language is

A. stimulus free

B. stimulus bound

C. under immediate stimulus control

D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.

Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.

1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _____ communication.

2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be

combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __ ___.

3. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing

heavy work has been called the _____ theory.

4.The theory that language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of

pain or joy has been called the _____ theory.

5. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _____ over

writing.

6. Language is p________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.

7. P_____ means language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.

8. Language has two levels. They are _____ level and ___ level.

9. Language is _______ because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’s actual speech or writing.

10. By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and ____ .

Ⅳ. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F].

1.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that

language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.

2. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way

used by the deaf-mute is not language.

3.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of

language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.

4. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.

5. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f118105337.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a

given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.

7.The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.

8.Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.

9. Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.

9.10. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.

Ⅴ. Answering the questions

1.Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?

2. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson con tains the sentence “As the night fell，the

wind rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose，the night fell?” If not，why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order?

3. A discussion on Saussure as the father of modern linguistics.

Direction: You can try to answer this question from the following points for answer:1) Saussure’s great achievements in different fields. 2)Saussure’s linguistic views 3) Saussure’s influence o n modern linguistics.

4.How do you understand arbitrariness in human languages?

Answers for exercise 1-1

I. Define the following terms:

1. design feature:the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.

2. arbitrariness: One design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

3. duality: One design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

4. displacement: One design feature of human language, which means human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

5. language:“Language is a means of verbal communication.”It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is also social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.

6. linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It endeavors to answer the question–what is language and how is represented in the mind? Linguists focus on describing and explaining language and are not concerned with the prescriptive rules of the language.

Ⅱ. Beneath each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one which is the best answer.

1-5 C D C D B 6-10 A D C C A

Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.

1. verbal

2. creativity/productivity

3. yo-he-ho

4. pooh-pooh

5. Speech

6. potential

7. Productivity

8. Primary , secondary

9. Conventional 10. form

Ⅳ. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F].

1. T

2. F

3. T

4. T

5. F

6. F

7. F

8. F

9. F 10. F

Ⅴ. Answering the questions

1.Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?

creak: the sound made by a badly oiled door when it opens.

cuckoo: the call of cuckoo.

bang: a sudden loud noise.

roar: a deep loud continuing sound.

buzz: a noise of buzzing.

hiss: a hissing sound.

neigh: the long and loud cry that a horse makes.

mew: the noise that a gull makes.

bleat: the sound made by a sheep, goat or calf.

2. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell，the wind

rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose，the night fell?” If not，why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order?

This sentence couldn’t be expressed as “As the wind rose，the night fell”, if so, the original intention of writer is distorted. That means the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, and we can feel it effortlessly by reading. Based on systemic functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level ,because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening. Therefore, to a certain extent, we can see a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order.

3. A discussion on Saussure as the father of modern linguistics.

1)T he three lines along which Saussure’s ideas were developed:linguistics, sociology, and

psychology.

A. In linguistics, Saussure was greatly influenced by the American linguist W.D. Whitney,

who insisted on the concept of ARBITRARINESS of the sign to emphasise that language is an institution.

B. In sociology, following the French sociologist E. Durkheim, Saussure held that

language is one of the “social facts”, which are ideas in the “collective mind” of a society and radically distinct from individual psychological acts.

C. In psychology, Saussure was influenced by the Austrian psychiatrist S. Freud, who

hypothesized the continuity of a collective psyche, called the unconscious.

2) Saussure’s i deas

A. Saussure saw human language as an extremely complex and heterogeneous phenomenon and believed that language is a SYSTEM OF SIGNS. The sign is the union of a form and an idea, which Saussure called the SIGNIFIER and the SIGNIFIED. The signifier and the signified exist only as components of the sign, which is the central fact of language.

B. For Saussure, langue is “absence” in the virtual world and parole is “presence” in the actual world. Absence/ virtual systems are considered stable and invariable, while presence/ actual systems are considered unstable and variable.

3) Saussure’s influence on modern linguistics.

A. He provided a general orientation, a sense of the task of linguistics which had seldom been questioned.

B. He influenced modern linguistics in the specific concepts. Many of the developments of modern linguistics can be described as his concepts, i.e. his idea of the arbitrary nature of the sign, langue vs. parole, synchrony vs. diachrony, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, etc.All

linguistics in the twentieth century are Saussurean linguistics.

4.How do you understand arbitrariness in human languages?

When we are discussing arbitrariness in human languages, we have to put it on the different language levels.

First of all, as one of the design features, arbitrariness exists in human language popularly, so we can find out so many supportive evidences of the relationship between sound and meaning. For example, an object is definitely arbitrarily named as “book” in English while “书” in Chinese. Secondly, language is not always arbitrary at the syntactic level based on systemic functionalists and American functionalists, because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, Then t he writer’s original intention is distorted, and we can feel it effortlessly by reading. So there is a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order.

At last, we shouldn’t be ignored of the relationship between arbitrariness and convention. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, while convention leads language to normal and grammatical. Both of arbitrariness and conventionality develop language in parallel.

第一章语言学导论解析

第一章语言学导论 Chapter1 Invitations to Linguistics Linguistics is nowadays coming into wide use with combination of theories and practice as well as linguistics and other disciplines. Linguistics is of great use with very wide application. —人工智能，人机对话，机器翻译 The research of linguistics has already gone beyond language itself. Definition of Linguistics How do you define linguistics? What is linguistics? ——Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human language. What are we going to learn about linguistics? 1. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. These can be called microlinguistics. 语音学(phonetics);音系学(phonology);形态学(morphology);句法学(syntax) —Schools of Modern Linguistics 现代语言学流派; 语义学(semantics) ; 语用学(pragmatics) (chapter2-6) 2. Macrolinguistics——interdisciplinary learning Saussure, father of modern linguistics(现代语言学之父) were intended to establish the autonomy of linguistics, giving it a well-defined subject of study and freeing it from reliance on other disciplines. However, the interactive links between linguistics and other sciences are developing fast. 尽管索绪尔的目的是给予语言学自主性，给它定义明确的研究对象，将它从对其他学科的 依赖中解放出来。然而，随着时间的推移，语言学和其他学科的联系越来越密切。Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics, as implied by the name, is the study of psychological aspects of language. It usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. 心理语言学，顾名思义，是对语言的心理方面的研究，它通常研究的是与语言使用相关的 心理状态和心理活动。比如语言习得，语言的理解，语言的生成等等。(chapter 9/chapter11) Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics, as implied by the name, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguistics attempts to look at language structures by paying attention to language use in a social context and on the other hand tries to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community. 这就是社会与语言的关系，一方面通过社会语境中语言使用情况的调查了解语言结构的问 题，另一方面又通过语言现象的分析了解社会构成的问题。 Research Focus1 Cross-cultural Communication There exists a close relationship between language and culture. Language is an indispensable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language use. 语言是文化的载体，具有不可替代的重要性；文化通过语言得以凸现，其表现力得到充分展示。 心理学家罗杰斯(Rogers,1961), 真正的交流建立在理解基础上的倾听。 - 1 -

(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题 第一章：语言学导论 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human A. contact C. relation B. communication D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree C. crash B. typewriter D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”s A. interrogative C. informative B. directive D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal C. Performative B. Emotive D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability C. Displacement B. Duality D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn 't it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive C. Performative B. Phatic D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usesr knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance C. Langue B. Competence D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.

《语言学概论》学习建议 第一章 语言和语言学 本章的教学内容是语言学 ...

《语言学概论》学习建议 第一章语言和语言学 本章的教学内容是语言学最基本的理论问题，是理解、把握本课程的重要理论基础。主要包括语言的性质和范围、语言的结构和功能、语言学的任务和发展等。本章需要重点掌握的内容包括： 1、语言的符号性。需要了解什么是符号，语言符号的性质有哪些，其中重点理解语言符号的任意性特点，可结合不同语言或方言现象来加深认识。 2、语言和言语。了解二者的区别和关系并能在语言实践中对二者加以区别。 3、语言的层级。认识语言的二层性结构，并了解语言层级系统的特点。 4、语言的基本关系。需要掌握组合关系和聚合关系的概念及其关系，认识到二者在语言符号系统中所起的重要作用，并能结合语言实例对这两种关系进行讲解。 5、语言的社会功能：重点掌握语言的社会功能是其本质功能，理解语言是人类最重要的交际工具及其在社会生活中的重要作用。 6、语言学的发展：了解语言学发展的大致脉络，对于现代语言学和当代语言学的主要流派，要求掌握其代表人物和主要观点。 对于这些重点内容，要求有比较深入的理解，而且要求熟记。本章内容理论性比较强，不仅要求掌握基本概念和分类，而且要求掌握各种理论的要点，能够结合实例说明各种理论问题。本章除了重点内容之外，对于语言的结构类型、语言与文化、语言与思维等问题也应有所了解。 第二章语音学 本章介绍了语音学的基本内容，包括语音的性质、语音单位的分类及发音原理、音位的划分原理、语音的组合等。本章需要重点掌握的内容有； 1、语音的声学性质：认识语音的发音原理；领会语音四要素的含义及其在

语音系统中的表现和作用。 2、语音的生理属性：通过人体发音器官进一步认识发音原理，了解发音器官各部分的构造和功能。 3、音素的分类及其描写：掌握元音、辅音的区别；掌握二者各自的发音特点，学会描写各种类型元音和辅音。 4、音位：掌握音位的划分原则；认识音位与音素的联系与区别；了解音位、音位变体及相互关系。 5、语音组合：认识音节的构成；了解常见语流音变的种类并能结合语言实例进行辨别。 本章的概念比较多，对于各种重要概念，要求熟记定义和分类，结合实例和自身发音实践深入领会。对于音素、音位、音节，还要求能作具体分析和描写，此外还应该熟练掌握常见的国际音标，能够用国际音标标记汉语和英语的语音。 第三章语义学 本章介绍了语义学的基础理论、基本知识和语义分析方法。本章需要重点掌握的主要内容有： 1、语义的性质和类型：要了解语义最基本的三对性质，结合具体语言事实深入体会；关于语义的类型要明确概念意义和附加意义的区别。 2、义素分析法：了解义素分析法的原则，掌握义素分析法的具体步骤。 3、语义场理论：了解语义场的性质；掌握语义场的类型并能对具体的语义场类型进行辨别。 4、语义的聚合关系：认识语义的纵聚合与横聚合关系；了解同义词、反义词的特点。 5、语义指向：了解什么是语义指向分析法；认识语义指向在语义分析中的作用。 对于这些重点内容，要求有仔细了解、认真领会。除了要求掌握各种重要概念及其分类，还要求掌握各种理论的要点，能够结合实例说明各种理论问题，而且要求熟练的掌握语义分析的方法，主要包括语义类型的分析、义素分析、语

《语言学教程》中文笔记(完整)

语言学教程笔记 第一章语言学导论 语言的定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点。 1. 任意性：任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系，任意性是语言的核 心特征。例如，我们无法解释为什么一本书读作 a /buk/，一支钢笔读作a /pe n/。 任意性具有不同层次：（1）语素音义关系的任意性。（2）句法层面上的任意性。 （3） 任意性和规约性。 2. 二层性：二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成， 每层都有自身的组合规则。话语的组成元素是本身不传达意义的语音，语音的唯一作用就是 相互组合构成有意义的单位，比如词。因为底层单位是无意的，而上层单位有明确的意义，所以我们把语音叫做底层单位，与词等上层单位相对。二层性使语言拥有了一种强大的能产 性。 3. 创造性：创造性指语言的能产性，指语言有制造无穷长句的潜力，这来源于语言的二层性 和递归性。利用二重性说话者可以通过组合基本语言单位，无止境地生成句子，大多数都是以前没有过的或没有听过的。 4. 移位性：是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的 物体、时间或观点。因此我们可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经去世两千五百五十多年而 后者位置距我们非常之远。语言使我们能够谈及已不存在或还未出现的事物。移位性赋予人 们的概括与抽象能力使人类受益无穷。词在指称具体物体时，并不总是出现在即时、形象化 的语境中。他们通常为了体现指称含义而被使用。 5. 文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6. 互换性：指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的 角色是可以随意更换的。 元语言功能：我们的语言可以用来讨论语言本身。比如说，我可以用“书”指代一本书，也可以用“书这个词”来指代“书”这个词本身。这使语言具有无限的自我反身性：人类可以谈论“说话”，也可以思考“思考"。所以只有人类才能提问：元语言功能对交际、思考及人类的意义是什么？

语言学第一章整理

Chapter one 1.What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. System means it is rule-governed; arbitrary means there is no logical relationship between language elements and their meaning; vocal means speech is primary; symbols related to arbitrariness, it means language elements are only the symbols for the meaning they express. Human, it means language is uniquely human; communication is the primary function of language. 2.What are the design features of language, give their definitions and examples. Arbitrary: arbitrary is the core feature of language, which means that there is no logical relation between meanings and sounds. Arbitrary is a matter of degree, language is not entirely arbitrary, first, the onomatopoeia are words that sound like the sound they describe, to some extent, they have natural basis. Second, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either, “snow” and“storm” are arbitrary words, but the compound word “snowstorm”is less so. Thirdly, some surnames, such as Longfellow, Johnson. Examples: a rose by other name would smell as sweet Duality: is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization .we call sounds secondary units as opposed to primary units as words, since the secondary are meaningless and the primary unit have distinct and identifiable meaning. Creativity: language users can understand and produce new sentences to express new meanings. By creativity, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. By duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never produced or heard before. Language is creativity in another sense, that is, its

语言学教程第一章ppt

语言学教程胡壮麟主编

Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics

Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?

语言学概论 第一章 语言和语言学

第一章语言和语言学 第一节语言 一、语言和人类社会一样古老，是人类社会的特征（特有财富）。 1、人类以外的动物不具备语言能力，所以不可能学会人类的语言。 2、其他动物的交际方式如叫喊、舞蹈等，即所谓的“动物语言”和人类语言有着本质的区别。 单位的明晰性结构的二层性 任意性开放性 传授性不受时地、环境的限制 二、语言是符号系统 1、什么是符号？它有哪些因素构成？ 符号是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。 符号包括了形式和内容（意义）两个方面的要素。形式和内容互相依存。 eg: 十字路口的红绿灯就是一种符号。 2、符号和征候的区分：符号和所标记的事物是具有约定性的（或者是由某些人规定，或者是社会习惯），而征候与它所标记的事物之间往往具有自然（本质或必然）的联系。 3、符号的分类: 象征（有一定的含义,有一定的理据） 狭义的符号（没有理据，任意约定的） 4、语言是一种符号系统？ 语言具有符号的一切特征：语言是由语音和意义两个方面统一构成。语音和意义在具体的语言中统一于一体，密不可分，二者互为存在条件。语音和语义的联系是社会成员约定俗成的，个人不能任意改变这种联系。 注：具体来说语言中的词可以分为三种情况： 一类是“哈哈” “啊”等叹词，它们可以说是人类感情的本能的反应，可以归入征候。 一类是“哗啦” “汪汪”等拟声词，用事物所发出的声音来记录事物本身，和事物间有着一定的联系，但同一种事物的声音在不同的语言中往往有着不同的记录，也体现了它的社会约定性，可以归入象征。 剩下的语言中绝大多数的词，它们的音和义之间关系完全是社会约定俗称的，没有任何理据可言，属于真正意义上的狭义的符号。 5、语言符号的任意性和线条性特点？ 任意性和线条性是语言符号的两个最基本的特点。 语言符号的任意性是指语言符号的音义关系是由社会约定的，用什么样的“音”去表达什么样的“义”人们说不出什么道理，完全由社会约定，这种音义关系又叫约定性。语言符号的任意性是就语言创制时来说的，语言符号一旦形成，在整个社会范围内的执行就具有强制性，因而也就表现为一定的稳固性（可变性）。——民族性；——时代性 语言符号的线条性是指符号的使用只能在时间的线条上绵延，一个符号跟着一个符号依次出现。语言符号的排列只能成一条线，线条性限制了语言在组合时的空间位置。 语言符号组合时的线条性和层次性结合起来理解。 6、语言符号的系统性？ 语言里的符号不是互不相干的一盘散沙，而是成系统的。语言符号的系统性集中体现在符号的组合和聚合关系之中。 组合关系是指符号和符号互相组合起来的关系。符号和符号的组合不是任意的，而是有规则的，有选择的。 聚合关系指在某一环节上具有相同作用的能够互相替换的符号之间的关系，处于相同聚合群的语言单位，具有相同的语法功能，互相可以替换。 三、语言的功能 1、语言的社会功能。 2、语言的思维功能。 四、语言和说话 说话由三部分组成： 1、张口说话的动作（言语动作）； 2、说话所用的那套代码（语言）； 3、说出来的话（言语作品） 语言并不等同于说话，语言是说话的一部分。 五、语言存在的方式 语言是一套单位和规则，这些单位和规则是社会的现实，是不依个人意志为转移的客观存在。

语言学作业第一章

语言学作业 班级： 姓名：

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics I. Please illustrate the following terms. 1. Arbitrariness: The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The different levels of arbitrariness: (1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words (2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. (3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. 2. Duality The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 3. Phatic communion Phatic communion refers to the social interaction of language. 4. Synchronic linguistics: A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. II. Please distinguish the following terms: 1. Langue vs. Parole Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech c ommunity, that is, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual, and it is the linguist’s proper object; Parole refers to the realization of langue, the immediately accessible data. While parole constitutes the immediately accessible data, and it is a mass of confused facts, so it is not suitable for systematic investigation. . (1) Langue is abstract, while parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs. (2) Langue is not actually spoken by anyone, while parole is always a naturally occurring event. (3) Langue is relatively stable, systematic and social, while parole is subject to personal, individual and situational constraints. (4) Langue is essential while parole is accessory and accidental. 2. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive

胡壮麟语言学术语表

第一章语言学导论 phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics 理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories 句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory 劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics 应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学 第二章语音 trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state 封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位

胡壮麟语言学笔记 第三章

Chapter 3 Lexicon 3.1 What is word? 1. What is a lexeme? A lexeme is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other similar units. It is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken or written sentences, and is regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected. E.g. the word “write” is the lexeme of “write, writes, wrote, writing and written.” 2. What is a morpheme? A morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. E.g. the word “boxes” has two morphemes: “box” and “es,” neither of which permits further division or analysis shapes if we don’t want to sacrifice its meaning. 3. What is an allomorph? An allomorph is the alternate shapes of the same morpheme. E.g. the variants of the plurality “-s” makes the allomorphs thereof in the following examples: map – maps, mouse –mice, ox – oxen, tooth – teeth, etc. 4. What is a word? A word is the smallest of the linguistic units that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance in speech or writing. 3.1.1 Three senses of “word” 1. A physically definable unit 2. The common factor underlying a set of forms 3. A grammatical unit 3.1.2 Identification of words 1. Stability Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure, i.e. the constituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement, compared with the relative positional mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy. Take the word chairman for example. If the morphemes are rearranged as * manchair, it is an unacceptable word in English. 2. Relative uninterruptibility By uninterruptibility, we men new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. Nothing is to be inserted in between

语言学教程[第一章语言学导论]山东大学期末考试知识点复习

第一章语言学导论 复习笔记 Ⅰ．语言的定义 语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义揭示了语言的五个要素：系统，任意，口头，符号，人类。 Ⅱ．语言的定义特征 语言的定义特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。 1．任意性 任意性是语言的核心特征，是指符号的形式或者声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。虽然语言从本质上讲是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些词语，例如一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。 2．二重性 二重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。二重性只存在于这样的系统之中，既有元素又有它们组合成的单位。 3．创造性 创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其中很多句子是以前从未听过的。 4．移位性 移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、事件和观点。移位性赋予人们的概括和想象力使人类受益无穷。 5．文化传递性

语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6．互换性 互换性是指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的角色是可以随意更换的。 Ⅲ．语言的起源 1．圣经的记载 语言是上帝的恩赐。 2．“汪汪”理论 语言是模仿自然的声音，例如动物的叫声，如 (鸭子)的刮刮声，嘎嘎声，布谷鸟的叫声。 3．“噗噗”理论 语言来源于人本能的情感声音，表达疼痛或喜悦。 4．“哟一嘿一吼”理论 语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。 5．进化理论 语言起源于劳动的过程，满足了社会的需求。 Ⅳ．语言的功能 1．信息功能 语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现在陈述句中。 2．人际功能 人际功能是语言最重要的社会功能。人们由此建立和维持他们的身份和社会

《语言学概论》形成性考核册作业答案

《语言学概论》形成性考核册作业1答案 (2007-07-18 15:16:00) 转载 第一次作业导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释（10分，每小题2分） 1语言学:语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。 2组合关系:组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。 3聚合关系:聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之 间的替换关系。 4专语语言学：以某一种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学可以称为专语语言学。5历时语言学历时语言学研究语言发展的历史，观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变，是从纵的方面研究语言的历史 的语言学。 6语言:语言是人类最重要的交际工具，同时也是思维工具。 7符号:符号，就是指代某种事物的标记，记号，它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号。 8语言的二层性:语言符号是由音位层和符号层两个不同的层面构成的，语言符号的这一特性就是语言的二层性。 9社会现象:社会现象就是指那些与人类共同体的一切活动――产生、存在和发展密切联系的现象。 二、填空（20分，每空0.5分） 1．（中国）、（印度）、（古罗马－希腊）具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2．（文言）是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为（文言文）。 3．结构主义语言学内部又分（哥本哈根学派）、（布拉格学派）、（美国描写主义学派）三大学派，其中（美国描写主义学派）的代表人物 是布龙菲尔德，其著作（语言论）是这一学派的奠基性著作。 4．（历史比较语言学）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 5．（索绪尔）被称为现代语言学之父，他的代表性著作是《普通语言学教程》。6．语言是人类社会的（交际工具），而且也是思维的（工具），这是语言的两大功能。 7．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的（左）半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需

胡壮麟语言学第一章复习

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 胡壮麟语言学第一章复习 红?色是定义部分笔记在鑫宇那 why study language what is languageThe symbols have been chosen arbitrarily. In other words, it is impossible to predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa. the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The symbols have been chosen arbitrarily. In other words, it is impossible to predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa. 1 arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ite meaning 语素?音义关系的任意性 2 arbitrariness at the syntactic level 句?法层?面上的任意性 they derive from the choice of subject matters. once such links between particular word and associative meaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f118105337.html,nguage is a means of verbal communicationarbitrariness任意性 3 arbitrariness and convention 任意性和规约性Saussure索绪尔提出design features of language 语?言的特点duality?二层性It means that language is a system which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of words.下层lower 上层higher=primarysounds交通灯和动物叫声?一样，只有下层含义。 1/ 4