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Unit 6 词类转化

●Look at the following sentences:

●A saw is used to saw, a bag is used to bag, a file is used to file. A flirt flirts, a snoop snoops and a spy spies. (snoop: 持续而秘密地调查或寻找)

●By conversion, we mean the change of parts of speech in translation. Owing to the syntactical differences between English and Chinese, it is usually impossible for a translator to keep to the original part of speech in the process of translation.

I. Conversion into verbs

●1. Nouns into verbs:

●1) 一些习语中的主体名词可以转换成动词

●eg. have a rest, go for a walk

●A. We don’t have any idea when the boy was born.

●B. She is too tired to have the faintest desire to dance.

●2) 含有动作意味的名词可以转换成动词

●A. The abuse of drugs has become one of America’s most serious social problems.

●B. A view of Fuji Mountain can be obtained from here.

由动词派生出来的名词可以转换成动词

●3)

●A. The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.

●B. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy.

●C. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.

●读一点世界史,对学习时事是有帮助的。

●D. I call for cooperation in the economic and technical sectors among the countries the world over.

●我呼吁世界各国在经济、技术方面进行合作。

●4)由动词+er构成的名词可以转换成动词

●A. There were various possible players for the role.

●B. Some of my classmates are good singers.

2. Prepositions into verbs

1) At noon, he came home for lunch.

他中午回家吃午饭。

2) The president took the foreign guests about the campus.

校长带外宾们参观校园。

3) Party officials worked long hours on meagre food, in cold

caves, by dim lamps.

党的干部吃的是有限(微薄)的食物,住的是寒冷的岩洞,

用的是昏暗的油灯,他们却长时间地工作。

3. Adjectives into Verbs

Many English adjectives after a link verb indicating one’s consciousness, feelings, emotions, desires, etc. are always converted into Chinese verbs.

1) I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.

我非常感激父亲,因为在我小时侯他总是不断地鼓励我。

●2) They are not content with their present achievements.

●他们不满足于他们现有的成就。

4. Adverbs into verbs

●1) Our holiday is three weeks away.

●离我们的假期还有3 个星期。

●2) When will he be back?

●他什么时候回来?

●3) The boy told me that his mother was out.

●那个男孩告诉我他的母亲出去了。

●4) Zhang Yi’ning’s victory left one win away from the sweeping of all the four gold medals in the tournament.

●5. Conjunction into Verbs

●1) Eight and seven is fifteen.

●8加7等于15。

●2) Winter is the fourth and last season in a year.

●冬季是一年中第四个也是最后一个季节。

II. Conversion into Nouns

●1. Verb into Nouns

●1)英语中的被动语态在翻译成汉语时,原被动句中的谓语动词可根据需要转换成汉语的名词,与“遭到”、“受到”等动词连用。

●A.His image as a good student was tarnished.

●B.He was snubbed by those top-ranking officials.

●2)名词派生出来的动词,为符合汉语表达习惯,可将其还原成名词来译。

●A. He was blacklisted and lost his job.

●B. Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.

●这些材料的特点是:绝缘性好,耐磨性强。

2. Adjective into Nouns

●Adjectives with the definite articles to indicate categories of people, things, or adjectives used as predicative to indicate the nature of things may also be converted into nouns.

1) They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf.

●他们将为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。2) In the fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.

●在裂变过程中,裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。

III. Conversion into Adjectives

●1. Noun into adj.

●1) 有时名词在句子中充当表语,前面通常有冠词,翻译时可转换为形容词。

●A. This experiment was a great success.

●B. Independent thinking is a necessity in study.

●2) 有些形容词派生出的名词也可转译为形容词。

●A. The puppet-show was performed with great regularity.

●B. Having heard the good news, their happiness was complete.

●2. Adv. into adj.

●有些副词是由形容词派生出来的,可转译为形容词。

●1) They were deeply impressed by what he did in the critical moment.

●他在关键时刻的行为给他们留下了深刻的印象。

●2) Boys think differently from girls.

●男孩子的思维方式和女孩子是不同的。

IV. Conversion into Adverbs

●1. Nouns into adv.

●1) John and Kate, the instant they were married, set out in great haste for Venice.

●刚行完婚礼,马上匆匆忙忙地动身到了威尼斯。

●2) She had the kindness to show me the way.

●她好意地给我指路。

●2. Adj. into adv.

●1) They regarded him as a potential adversary.

●他们认为他可能是一个对手。

●2) He whispered a hurried good-bye to his host.

●他匆匆地向主人轻声道别。

HOMEWORK

● 1. With the passage of time, her admiration for him

grew more and more.

●随着时间的消逝,她对他越来越敬慕(钦佩)。(n.→v.)

● 2. We are enemies of all wars.

●我们反对一切战争。(n.→v.)

● 3. My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at

once.

●我建议他立刻戒烟。(n.→v.)

HOMEWORK

● 1. With the passage of time, her admiration for him

grew more and more.

●随着时间的消逝,她对他越来越敬慕(钦佩)。(n.→v.)

● 2. We are enemies of all wars.

●我们反对一切战争。(n.→v.)

● 3. My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at

once.

●我建议他立刻戒烟。(n.→v.)

● 4. The thief made a trembling confession of his

wrongdoing.

●小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。(adj.→adv.; n.→

v.)

● 5. Observers have commented favorably on the

achievement you have made.

●观察家们对你取得的成就给予了很好的评价。(v.→

n.; adv.→adj.)

● 6. He is a lover of Chinese paintings.

●他热爱中国画。(n.→v.)

●7. Most students behave respectfully towards their teacher.

●大部分学生对老师态度很恭敬。(v.→n.; adv.→adj.)

●8. At the sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

●看到我们的喷气式飞机,听到隆隆的声音,真令人特别神往。(n.→v.)

●9. He is a perfect stranger in the city.

●他对这城市完全陌生。(n.→adj.)

●10. They gave him a hearty welcome.

●他们很热忱地欢迎他。(adj.→adv.)

●11. Please give an accurate translation of

this sentence.

●请把这句话确切地翻译出来。(adj. →adv.)

●12. He came to me with a luggage.

●他拿着行李向我走来。(prep. →v.)

●13. She came to my home for help.

●她来到我家,请求帮助。(prep. →v.)

●14. These chemical engineers don’t guarantee

anything.

●这些化学工程师不做任何保证。(v. →n.)

●15. Originally he was from Sweden.

●他的原籍是瑞典。(adv. →n.)

●16. Mr. White with great cheerfulness told her

that he had good news to communicate.

●怀特先生兴高采烈地说,他带来了很好的消息。(n.

→adv.)

●17. Numerous abstentions marked the French

elections.

●无数的弃权是法国竞选的特点。(v. →n.)

●18. These handicrafts are very popular with foreign

friends.

●外国朋友很喜欢这些手工艺品。(adj. →v.)

●19. The old hunter is a good skier.

●这位老猎人滑雪滑得很好。(n. →v.)

●20.Animals become indifferent to their young as soon

as they can look after themselves.

●动物,一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己,它们就不管了。

(adj. →v.)

●21. The victory of justice over arbitrary acts, of reason

over decadence and blindness, of democracy over

imperialism, of good over evil, our victory of 25 of

October will represent one of the glorious pages of our history, and we shall be able to leave it to our heirs.

●正义战胜了专断行为,理智战胜了堕落和盲目,民主战胜了帝

国主义,善良战胜了邪恶,我们在10月25日取得的胜利将作为光辉的一页(篇章)载如入史册,我们将把它传给子孙后代。

翻译研究中的概念混淆(翻译策略、方法与技巧)).

翻译研究中的概念混淆 ——以“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”为例 熊兵华中师范大学 《中国翻译》2014(3)82-88 摘要:本文对学界在“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”这三个基本概念上所存在的普遍的混淆进行了剖析,提出应对这三个概念进行明确区分。在此基础上论文对这三个概念的定义、特性、相互关系及其各自的分类体系进行了系统阐述。 关键词:翻译策略;翻译方法;翻译技巧;混淆;定义;分类 1.话题缘起 在翻译研究中,有一个问题一直以来都未引起学界足够的重视,并因此在一定程度上妨碍了翻译研究的进一步发展,这个问题即为翻译研究中的概念混淆,其中又尤以“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”这三个概念的混淆为甚。一方面,学界对翻译“策略”、“方法”和“技巧”的讨论虽多如牛毛,但把它们作为一个方法论系统的关键要素进行综合研究,深入考察其各自的内涵、相互关系及分类体系的系统性研究还相当少见。另一方面,学界在对这三个术语的认识和使用上普遍存在着定义不明、分类不当、概念混淆不清的问题。例如,在一些翻译教材中中,“归化”与“异化”一方面被作为“翻译方法”加以讨论(如龚芬,2011:79—81),另一方面又被视为“翻译策略”进行阐述(同上:93—106)。一些翻译论文把本应属于翻译技巧层面的增补型翻译(类似于增译)、浓缩型翻译(类似于减译)划归为“翻译策略”的类别(如李克兴,2004:66—67)。在一些翻译方向的硕士研究生论文中,把翻译“策略”、“方法”、“技巧”混为一谈的更是比比皆是。甚至翻译专业的老师对此问题也存在一些模糊的、甚至是错误的看法(如把归化等同于意译,把异化等同于直译)。 国外学界对此也存在一些模糊或混淆(或未予严格区分。比如Shuttleworth & Cowie (2004:44,59)一方面把domestication/foreignization称作是“strategy”,另一方面却又把free/literal translation也视为“strategy”(同上:63,96 )。Vinay & Darbelnet (1958/2000:84—93) 把翻译方法(method)分为两类:直接翻译(direct translation)和间接翻译(oblique translation),前者包括三种处理方式(procedures),即借译,拟译,直译,后者包括四种处理方式,即词类转换,视点转换,等值翻译,顺应翻译。可在论述中却经常把其划分出来的“方法”(methods)和“处理方式”(procedures)混为一谈。另外,他们把“借译、拟译、直译、等值翻译、顺应翻译”和“词类转换、视角转换”划归为一类(同属procedures)也欠妥当,因为前者应属“翻译方法”的范畴,而后者则应属“翻译技巧”的范畴。实际上,这里Vinay &Darbelnet的分类涉及到三个层面:翻译策略、翻译方法和翻译技巧。其划分出来的两大“翻译方法”(直接翻译和间接翻译)其实应为“翻译策略”(所以Munday说,“The two general translation strategies identified by Vinay &Darbelnet are direct translation and oblique translation”,见Munday,2008:56),而在其划分出来的七类“处理方式”中,前三类和最后两类属于“翻译方法”,第四、第五类则属于“翻译技巧”。总之,Vinay &Darbelnet在其分类中把翻译“策略、方法、技巧”混淆在一起,这也导致后来很长时间学界在这几个概念上的混淆(Molina &Albir,2002:506 0 关于国外译学界在译学术语,特别是在“翻译策略、翻译方法、翻译技巧”三个术语上所存在的概念混淆、使用混乱的问题,Chesterman(2005)和Molina & Albir(2002)曾专门撰文予以讨论。如Chesterman指出,学界用于描述文本操作过程的术语除翻译“策略”外,其他还有“技巧、方法、转换、转化、变易”等等(2005:17)。他认为这种众多术语相互混用

重复法Repetition

翻译技巧1 Repetition 重复法:在译文中适当地重复原文中出现过的词语,以使意思表达得更加清楚;或者进一步加强语气,突出强调某些内容,收到更好的修辞效果。 1.为了明确 1.1重复名词 例1:We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题,解决问题。 例2:He became an oil baron—all by himself. 他成为一个石油大王——一个白手起家的石油大王。 1.2重复动词 The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too. 这一下不仅震痛了他的手,也震痛了他的肩膀。 1.3重复代词 重复代词所代替的名词 例1:Peter opened his eyes.They were filled with tears. 彼得睁开了眼睛,眼里充满了泪水。 例2:I hope that the discussion will not be too long,for it will only waste time. 我希望讨论不要太长,太长了只会浪费时间。 重复作代词主语的名词 英语中用物主代词its,his,their等等以代替句中作主语的名词时,翻译中往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词,以达到明确具体的目的。 例1:Happy families are all alike,every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. 幸福的家庭总是相似的,不幸的家庭各有各的不幸。 例2:Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 强国有大强国的策略,小国也有小国的路线。 重复强势关系代词或关系副词 例1:Whoever violates the law should be punished. 谁犯了法,谁就应该受惩罚。 1.4内容上的重复 为了使译文明确具体,除了以上的重复方法外,还有一种情况:英语原文没有重复,汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是形式上的重复的手段。 例1:He wanted to send them more aid,more weapons and a few more men. 他想给他们增加援助,增添些武器,增派些人员。 2.为了强调 2.1为了强调,英语句子中往往重复关键性的词,以使读者留下深刻的印象,英译汉时往往可以采取同样的重复手段。 例1:He wandered about in the chill rain,thinking and thinking,brooding and brooding. 他在凄雨中荡来荡去,想了又想,盘算了又盘算。 英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复,译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的重复。 对仗重复 An eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth以眼还眼,以牙还牙 Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见,心不念。 2.2英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复。

四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧

四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。(张培基) 应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章) 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。

外文翻译--第三方物流企业的作业成本法

外文翻译--第三方物流企业的作业成本法 本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 外文出处 International Advances in Economic Research, 2001,7 1 : 133-146. 外文作者 Carles Gríful-Miquela 原文: Activity-Based Costing Methodology for Third-Party Logistics Companies This paper will analyze the main costs that third-party logistics companies are facing and develops an activity-based costing methodology useful for this kind of company. It will examine the most important activities carried out by third-party distributors in both warehousing and transporting activities. However, the focus is mainly on the activity of distributing the product to the final receiver when this final receiver is not the customer of the third-party logistics company. Introduction In the last decade, development of third-party logistics companies has been very important. There are several reasons for such development, the most important being the trend to concentrate in the core business

翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法

翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法 Division & Combination * 翻译英语句子时,有时我们可把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变即可,但在不少情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。 * 分译法和合译法是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。 * 所谓分译法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 所谓合译法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。 * 一、分译法 * (一)把原文中的一个单词译成句子,使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 1.副词 They, *not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本不回答,这是不足为怪的。 * 2.形容词 * Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”. * 毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。 * That region was the most identifiable trouble place. 那个地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家很容易看到的。 * 3.名词

* A movie of me leaving that place would look like a shell leaving a rifle. * 我离开那个地方的速度之快,要是拍成电影的话,会像出膛的子弹一样。 * He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. 他摇了摇头,双目瞪地圆圆的。 * (二)把原文中的一个短语译成句子,使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 1.分词短语 * She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen. * 她坐在那儿双手托着下巴,眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。 * Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking . the shadows 阳光射到它所能透过的所有地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了幽影。 * 2.名词短语 * I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before. * 我头三年写了四本书,打破了以往的记录。 * Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universal accepted law. * 能量既不能被消除也不能被创造,这是一条普遍公认的规律。 * 3.前置词短语

成本会计-英文术语

成本会计-英文术语

成本会计中英文术语 非正常毁损Abnormal spoilage 生产成本法Absorption costing 账户分析法Account analysis method 会计回报率Accounting rate of return 权责发生制下会计回报率Accrual accounting rate of return 作业Activity 作业基础的预算管理Activity-based budgeting 作业成本法 Activity-based costing 作业管理 Activity-based management 实际成本Actual cost 实际成本法Actual costing 调整分配率途径Adjusted allocation-rate approach 允许的成本Allowable cost 鉴定成本Appraisal costs 拟构成本Artificial costs 注意力导向Attention directing 自治Autonomy 平均成本Average cost 平均等候时间Average waiting time 反冲成本法Backflush costing

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