语篇型语法填空题

语篇型语法填空题

《课程标准》中明确规定：高中学生应该学习和掌握的英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五个方面的内容。为贯彻《课程标准》的精神和发挥高考对中学英语教学的反拨作用，试卷中需保留语法知识运用的内容；为提高考试的科学性，应该引进能从语篇层次考查考生对所学语法知识运用情况的题型。

一、语篇型语法填空题的优点

1.任务真实性强

任何一个语篇中都存在大量可用于学习、研究的语法知识，以这样的语篇作为考查语法的材料更符合语言学习的真实情景，而且语篇丰富的上下文内容也能够更有效地考查考生对语法知识的运用情况。

2.能够对中学语法教学产生良好的反拨作用

将对语法的考查提高到语篇层次，且考查类型由选择型变为填空型，能够引导中学英语教学加强对学生精细阅读能力和语法知识运用能力的培养。

3.有助于高考英语试卷继续保持较高的信度

信度是大规模的高利害考试非常重视的一个指标。该题型的答案虽有开放度，但可控性较强，属于半客观性试题，评分误差很小，能够使高考英语科仍保持较高的信度。

4.可以增加试卷中题型的多样性

标准化考试采取多种方式和多种题型往往更为公平，这是因为某些考生在某种题型上的表现比在其它题型上的表现更好。因此，在对重要能力进行评价时可以尝试采用多种方式和多种题型。

二、语篇型语法填空题的形式

在一篇200词左右的语篇（短文或对话）中留出10处空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式，所填写词语不得多于3个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识，如单词词性、动词时态、名词单复数、连接词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。

三、对语篇型语法填空题的研究

1. 研究方案与实施过程

将两篇语篇型语法填空题（一篇为短文，另一篇为对话）分别编入两套试卷。两套试卷中设计若干共用试题，包括一篇以考查词汇知识为主的完形填空、两篇阅读理解和一篇书面表达，这有助于命题者了解语篇型语法填空题与现有考查内容之间的关系，并在一定程度上核实该题型的考查内容。将两套试题分发给4个省份、8所中学的2375名刚进入高三年级的学生。这些学生在完成测试后还填写了调查问卷，回答有关试题难度、答题时间等方面的问题。

试测中使用的两个语篇及答案

（1）短文体

One of my father’s favorite 1 (say) as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldn’t say I didn’t like something, 2 it might be, until after I tried it. Over the years I’ve come to realize how much of my success I owe to my 3 (accept) of those words as one of my values. My first job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I determined what I wanted to do as a career (职业). 4 (actual) I believed I would work for a few years, get 5 (marry), stay home and raise a family, so I didn’t think the job I took mattered that much. I couldn’t 6 more mistaken. I mastered the skills of that 7 (begin) level positions and I was given the opportunity (机会) to move up through the company into 8 (differ) positions. I accepted each new opportunity with the thought, ”well, I’ll try it; 9 I don’t like it I can always go back

to my 10 (early) position.” But I was with the same company for the past 28 years.

短文中设有10个空，其中7个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空，且词性和词形要正确；另外3个空没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空；填入的单词数量不得多于3个。

（2）对话体

Mum: (putting on her coat) I’m going to have to go down to the shop for more bread.

Alan: Why?

Mum: I’m not sure what 1 (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table 2 I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them because they’re 3 (go).

Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I’m sure he was in the kitchen 4 (early).

Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished 5 (make) them, so he couldn’t have done it. 6 , he couldn’t carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so I’m sure 7 wasn’t him.

Alan: (opening the fridge door) Well, it wasn’t me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of 8 fridge?

Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I 9 (put) them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my 10 . Now, why did I put on my coat?

对话中设有10个空，其中5个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空；另外5个没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空；填入的单词数不得多于3个。各

2.研究内容及结果

（1）试卷的信度和效度

正式评卷前，评卷教师需要对所有需人工评阅的试题进行试评，即先行评阅几百份试卷，以对已确定的答案进行审核，并找出其他可接受的答案。正式考试评分时则采取客观评分法，严格按照试评后确定的答案进行评阅，出现任何错误（如拼写、大小写、词性）都不给分。因此本题在评阅过程中评分误差很小，具有较高的考试信度。

相关分析表明，语篇型语法填空与阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达呈中度相关，都不到0.6，换言之，重合的方差均不足36%。当试题之间呈中度相关时，题目所考查的能力是不同的，但又互有联系。这说明语法填空题与其他三种试题，特别是与完形填空题考查的内容不同。试卷设计者的设想得到了证实，语法填空题考查的是在阅读理解的基础上对语法知识的运用能力。问卷调查发现，75%以上的学生表示，读懂文段才能做语法填空题，试卷设计者的设想也得到了考试使用者的认可。

（2）试题难度

短文和对话两个语篇型语法填空题的难度分别为0.4255和0.4686，难度较高，几乎居现行高考英语试题题型之首。问卷调查发现，68%的学生认为语篇型语法填空题比单句型语言知识运用题难。

本题难度较高的原因，一是题型较新，学生不熟悉；二是现行的中学英语教学忽视了对

学生的精细阅读能力和语言知识运用能力的培养。

针对各小题进行的难度分析表明，未给出提示的填空题难度明显较高，如：短文体中第6题（需填入have been）难度高达0.02，而对话体中的第9题（需填入must have put）难度高达0.04。

（3）试题区分度

在两个语法填空题中，各个小题的难度跨度从0.81到0.02，说明此类题型的难度跨度较大，可对不同能力水平的考生进行考查。此外，除个别小题外，其他小题的区分度均在0.5以上，明显高于单句型语言知识运用题，说明这类试题具有较好的区分作用，能够有效区分不同层次的考生。

（4）试题的可操作性

问卷调查发现，近75%的学生认为可以在10分钟内完成语篇型填空题，这为确定考生在实际考试中解答此题的参考时间提供了依据。

四、语篇型语法填空题对高中英语教学的启示

语篇型语法填空题旨在考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对语法和运用知识的掌握情况，着重考查考生的综合语言运用能力。其“突出语篇，强调运用”的命题思路，不仅充分体现了语言测试的交际性原则，也很好地体现了高中英语课程改革的教学理念，与《课程改革》所提出的英语课程的性质完全吻合。因此，在高中英语教学中加强学生相应能力的培养，不仅符合《课程标准》的要求，也能够增强考生应对此种题型的能力，从而实现教考相互促进的良性循环。

首先，要转变态度，改变中学英语教学中存在的过分强调语法规则而忽视其语法功能，过分重视接受性技能的学习而忽视产出性语言技能培养的现象。要敦促学生加强听、说、读、写综合能力的发展，多给学生创造进行语言产出和交际的机会，将学生学习英语的关注点转移到语言的社会功能和实际运用上来。

其次，要加强对学生语篇逻辑分析能力和精细阅读能力的培养。可以通过精读教学、课外阅读、写作练习等方式，促进学生的语篇分析能力和对语言的理解力和控制力的发展。

再次，应该继续重视语言的准确性。语法和词汇知识是综合语言能力的基础，因此巩固学生对语言基本知识的掌握依然重要。但语法和词汇不是孤立的语言项目，语法和词汇知识的学习要和真实的交际场景和语篇运用紧密结合起来。

最后，进行恰当的适应性训练有助于增强考生应对此题型的能力。语篇型语法填空题取代单句型语言知识运用题之后，基于语篇的针对性练习势必比句子层次的语言知识练习更能满足考生的需求和测试的要求。

五、结论

语篇型语法填空题有着单句型语言知识运用题无可比拟的若干优势；任务真实性更强，能更有效地考查考生对语言知识的运用能力；能对中学英语教学产生更好的反拨作用，引导中学英语教学加强对学生精细阅读能力和语言知识运用能力的培养；符合对大规模测试难度指数的要求，并能有效区分不同层次的考生。

本题型难度较高的问题，势必会随着考生对题型的熟悉及恰当的训练得到一定程度的缓解。此外，通过采取相应技术措施，如适当降低语篇难度，调整词形转换题和无提示填空题的比例，控制填空题的词数，可以较好地解决这一问题。

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语篇型语法填空解题技巧

语篇型语法填空解题技巧-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

语篇型语法填空解题技巧 根据四川高考教育改革方案，2016年英语考试将采用全国卷，届时将才用新题型---------语篇语法填空。现笔者根据自己的研习理解对该题型的答题提出一些有益建议。 一、语篇型语法填空题的题型特点 根据《大纲说明》，语篇型语法填空题的形式为：在一篇200词左右的语篇中留出10处空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式，所填写的单词不得多于3个。考生须灵活运用语法知识，判断各空白处应填写的内容。本题型材料贴近真实情景，上下文内容丰富，对考生精细阅读能力和语法运用能力要求较高，而且该题型在高考卷中所占的分值为15分，地位举足轻重。 语篇型语法填空包括短文体和对话体两种形式，命题分“无提示词”和“有提示词”两种题型。 1. 无提示词题型，即没有提示词的纯空格题型。一般有6个或7个小题，考查了代词、冠词、关联词（连词）和介词等] 2. 有提示词题型，即要求用括号中所给词的正确形式填空。一般有3个或4个小题，考查谓语动词的时态和被动语态、非谓语动词、形容词或副词的比较级、词类转化等。 二、语篇型语法填空题的解题技巧 With nations in West Africa 1 (face) the biggest and most complex outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in history, Top U.S. health officials discussed 2 (far) aid with leaders from Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria who are attending the U.S.-African Leaders Summit in Washington this week. There is no known cure for Ebola, 3 is spread through contact 4 bodily fluids and causes symptoms including fever, headaches, vomiting and diarrhea, and can lead to internal bleeding. Medical 5 (supply) and expertise are badly needed to combat a disease that at least 900 people have been killed and more than 1700 6 (infect) . Two Americans who contracted Ebola while working in a clinic in Liberia are receiving experimental antibody treatments after medical evacuation to the U.S. .“ 7 further testing proves the antibodies effective, they may offer hope against future cases of the disease in Africa, but they are 8 (like)to be ready for widespread use in the current outbreak. ” medical experts say. 语篇型语法填空题答题技巧特别提示： 1. 若空格在句首，要大写单词的首字母（题7）。 2. 要特别注意语境中连词和连接性副词的合理使用（题7）。 3. 遇到谓语动词（一般为“有提示词”形式），一定要充分考虑文章或对话的上下文，根据语境确定正确的时态、语态和语气形式（题6）。 4. 遇到非谓语动词（一般为“有提示词”形式），一定要关注空格所在句子的句式特点，考虑该空格处所填词所充当的句子成分及其与其逻辑主语的关系，从而确定正确的非谓语动词形式（题1）。 5. 考查形容词和副词一般为“有提示词”形式，通常要考虑词性转换、比较级、最高级以及加前缀变成否定词等（题2、8）。