高考语篇型语法填空题分析

2014年高考语篇型语法填空题分析

2014年高考全国卷英语试卷结构进行了调整，主要是以语篇型语法填空题替代已使用几十年之久的单句型语言知识题。

★单句型语言知识题的缺点：

1. 不符合交际语言测试理论的要求

交际语言测试理论注重语境的作用，强调应该在语篇层次培养和考查学生的语言能力（Bachman, 1990）。单句类试题虽然强调语言情景的完整性，但受单词数量的限制，难以达到情景真实性和交际真实性的要求（Cohen, 1998）。

2. 对英语教学的导向较差

英语教学应注重学生听、说、读、写能力的全面发展，而该类型试题易诱使教师花费大量时间讲解语法知识，考生花费不必要的精力研究答题策略（Purpura, 2004），这势必影响对学生其他能力的培养。

3. 容易向学生输入错误信息

这类试题在给出正确选项的同时，必须设计若干（多为3个）似是而非的错误选项，易加深学生对错误的印象，影响学生良好语言习惯的形成（Weir, 1990）。

4. 容易出现一题有多个可接受答案的情况。

★语篇型语法填空题的引进：

《课程标准》中明确规定：高中学生应该学习和掌握的英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五方面的内容。为了贯彻《课程标准》的精神，同时考虑到高考对中学英语教学的反拨作用，试卷中仍应保留专门考查语法知识运用的内容；而为了提高考试的科学性，应该引进能从语篇层次考查考生对所学语法知识运用情况的题型。

★语篇型语法填空题的优点：

1. 任务真实性强

任何一个语篇中都存在大量可用于学习、研究的语法知识，以这样的语篇作为考查语法的材料更符合语言学习的真实情景，而且语篇丰富的上下文内容也能够更有效地考查考生对语法知识的运用情况。

2. 能够对中学英语教学产生良好的反拨作用

将对语法的考查提高到语篇层次，且考查类型由选择型变为填写型，能够引导中学英语教学加强对学生精细阅读能力和语言知识运用能力的培养。

3. 有助于高考英语试卷继续保持较高的信度

信度是大规模的高利害考试非常重视的一个指标。该题型的答案虽有开放度，但可控性较强，属于半客观性试题，评分误差很小，能够使高考英语科仍保持较高的信度。

4. 可以增加试卷中题型的多样性

标准化考试采取多种方式和多种题型往往更为公平，这是因为某些考生在某种题型上的表现要比在其他题型上的表现更好。因此，在对重要能力进行评价时可以尝试采用多种方式和多种题型（Powers，2010），而语篇型语法填空题的引入即是试题设计人员在这方面的尝试。

★语篇型语法填空题的形式为：在一篇200词左右的语篇（短文或对话）中留出10处空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式，所填写词语不得多于3个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识，如单词词性、动词时态、名词单复数、连接词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。

1. 短文体

One of my father’s favorite 1. ________ (say) as I was growing up was “Try it!” I

couldn’t say I didn’t like something, 2. ________ it might be, until after I tried it. Over the years I’ve come to realize how much of my success I owe to my 3. ________ (accept) of those words as one of my values. My first job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I determined what I wanted to do as a career (职业). 4. ________ (actual) I believed I would work for a few years, get 5. ________ (marry), stay home and raise a family, so I didn’t think the job I took mattered that much. I couldn’t 6. ________ more mistaken. I mastered the skills of that 7. ________ (begin) level position and I was given the opportunity (机会) to move up through the company into 8. ________ (differ) positions. I accepted each new opportunity with the thought, “Well, I’ll try it; 9. ________ I don’t like it I can always go back to my 10. ________ (early) position.” But I was with the same company for the past 28 years.

答案：

1. sayings

2. whatever

3. acceptance

4. Actually

5. married

6. have been

7. beginning

8. different

9. if 10. earlier

短文中设有10个空，其中7个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空，且词性和词形要正确；另外3个空没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空。

2. 对话体

Mum: (putting on her coat) I’m going to have to go down to the shop for more bread.

Alan: Why?

Mum:I’m not sure what 1. ________ (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table 2. ________ I went to answer the phone. But someone must

have taken them because they’re 3. ________ (go).

Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I’m sure he was in the kitchen 4. ________ (early).

Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished 5. ________ (make) them, so he couldn’t have done it. 6. ________, he couldn’t carry a plate of sandwiches

as well as all his tennis stuff, so I’m sure 7. ________ wasn’t him.

Alan:(opening the fridge door) Well, it wasn’t me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of 8. ________ fridge?

Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I 9. ________ (put) them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my 10. ________. Now, why did I

put on my coat?

对话中设有10个空，其中5个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空；另外5个没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空。高考考纲中第9空所在句换成了I 9. ________ have put them in there when the phone rang。

答案：

1. happened

2. when

3. gone

4. earlier

5. making

6. Anyway

7. it

8. the

9. must have put 10. mind / memory

★2014年全国卷语篇型语法填空题分析：

2014年全国卷语篇型语法填空题都为短文体，真题如下：

2014年新课标全国卷I

Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?

In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River Cleveland, Ohio. It 61. _________ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so polluted that it 62. _________ (actual) caught fire and burned. Now, years later, this river is one of 63. _________ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.

But the river wasn’t changed in a few days 64. _________ even a few months. It took years of work 65. __________ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is 66. _________ (clean) than ever.

Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit 67. _________ is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don’t know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an impossible situation, don’t you want a quick fix and something to change immediately?

While there are 68. _________ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the 69. _________ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be 70. _________ (patience).

短文中设有10个空，其中7个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空，且词性和词形要正确；另外3个空没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空。

答案：

61. was 62. actually 63. the 64. or 65. to reduce

66. cleaner 67. that / which 68. amazing 69. changes 70. patient

2014年新课标全国卷II

One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about 61. _________ (be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 62. _________ some of them looked very anxious and 63. _________ (disappoint). When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got

a place next 64. _________ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike 61.

65. _________ (catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused 66. _________ (stop) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept67. _________ (ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. Finally, when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up the door of the bus.

I heard an excited conversation. Then the driver stood up and asked, “68. _________ anyone lose

a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh, dear! It’s 69. _________ (I)”. She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully. Five others on the bus began talking about what the boy had done and the crowd of strangers 70. _________ (sudden) became friendly to one another.

短文中设有10个空，其中7个给出了提示词，考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空，且词性和词形要正确；另外3个空没有给出任何提示，考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空。

答案：

61. being 62. and 63. disappointed 64. to 65. caught

66. to stop67. riding 68. Did69. me / mine70. suddenly

1. 首句可设空（如样题及2014年新课标全国卷II）；

2. 可根据语篇逻辑设空（如考查mind / memory）；

3. 考查人称/物主代词可给出提示词（如2014年新课标全国卷II第69空给出I）。

2014年辽宁卷

Jonny: Hey! I’m just practicing Tai Chi (太极).Would you like to join me?

Peter: I know nothing about it. Is it difficult?

Jonny: It seems easy, but you need a lot of practice. You just follow me like this.

Peter:OK. Don’t laugh 61. _________ me. I may look funny.

Jonny: Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and 62.

_________ (soft). Try to keep your body straight. Move slowly, then be sure to keep your balance and don’t let your body shake.

Peter: I cannot control my body well. My legs become 63. _________ (pain)

Jonny: Keep 64. _________ (hold) your position for a while. It helps develop your strength and flexibility. Raise your leg and let 65. _________ stay in the air for seconds.

Peter: I feel my legs shaking. I cannot do this any longer.

Jonny: Be patient! Tai Chi 66. _________ (call) “shadow boxing” in English. It asks you to act like water: to be flexible as well 67. _________ strong. In real competition, a Tai Chi master borrows the strength of the competitor and uses this energy to fight back. The 68.

_________ (hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit. He controls you! Peter:Unbelievable! Oh..., 69. _________ you don’t mind, I’ll stop and take a deep 70.

_________ .

答案：

61. at 62. softly 63. painful 64. holding 65. it

66. is called 67. as 68. harder 69. if 70. breath

2014年广东卷

第二节语法填空（共10题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）

阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16—25的相应位

置上。

Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said 16. ________ was a wonderful holiday destination. Before we went, we had planned for months. When the day came, we were ready.

After our plane landed, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six months 17. ________ (early), but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We 18. ________ (tell) that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, 19. ________ for the week after. I didn’t understand 20. ________ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged 21. ________ the reservation. Wha t’s worse, the hotel had been fully booked. When we were wondering what to do, the manager came out. She was 22. ________ (surprise) helpful. She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 23. ________ top floor. We had never stayed in such an amazing room, and we weren’t charged extra.

The next day, my brother and I went to the beach 24. ________ we watched some people play volleyball. We got a little 25. ________ (sunburn)，but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind.

五、语篇型语法填空题对高中英语教学的启示

语篇型语法填空题旨在考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对语法和语用知识的掌握情况，着重考查考生的综合语言运用能力。其“突出语篇，强调运用”的命题思路，不仅充分体现了语言测试的交际性原则，也很好地体现了高中英语课程改革的教学理念，与《课程标准》所提出的英语课程的性质完全吻合。因此，在高中英语教学中加强学生相应能力的培养，不仅符合《课程标准》的要求，也能够增强考生应对此新题型的能力，从而实现教考相互促进的良性循环。

首先，要转变态度，改变中学英语教学中存在的过分强调语法规则而忽视其语用功能，过分重视接受性技能的学习而忽视产出性语言技能培养的现象。要敦促学生加强听、说、读、写综合能力的发展，多给学生创造进行语言产出和交际的机会，将学生学习英语的关注点转移到语言的社会功能和实际运用上来。

其次，要加强对学生语篇逻辑分析能力和精细阅读能力的培养。可以通过精读教学、课外阅读、写作练习等方式，促进学生的语篇分析能力和对语言的理解力和控制力的发展。再次，应该继续重视语言的准确性。语法和词汇知识是综合语言运用能力的基础，因此巩固学生对语言基本知识的掌握依然重要。但语法和词汇不是孤立的语言项目，语法和词汇知识的学习要和真实的交际场景和语篇运用紧密结合起来。

最后，进行恰当的适应性训练有助于增强考生应对此题型的能力。语篇型语法填空题取代单句型语言知识运用题之后，基于语篇的针对性练习势必比句子层次的语言知识练习更能满足考生的需求和测试的要求。

语篇型语法填空专题自测题组

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高考英语语法填空真题及答案

高考英语语法填空真题及 答案 The document was prepared on January 2, 2021

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英语语法填空解题技巧与方法

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