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初中英语语法大全汇总整理

初中英语语法大全汇总

一.词类Parts of Speech

名词英文名称The Noun缩写为n. 表示人或事物的名称例词boy,clock,book等

冠词英文名称The Article缩写为art. 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物; 例词aan,the

代词英文名称The Pronoun缩写为pron 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词例词we,that,his,what

形容词英文名称The Adjective缩写为adj. 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征

例词old,red,fine,good.

数词英文名称The Numeral缩写为num. 表示数量或是顺序;例词one,thirteen first

动词英文名称The Verb缩写为v. 表示动作或状态;例词sit,go,beam,is,are

副词英文名称The Adverb缩写为adv. 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词;例词not too,here,very

介词英文单词The Preposition缩写为prep. 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系; 例词in,on,of,to,under. 连词英文单词The Conjunction缩写为conj. 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句; 例词and,or,but.

感叹词英文单词The Interjection缩写为interj. 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感; 例词oh,hello,hi,er.

二.名词Nouns

1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类;

专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称;

Lucy China 中国Asia 亚洲Beijing 北京;

专有名词的第一个字母要大写;

普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称;例如:

teacher 老师tea 茶reform 改革

普通名词又可进一步分为四类

1 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物;

house 马car 汽车room 房间apple 苹果fun 风扇picture 照片

2 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称;

people 人们family 家庭army 军队government 政府group 集团

3 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质;

fire 火steel 钢air 空气water 水milk 牛奶

4抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念;

labour 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力

2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词;

可数名词Countable Nouns有复数形式,如:

an apple two apples a car some cars

不可数名词Uncountable Nouns一般没有复数形式.

抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词;

sand 沙sugar 糖

有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同;

glass 玻璃glass 玻璃杯paper 纸paper 报纸,文件

名词的功能

名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语;

The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语;

书包在桌子里边;

I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语;

昨天我洗了我的衣服;

This is a good book. book 作表语;

这是一本好书;

We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语;

我们选他为我们的班长;

Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语.

玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起;

He is a Party member. Party 作定语.

他是一名党员;

They study hard day and night. day and night作状语;

他们白天黑夜地学习;

3.可数名词有单数the Singular Nunmber和复数the Plural Number两种形式; 名词的复数形式The Plural Form Nouns的部分规则如下:

1 一般情况下,在词尾加-s. 例如:

bags,maps,pens,desks,workers

2 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.

例如: buses watches boxes

3 以ce,se,ze,dge等结尾的词加-s.

例如: licences blouses oranges

4 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.

例如: babies families

5 名词以-f 或-fe 结尾的,把-f 或-fe 变成-ves.

bookshelves, wives, knives

注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有,

man - men woman - women foot - feet

tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen

sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish

英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现;

scissors 剪刀goods 货物trousers 裤子clothes 衣服glasses 玻璃杯

4.名词的所有格The Possessive Case of Nouns

在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格;

它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系;

实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定;

The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上; bird 作主语, 是主格;

I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影; film 作宾语,是宾格;

名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格;

Lu Xun's book is worth reading.

鲁迅的书值得一读;

This is my father's room.

这是我父亲的房间;

名词所有格的构成

单数名词加's 例词:Mike's father

以s结尾的复数名词加' 例词:the teachers' room

不以s结尾的复数名词加's 例词:men's women's

三、代词Pronouns

1.人称代词Personal Pronouns

第一人称单数主格I复数We 单数宾格me复数us

第二人称单数主格you复数you 单数宾格you复数you

第三人称单数主格he,she,it复数they 单数宾格him,her,it复数them

2.物主代词Possessive Pronouns

形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my复数our

形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your复数your

形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its复数their

名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine复述ours

名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours复数yours

名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its复数theirs

四、数词Numeral

表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词;

表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词;

基数词Cardinal Numbers

1 one

2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six

11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty

21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred

五、动词Verb

一般现在时The Simple Present Tense

一般现在时表示现在的状态

如:He is is at home.

表示经常的或是习惯性的动作.

如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.

表示主语具备的的性格和能力等

如:She like know English.

1.动词beVerb to be

肯定式I am......否定I am not....

肯定式You are...否定式You are not....

肯定式He/She/It is....否定式He/She/It is not....

疑问句和简略答语

Am I ....

Yes,you are./No,I you are not.

Are you....

Yes,I am./No,I am not.

be结构

"There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时"这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语"某地/某时有某物/某人"的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须是一致.

肯定式:There isThere'sa table in your room.

There areThere'resome pencils on the desk.

否定式:There is notThere isn'tany cats here.

There are notaren'tany cats here.

疑问式和简略答语

Is there a ruler in your bag

Yes,there is./No,there is notisn't.

Are there any people in that house

Yes,there are./No,there are notaren't.

How many kites are there in the sky

There are thirteen.

六、介词Prepositions

介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.

本册课本出现的介词短语如下:

at: at home at school at six thirty

behind: behind the door/tree behind one's chair

beside: beside the door beside the house

from: from one to a hundred

in: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4

in one's school/grade/class/team/rom

in your desk/pencil-box/bedroom

in the picture in the same class in different classes

in English in the hat in the morning/afternoon

like: like this/that

near: near the window near the door

of: a picture of a classroom a map of China

the name of her cat the wall of their classroon

on: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike

on the duty

to:a quarterto ten goto school/bed/work

under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one's chair/bed

1表示时间:

at: 表示某一时间点

如:at noon

on: 表示特定的日子

如:on Christmas

in: 表示一段不具体的时间

如:in the morning, in the Second world war

如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on

如:on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning

during: 表示期间内的某个时期

如: during the night, during the Second World War

for: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词

如:for three days

through: 表示在整个期间没有间歇

例:It snowed through the night.

till/until: 表示动作持续的终点

例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.

by: 表示动作完成期限

例:I'll be back by five o'clock.

since: 表示某动作的起始点

例:I have studied English since 1990.

2 表示地点:

at: 表示较小的地点

如:arrived at the school gate

in: 表示较大的地点

如:arrived in Shanghai

for: 表示目的地

例:I'll leave for Shanghai.

above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是below

over: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under

例:The dog jumped over the table.

through: 表示穿过

如:through the forest

across: 表示平原上的跨越

例:I want to walk across the road.

七、句子的种类Kinds of Sentences

英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:

陈述句用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法例句:I can see a map on the wall.

I think it's his.

疑问句用途是用来提出问题. 例句:Are you Mr Green

Can you find it How old are you

祈使句用途是用来表示请求和命令. 例句: Sstand in,please.

Let's play games.

感叹句用途是用来表达强烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is

How beautiful the flowers are

八、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句

一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句

一般疑问句General Question一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句;

例如:Is she at school today

Yes,she is/No,she isn't.

Can you see a pencile on the desk Yes,I can./No,I can't.

Do you play football Yes,they do./No,they don't.

特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句.

一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs

大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:

1原级,即原形;

2比较级,表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思;

3最高级,表示“最……”的意思;

1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成

1规则变化

单音节词和少数双音节词

一般在词尾加-er或-est

cold colder coldest

strong stronger strongest

fast faster fastest

slow slow slowest

以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-st

nice nicer nicest

large larger largest

重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-est

big bigger biggest

thin thinner thinnest

hot hotter hottest

以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-est

easy esaier easiest

happy happier happiest

early earlier earliest

少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词clever聪明的未尾加-er,-est

clever cleverer cleverest

narrow narrower narrowest

多音节词和部分双音节词

在词前加more或most

delicious more delicious most delicious

interesting more interesting most interting

easily more easily most easily

carefully more carefully most carefully

2不规则变化

good/well better best

bad/badly worse worst

much/many more most

little less least

far farther/further farthest/furthest

2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法

比较级:表示两者人或事物的比较

Mr King is taller than Mr Read

This mooncakes is nicer than that one;

The tractor is going faster than the bike;

最高级:表示三者或三者以上人或事物的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时,用最高级;最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the;后面可带ofin

短语来说明比较的范围;

Whose drawing is he best of all

She is the youngest in the class.

The taxi is going ghe fastest.

Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.

注:在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,a little等来修饰,

如:much better a little taller

二;数词Numerals2

序数词Ordinal Numbers

序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用;

fist 1st twentieth 20th

second 2nd twenty-first 21th

third 3nd thirieth 30th

fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th

fifth 5nd fortieth 40th

sixth 6th fiftieth 50th

seventh 7th sixtieth 60th

eighth 8th seventieth 70th

nineth 9th ninetieth 80th

tenth 10th hundredth 100th

eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st

twelfth 12th

三、冠词Articles

冠词是一种虚词,让在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义,

冠词分不定冠词The Indefinite Article

和定冠词The Define Article两种,aan是不定冠词;

a用在辅音之前,如:a road

a boy;an用在元音之前,如:an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠词;

1.不定冠词的用法

用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类;

Susan is a scientist.

Pass me an orange,please.

指某人或某事,但不具体说明何人或何物;

A boy is looking for you;

We work five days a week;

表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈;

We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow;

I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears;

用于某些固定的词组中;

a few ,a little ,a lot of ,a moment ago

2.定冠词的用法;

特指某些人或某些事物

Show me the photo of the boy;

The book on the desk is mine;

指双方都知道的人或事物;

Where are the new books,Jim

They are on the small table;

指上文提过的人或事物;

Ji Mei lives on a farm;The farm is not big;

用在世界上独一无二的事物前;

The sun is bigger than the moon;

用在序数词和形容词最高级前;

The first month of the year is January;

Walk along this road,and take the fourth turning on the left;

用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前;

the Great Wall

the Women's Hospital

用在一些习惯用语中;

in the morningafternoon,evening,

on the leftright,at the backfrontof

the day befoer yesterday,all the same

3.不用冠词的情况

在专有名词和不可数名词前,

China,Grade Two,Bill Smilk,milk

名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词;

The letter is in her bag ,

Come this way,please .

I have some question.

复数名词表示一类人或事物时,

My father and mother are teachers.

I like cakes.

在星期,月份,季节,节日前,

It is SundayMonday,Tuesday,etc;today;

June 1st is Children's Day in China;

It is cold in winter;

在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前;

Mr Mott is going on a trip;

What colour are Mrs Green's shoes

在三餐饭和球类运动的名词前;

He went to shool before breakfast this morning;

Can you play basketball

四、动词Verbs2

1.动词的种类Kinds of Verbs

行为动词Action Verbs:含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语;

She has some bananas;

They often come back early;

I listen to the radio every day;

连系动词Link Verbs:本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语; His father is a teacher;

Twins usually look the same;

Trees turn green;

助动词Auxiliary Verbs 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成

谓语动词,表示否定,疑问,时态或其他语法形式;

He doesn't speak Englist;

We are playing basketball;

Do you have a brother

情态动词Modal Verbs

本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话

人的语气和情态,情态动词没有人称和数的变化;

She can speak a little English;

May I speak to Ann,please

We must go now;

2.一般过去时态The Simple Past Tense

一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和过去的时间状语连用, 如:yesterday,last night,in 1990,two days ago等,也表示过去经常或反复发生的

动作,常和often,always等表示频度的时间状语连用;例如:

I got up at 6:30 yesterday;

My father was at work yesterday afternoon;

He always went to work by bus last year;

一般过去时的构成

be

肯定句:I was……

He she,it was……

WeYou,Theywere……

否定句I was notwasn't……

HeShe,Itwas notwasn't……

WeYou,Theywere notweren't……

work

肯定句IYou,He,She,It,We,You,Theyworked;

否定句IYou,He,She,It,We,You,Theydid notdidn'tworked; there be

肯定句

There was……

There were……

否定句

There was notwasn't……

There were not weren't……

疑问句和简略答语

be

第一人称

Was I……

Yes,you were;No,you were not;

Were we……

Yes,weyouwere;No,weyouwere not;

第二人称

Were you……

Yes,I was;No,I was not;

Were you……

Yes,we were;No,we were not;

第三人称

Was he she,it……

Yes,heshe,itwas;No,heshe,it was not;

Were they ……

Yes,they were;No,they were not;

work

第一人称

Did I workYes,you did;No,you did not;

Did we workYes,weyoudid;No,weyou did not;

第二人称

Did you workYes,I did;No,I did not;

Did you workYes,we did;No,we did not;

第三人称

Did he she,itworkYes,heshe,itdid;No,heshe,itdid not; Did they workYes,they did;No,they did not;

there be

Was there a/any……

Yes,there was;No,there was not;

Was there any……

Yes,there were;No,there were not;

规则动词过去式地构成

一般在动词原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,

结尾是e的动词加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used

末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed

例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped

结尾是"辅音字母+y"的动词,先变y为i再加-ed. 例如:study studied

carry carried,worry worried.

常见的不规则动词有:

am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got

come-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took

3.一般将来时态The Simple Future Tense

一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来将来经常

或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next

year等

例如:I will go to my hometown next week.

We will come to see you every Sunday.

1一般将来时的构成一般将来时由"助动词"will+动词原形"构成.在口语中,will

在名词或代词后常简缩为'll,will not常简缩为won't.在疑问句中,主语为第一人称

I和well时,常用助动词shall.

第一人称肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑问式Shall/we go

第二人称肯定式You not go.否定式You will not go.疑问句Will you go

第三人称肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.

疑问式Will he/she/it/they go

注:1在书面语中,主语式第一人称I和we时,常用助动词shall+动词原形.例如:

I shall write you a letter next month.

We shall be very please to see you.

2在表示"带意愿色彩的将来"时,常用will.例如:

I will tell you all about it.

3在问对方是否愿意,或表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will.例如:

Will you go to the zoo with me

Will you please open the window

4在表示建议或者征求对方意见时,可用shall.例如:

Shall we go at the ten

Shall we get some food

2用"be going to+动词原形"表示将要发生的的事或打算,计划,决定要作的事情.

例如:

What are you going to next Sunday 下星期你打算干什么

They're going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面.

We're not going to have any classes next week.下一周我们不上课.

五.句子的成分Members of the sentence

组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语和状语. 主语和谓语是句子的主体部分.表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分

主语The Subject 表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名词代词或相当于

名词的短语等充当.例句:Lucy is an American girl.

We study in Middle School.

谓语The Predicate说明主语"做什么","是什么"或者是怎么样.谓语谓语部分里

主要是词用动词.谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致.例如:We love China.

Mike hope to be a parents are is singing.

表语The Predicative 说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词

或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语;例句:Her aunt is a driver.

宾语The Object表示动作或行为的对象,由名词,代词或相当于名词的词,短语等

充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么.例句:He often helps me.

We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday

定语The Attribute用来休息名词或代词.做定语的除形容词外,还有代词,数词,名词

介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等.例句:The black bike is mine.

We have four lessons in the 's your

状语The Adverbial用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.一般表示行为发生的时间,地点

目的,方式,程度等意义,通常由副词,介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示

例句:People are all working is very nice.

We had a meeting this afternoon.

六.句子的种类Kings of Sentence

1.四种疑问句Four Kind of Question

选择疑问句The Alternative Question

提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种,这种疑问句叫选择疑问句.它的机构

是一般疑问句加or加一般疑问句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.说

是or前面部分用声调,后面用降调.如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher

Would you like tea or coffeeShall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday

反意疑问句The Tag Question

反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见,但没有把握,希望对方来证实.

反意疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简单的提问.如果前一部分

用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式

两部分的人称和时态要一致.

反意疑问句陈述的部分用降调.后办部分可升可降.提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,后半部分用

降调;把握不大时,用降调.The weather here is very cold,isn't it

You're from Australia,aren't you Yes,I am .

对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就要用Yes,事实是否定的,就要

用no.这和汉语不一样,应该注意.如:

He isn't going to the meeting,is he 它不去参加会是吗

Yes,he is.不,他要去的.

No ,he isn't.对他不起.

2.感叹句The Exclamatory Sentence

感叹句多用how和what引起.how 和what与所修饰的词放在句首,其他部分用陈诉语气.在口语中谓语常省略

1how作状语,修饰形容词,副词和动词.如:

How cold it is today

How delicious they are

How beautiful the flowers are

How I miss you

2what作定语,修饰名词名词前可由其他定语,单数可数名词前要加不定冠词aan.如:

What a good idear

What a beautiful day

What a happy woman

感叹句用来表示强烈的感情.句末要用感叹号,读时要用降调.在口语中常用省略句.后面的

主语和谓语往往省略,由时候只用一个词或者是词组.如:How cold Wonderful

一、动词Verbs

1.现在完成时The Present Perfect Tense

1现在完成时的构成

现在完成时由“助动词havehas+过去分词”构成;现以动词work为例,

将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式

以及简略答语列表如下:

肯定式

I/You have worked;

He/She/It has worked;

We/You/They have worked;

否定式

I/You have not worked;

He/She/It has not worked;

We/You/They have not worked;

疑问式和简略回答

Have I/you workedYes,you/I have;No,you/I have not;

Has he/she/it workedYes,he/she/it has;No,he/she/it has not;

Have we/you/they workedYes,you/we/they have;No,you/we/they have not;

注:规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同

2现在完成时的用法

表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果;

Have you had your lunch yetYes,I have;I've just had it;

I have already posted the photos;

表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用;表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词;

I haven't seen her these days.

I've known LiLei for three years.

I've been at this school for over two years.

They have lived here since 1996.

How long have you worked in this library

She has taught us since I came to this school.

现在完成时可以和already,never,just,before,yet 等状语连用;

Have you ever eaten fish and chips

I've just lost my science book.

I've never been to that farm before.

I haven't learned the word yet.

havehasbeen和havehasgone的区别:

havehas been 表示“曾经到过某地”,havehasgone 表示“已经去过某地了”

Where has he been 他刚才跑到哪去了

Where has he gone他到哪去了

She has been to Shanghai;她到过上海;

She has gone to Shanghai;她到上海去了;

注:非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时,如:

I haven't bought anything for two months;

3现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示

过去的时间状语连用;如:yesterday,last night,three weeks ago,in 1990等,而一般过去时只表示过去

动作或状态,和现在不发生关系,它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用;如:

I have seen the film;我看过这部电影;

I saw the film last week;我上星期看了这个电影;

He has lived here since 1992;1992年以来他一直住在这里;

He lived here in 1992; 1992年他住在这里;

2.过去将来时The Futere-in-the-Past Tense

1过去将来时由“助动词would+动词圆形”构成;would常缩略为‘d;

2过去将来时的用法

过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态;过去将来时常用在宾语从句中;如:

I didn't know if she would come;

I wasn't sure whether he would do it;

Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday;

过去将来时也可以用“waswere going to +动词原形”来表示;如:

I didn't know if she was going to come;

Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday;

3.过去完成时The Past Perfect Tense

1.过去完成时的构成

过去完成时由“助动词had用于各种人称和数+过去分词”构成

2.过去完成时的用法

过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”表示过去某一时间可用by,before等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示;

例句

By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.

We had reached the station before ten o'clock.

When I got there ,you had already started playing .

We did as he had told us.

He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .

By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.

4.动词不定式The Ivnfinitive

1动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to,动词不定式或不定式短语没有人称和数的变化; 在句子中不能作谓语;动词不定式仍保持动词的特点;即可以有自己的宾语和状语;动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语;如:to read the newspaper,to speak at the meeting等

2动词不定式具有名词,形容词和副词的特征,因此在句中可以作主语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语、定语,状语

作宾语

She wanted to borrow my CD player.

They began to read and write;

作状语

She went to see her grandma last Sunday;

He came to give us a talk yesterday;

作宾语补足语

Lucy asked him to turn down the radio;

She asked me to speak louder;

She found him to be a very good pupil;

作定语

Have you got anything to say

I had something to eat this morning;

作主语

To learn a foreign language is not easy;

To play in the street is danerous.

3动词不定式的否定形式

由“not+动词不定式”构成;如:

Tell him not to be late;

The policeman told the boys not to play in the street;

4动词不定式和疑问句连用

动词不定式亏和疑问句what,which,how,where,when等连用,构成不定式短语;

如:The question is when to start;

I don't know where to go;

He showed me how to use a computer;

Nobody told us what to do;

5不带to的情况

有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类;一类是感觉动词,如see, hear,watch,feel,notice等,如:

I saw him come;我看见他来了;

I heard him sing;我听见他唱歌了;

另一类是某些使役动词,如make,let,have等,如:

Let him go;让他走吧

They made the children work 12 hours a day;

他们强迫孩子们一天干12小时;

动词help后的不定式可带to,也可不带to;

5.被动语态;The Passive Voice

1主动语态和被动语态

英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态The Active Voice和被动语态The Passive Voice

Many people speak English.主动语态

English is spoken by many people;被动语态

2被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成;助动词be有人称,数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样;现以动词ask为例子,将一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的肯定式,否定式及疑问式列表如下:

一般现在时

肯定式

I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……

We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……

否定式

I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……

We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……

疑问式

Am I asked……

Are you asked……

Is he/She asked……

Are we asked……

Are you asked……

Are they asked……

一般过去时

肯定式

I w as asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……

We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……

否定式

I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……

We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……

疑问式

was I asked……

were you asked……

was he/She asked……

were we asked……

were you asked……

were they asked……

3含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成;如:

This bicycle can be mended in two hour;

This trees may be planted in spring;

The room must be kept clean;

The flowers should be watered often;

4被动语态的用法

当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时,或者只需强调动作的承受者时,需要被动语态;如:

This jacket is made of cotton;

English is spoken in Canada;

二、宾语从句The Object Clause

宾语从句在复合句中作主语的宾语,宾语从句通常作主语的宾语,宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导1.由that引导that在口语或非正式文体中常省略,如:

He said that he would like to see the headmaster.

She said that she would leave a message on his desk .

He knew that he should work hard .

He said that he might fall behind the other students.

He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.

2.由连接代词或连接副词引导,如:

Do you know what he has said

I don't remember when we arrived

I asked him where I could get so much money

Can you tell me which class you are in

The children did not know who Father Christmas was.

3.由连词whether或if引导口语中常用if

Lily wanted to knew if/wheher her grandma liked the handbag;

She asked me if she could borrow there books;

三、定语从句The Attributive Clause

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,如:

1The man who lives next to us is a policeman

2You must do everything that I do .

上面两句中的man和everything 是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面;

引导定语从句的词有关系代词what,which,who,宾格whom,所有格whose和关系副词

where,when,关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又作定语从句的

一个成分;

由关系代词引导的定语从句

that在从句中作主语或宾语

指物

A plane is a machine that can fly;作主语

The noodles that I cooked were delicious;作宾语

指人

Who is the man that is reading the book over there作主语

The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister;作宾语

which在从句中作主语和宾语;

指物

The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well;作主语

The song which the Beatles sang were very popular;作宾语

who,whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语

指人

The foreigner who visit our class yesterday is form Canada;作主语

The boy who broke the window is called Roy;作主语

The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li;作宾语

Mrs Evans is the person to whom you should write;作宾语

四、状语从句Adverbial clause

在复合句中,修饰主句的动词,形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句,状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为时间,原因,条件,比较,目的,结果和让步等类;

时间

由as,after,as soon as,before,since,until,when,whenever,while等连词引导;

As he explored the sea,he took a lot of picture.

As soon as he arrived in France ,he called me.

He has been in Shanghai since he was born.

Don't come in until you are called.

Whenever we're in truble,he'll help us .

While I was watching TV,the bell rang.

原因

由as,because,since,等连词引导

I didn't go surfing,because it was too cold.

As the car is expensive ,we can't buy it .

Since he was busy ,he didn't come.

条件

由if,unless等连词引导

If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.

I won't pass the exam unless I work hard.

比较

由asso……as,than等引导

Canoeing is not asso interesting as sailing is.

Li Lei swims better than Jim does.

结果

由so……that,等引导

He was so weak that he couldn't walk on.

目的

由so ,so that等引导

We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.

He sat in the dark so that he couldn't be seen.

让步

由although,even though等引导

Although the traffic was heavy ,we got to the railway station on time. Even though he is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.

初中英语语法知识点总结(最新最全)

英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由 名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我 写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。 3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。

(完整版)初中中考英语语法大全

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron。):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it 。 3、形容词(adj。。):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange 。 4、数词(num。):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth。 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly。 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词.如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系.如in, on, from, above, behind。 9、连词(conj。):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj.。)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello。 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁"或者“什么”.通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’m Miss Green。(我是格林 小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)"。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克 每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping 。(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能 拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面.如:He wrote me a letter 。(他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语.如:He wrote a letter to me 。(他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean. (他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself。(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法. 1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法: (1)派生名词:①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词:①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥Chinese;Japanese⑦English ⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每 日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等. 3、转换法: (1)形容词→动词,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等. (2)动词→名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等. (3)名词→动词,如:hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等. (4)形容词→副词,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。 (5)副词→连词,如:when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。 (6)介词→副词,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。 二、名词: 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类: 1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写. 如:Beijing, Tom, the People's Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)

(完整版)初中英语语法总结

1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at1(感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 (比较级 and 比较级)表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道,伴随……eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…(直接接想要的东西) eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg:I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初;……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后;尽头;末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心,自信1

最完整的初中英语语法大全

英语语法大全 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格 林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每 天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如: My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼 这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版

初中英语语法大全 语法网络图 一.名词 I. 名词的种类: 1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:

III. 名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s 构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。

3. of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二.冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 I.

三.代词:I.

II. 不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no: no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如: I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

初中英语语法大全汇总

初中英语语法大全汇总 初中英语语法大全:总结与汇总 在初中英语学习中,语法知识是难点也是重点。本文将根据初中英语教材和教学大纲,对初中英语语法知识进行系统的总结和汇总,为广大初中生提供一份全面的语法学习指南。 一、句子的基本结构 1、主语和谓语 主语是句子所描述的行为或状态的主要角色,谓语则是描述主语的动作或状态。主语和谓语是句子的基本结构。 2、宾语和主语补足语 宾语是动作的对象,通常位于动词之后。主语补足语补充说明主语的状态或身份,位于系动词之后。 3、状语 状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、方式、条件等。 二、词性及其用法 1、名词

名词是表示人、物或抽象概念的词。名词可以做主语、宾语、表语或定语。 2、动词 动词表示动作或状态,是句子中不可或缺的成分。动词有时态、语态和人称的变化。 3、形容词 形容词用于修饰名词,描述人或物的性质或特征。形容词通常位于名词之前。 4、副词 副词用于修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。 5、代词 代词是代替人或物名称的词,如人称代词、物主代词等。 三、时态和语态 1、时态 时态表示动作发生的时间和方式,包括现在时、过去时、将来时等。

2、语态 语态表示动作的状态,包括主动语态和被动语态。 四、常见语法错误及避免方法 1、主谓不一致 主谓不一致是指在句子中主语和谓语在数上不一致的情况,如“They is a book”中,“They”是复数,而“is”是单数,两者不一致。正确的方式应该是“They are a book”。 2、错用连词或漏用连词 在句子中错用或漏用连词会导致语义不清晰或产生歧义。例如,“They are coming and we will go”中,“and”的使用不正确,应该使用“then”来表示时间的先后顺序。 3、不规则动词的使用错误 不规则动词的变化不符合规则,容易使用错误。例如,“go”的过去式是“went”,而不是“goed”。 4、错用或漏用动词短语 在某些句子中,漏用或错用动词短语会导致语义不完整或不准确。例如,“They will go to the park sing”中,“sing”应该改为“singing”,

初中英语语法大全

初中英语语法大全: 1.特殊疑问句 用疑问词引导的疑问句叫做特殊疑问句。回答特殊疑问句时不能用yes或no。用降调。为了便于理解、掌握特殊疑问句,我们把疑问词分为三类: 疑问代词:what,who,Which,whose,whom 疑问副词:when,where,why,how 疑问形容词:what(which,whose)+名词 1疑问代词的用法 1.what引导的疑问句 此类疑问句可以对主语、表语和宾语提问。 a.对主语提问 What is in your pocket? 你口袋里有什么? 这个问题可以有两种回答: a:There is an egg in it. 在口袋里有一个蛋。 b:An egg is(in it). 一个蛋(在里面)。 What's in the room? 屋子里有什么?

There are a lot of chairs in it. =A 1ot of chairs are in it.有许多椅子。 注意 回答此句型的问题时,答句的单复数根据实际情况而定。 b.对宾语提问 What did you buy?你买了什么? I bought a bike.我买了辆自行车。 c.对表语提问 What is this?这是什么? It's a bench.这是一条长凳。 What is your mother?你妈妈是干什么的? 注意 What is +人?此句型是问人的职业,一般译为“是干什么的?” She is a teacher.她是个老师。 2.Who,whom,whose引导的疑问句 此类疑问句可以对主语、表语和宾语提问。 Who broke the window?(对主语提问) 谁打破了窗户? who可以对主语和表语提问。whom是who的宾格,对宾语提问,但在口语中who可以代替whom。

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