研究生英语精读教程

研究生英语精读教程（下）答案

Unit 2

Exercise A

I．Comprehension

1．The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is clear．In the former case，some direct action is taken(for example，lethal injection is given．) to help finishing the patient’s unbearable pain for good，while in the latter，no direct action is taken，merely letting the patient die．

2．The attitude of AMA is somewhat contradictory．First，it states that mercy killing is contrary to what the medical profession stands and also to its own policy．But then it goes on to say that the advice and judgment of the doctor should be available to the patient and／or his family．

3．A lethal injection is one which can“kill”the patient immediately．The author thinks that once the decision not to prolong the patient's agony is made，to give him a lethal injection is the best choice．Otherwise the patient will suffer more rather than less．

4．The most painful thing to do for a surgeon is to stand by and watch a savable baby die because his very duty is to use the scalpel to fight off death．

5．Some people are opposed to all kinds of euthanasia because they believe that all people have the right to live．

6．The author believes that the reason to let the baby die is only an excuse．And the real reason is that the child has Down's syndrome because the operation is very simple．

7．No，killing someone is not morally worse than letting someone die．(An example is omitted．) 8．What the doctor does in active euthanasia is only for humane reasons．In a civil case of killing，however，the person acts from the motive of personal gain．That's the main difference．9．Mercy killing and conventional euthanasia are the same thing，because in both cases the passive part the doctor plays is emphasized．

10．The attitude of AMA in its statement is contradictory．First，it forbids mercy killing, but then it goes on to deny that the cessation of treatment is the intentional termination of life．This is where the mistake is made, for the former is none other than the 1atter．

Ⅱ．V ocabulary

1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A

6．C 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D

11．B 12．B 13：D 14．D 15．B

16．C 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．D

Ⅲ．Cloze

1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C

6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B

11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．C

Ⅳ．Translation

A．没有一个年轻人相信他是要死的。青春时期有一种永恒的感觉，使我们能自我纠正，适应一切事物。年轻人酷似神仙。虽半生一晃就过去了，还有下半生带着无限的宝藏给我们储备着，因为前程远大，希望无穷。这个新的时代是属于我们年轻人的。“一个远大无边的前景展开在我们面前。”我们环顾周围这个新的世界，充满着生命，活跃和不断的进步；我们自身感到朝气蓬勃，精神焕发，紧跟时代步伐。没有任何征兆会使我们预感到有朝一日，自

己行将落伍，沦入老年，而最终掉进墓穴中去。

B．1．Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge；it is thinking that makes what we read ours．

2．Houses should be built so as to admit plenty of light as well as of fresh air．

3．There is but one safe way for every young person starting in life，whatever the business may be．

4．When you write an article，be sure to set out the points of your argument carefully．

5．While it seems unlikely that such a radical proposition will pass，the fact means this is an issue we will soon be facing nationally．

6．So what's wrong with the argument that a dying，pain wracked patient should be able to

ask his or her physician for a prescription for a fatal overdose? Practically speaking，the

first place，if pain medication is liberally and properly used，there is virtually no patient

who cannot be kept comfortable with it．Admittedly，in some cases these doses may

have to be SO strong that they will lead to respiratory depression and hasten death．But

the goal of such medication is to relieve pain，not bring about death．So it will be a

crucial problem，if the patient dies from over dose．

Writing

Euthanasia Mercy Killing

Reasons for the latest surge of interest in euthanasia are not hard to find．People everywhere in the world are living longer，so that lingering chronic diseases have replaced critical illnesses as the primary cause of death．This has not only brought great agony to the old people and their relatives but also resulted in a lot of social problems．Those who are for “mercy killing”argue that every human being should have the right to die with dignity．Most advocates of voluntary euthanasia contend that the right should be accorded only to the terminally and incurably i11．However，some people believe active euthanasia is

a criminal act and so does aiding a suicide．They take such acts as“a case of barbarism”

unworthy of our civilization．

I think “mercy killing” is different from murdering both legally and morally．We do not

impose death on anyone but seek the individual's right to determine when and how to die．Anyway，people live in the world in order to enjoy themselves and make others happy．So when one's living becomes a burden to others as well as to himself，living loses its meaning．What's wrong with him if the terminally ill wants to relieve himself from its endless pain and sorrow and be more considerate of his close relatives?

Exercise B

I．1．surroundings 2．pledge 3．pet

4．onset 5．fellow 6．paradise

7．orphan 8．utensils 9．pessimist

10．transportation 11．transformer 12．plague

13．inclinations 14．incentive 15．fusion

16．ideology

Ⅱ．1．will quench 2．Massage 3．wither

4．were bugged 5．crooked 6．shrugged

7．salute 8．to propagate 9．narrated

10．be greased

Ⅲ．1．to wink—wink

2．N

3．N

4．(doubt)in——of

5．1egible——more legible

6．(comply)on——with

7．N

8．(an invasion)in—of

9．into—from

10．for—to

11．N

12．In—On

IV．1．in 2．in，which 3．into，if

4．on，of 5．into，of 6．what

7．until 8．of，that，by 9．at，of, that

10．that，for 11．of，as，of 12．in，near

13．at, with 14．since，on，in 15．to，from，of

16．about，which 17．if，so that 18．At，in，under

19．which，to，by 20．on，that 21．of，which，in，as

Supplementary Reading

1．Marie and her daughter Rose were in favor of having euthanasia while Marie's doctor didn't quite approve of it．

2．Because there is sophisticated machinery t0 extend a patient's life，and the real control is in the hands of a tangled bureaucracy．It cannot be decided just by the doctors and the patients．

3．More and more people began to accept the idea of euthanasia．

4．It is a kind of suicide manual，telling a terminally—ill patient how to end his or her life．5．No．refers to death by euthanasia．

6．It is o tell others what medical treatment a patient wants or does not want when he is no longer able to express his wishes

7．No．The sentence rather implies that the hospital may not end a patient's life as he wishes．8．Because he was not sure whether he was doing the right thing concerning a conflict between the two ideals—sustaining life and relieving suffering．

9．It is not easy because of the complicated factors involved such as the voluntariness of the patient and the complex ethics of medical technology．

10．Yes．According to him，how we die is a personal choice，which means he is in favor of euthanasia．

Unit 4

Key to the Exercises

Exercise A

I．Comprehension

1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．D

6·A 7．B 8．D 9．C 10．D

Ⅱ·Vocabulary

A·1·D 2．A 3．B 4．C 5．D

6·D 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．C

B·11·B 12．A 13．C 14．A 15．B

16·C 17．A 18．C 19．C 20．A

Ⅲ．Cloze

1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．C

6·B 7．C 8．C 9．A 10．D

11·D 12．A 13．C 14．C 15．B

IV．Translation

A．1969年7月20日，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗成为地球上第一个站在导一个世界上的人。

当时，全世界有7．5亿观众在他们的电视屏幕上注视着那些模糊的图像。在美国人看来，他们在这项振奋人心的成就上所花费的金钱和付出的努力是很值得的。登月探索已赋予美国的科学技术以新的活力，而且给工业和军方带来了无法估计的好处。最惊人的是，仅仅在约翰·F·肯尼迪总统宣布月球探测器为国家优先考虑的项目八年之后，“天鹰号”就登上了月球。

B．1．Nobody believes that seventy—year—old man is credited with being able to jump onto

a moving train．

2．He embraced at once my offer to employ him．

3．His eccentric character has intrigued many biographers．

4．For years Jones kept coming up with new and good ideas．

5．The scene is now set for a direct confrontation between the major powers．

6．The U．S．Space Commission in a report in May，1 986 had proposed for the erection

of a lunar base before 201 7，and a base on Mars before 2027．Since then，the

U．S．National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) has made the

construction of a stronghold on the surface of the moon and manned flights to Mars as

the target of its future activities and unfolded specialized studies for manned flights to

Mars．

V．Writing

The Dislike for Original，Creative Men in Our Society

In our new society there is a growing dislike of original，creative men．The manipulated do not understand them; the manipulators fear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror，knowing that no pigeonholes can be found for them. We could do with a few original，creative men in our political life～if only to create some enthusiasm，release some energy--but where are they? We are asked to choose between various shades of the negative. ·The engine is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice how the cold, colourless men，without ideas and with no other passion but a craving for success，get on in this society, capturing one

plum after another and taking the juice and taste out of them. ·Sometimes you might think the machines we worship make all the chief appointments，promoting the humanbeings who seem closest to them．Between midnight and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache，I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people，all numbered and registered，with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind，a rich personality，on the whole packed globe．The twin ideals of our time，organization and quantity，will have won for ever．

Exercise B

I. 1. inherent 2．planetary 3．tribal

4. pitiable 5．prescriptive 6．illegible

7. integral 8．thrifty 9．pitful

10. transient 11．spiritual．12. Suburban ．

13. portable 14．illogical 15．preliminary

16．Rural

Ⅱ·1·C 2·A 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．C 7．A

8．D 9．C 10．B 11．D

Ⅲ．1．of—with

2．N

3．due to——due

4．in——on

5．with——to

6．(franchise)for——t0

7．N

8．the quickly--the more quickly

9．into——in

10．are—is

IV．1．without 2．of／what 3．that／before

4．above／for／in 5．from／during 6．about

7．Whenever／like 8．at／when 9．into(to)／on

10. at 11．of／that／in 12．for／because

13．with／so that／about 14．that／before 15．for

1 6. that／when 1 7．as[for]／at 1 8．as／against／if／into

1 9．against／to／of 20．When／in

Supplementary Reading

1．F 2．F 3．T 4．T 5．F

6．F 7．F 8．T 9．T 10．F

Unit 6

Key to the Exercises

Exercise A

I．Comprehension

1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C 5．D

6．C 7．C 8．B 9．D 10．B

Ⅱ．V ocabulary

1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 5．B 6．D

7．A 8．C 9．B 10．D 11．C 12．B

13．B 14．C 15．B 16．A 17．C 18．D

19．B 20．C

Ⅲ．Cloze

1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．D 6．A

7．A 8．C 9．C 10．A 11．C 12．B

13．B 14．A 15．C

Ⅳ．Translation

A．文化冲击是无准备的客居者浸润在陌生文化中所受的影响。和平队志愿者在婆罗洲或巴西时有此经历。马可·波罗在中国时可能也有此经历。文化冲击是客居者突然发现自己处于一个说“是”可能意味“不”的地方，一个“固定价格”可以商量的地方或一个大笑可以表示愤怒的地方时所发生的情况。每当那些习以为常，有助于个人在社会中正常活动的心理刺激准则突然被取消，而被一些陌生的或不可理解的新的刺激准则所取代时，就出现了文化冲击。

B．1．He did it as much for his son as for himself．

2．Not knowing a foreign language，he felt like a fish out of water among so many foreigners．3．The doctor says he is much the same as yesterday．

4．When I tried to reach him at his office，he happened to be home on leave．

5．We thought she would come for a visit，it seems she is staying for good．

6．In learning a foreign language you should clear away the vocabulary barrier．You should know at least five thousand words by heart，and the more，the better．There is no other way of learning new words except by memorizing them．You young people in your teens or twenties have a good memory，but it will fail you in learning new words when you are over thirty．Memorizing new words requires painstaking efforts，and there is no shortcut here．A new word has to be read many times，encountered frequently and put into use before it is borne in mind．

V．Writing

Future Shock

We all know the term culture shock，which denotes the psychological problems suffered by people who move to live in a culture very different from their own．But have you ever heard of the term future shock? Future shock is a time phenomenon，a product of the greatly accelerated rate of change in society．It is culture shock in one's own society．Culture shock is a mild disease in comparison with the serious malady future shock, Travellers have the comforting knowledge that the culture they left behind will be there to return to，hut victims of future shock do not．Unless we learn to fight future shock，millions of people will find themselves incompetent to deal with their environments．A knowledge of the causes and symptoms of future shock helps explain many

aspects of contemporary life that otherwise could not be explained．Only when we understand the rate and scope of change can we cure future shock．

Exercise B

I．1．maxim 2．scar 3.shipment

4. pessimism

5. perils

6.rotation

7.reconciliation 8.simplication 9. Segregation

10.spectrum 11.narration 12.volunteers

13.sentiment 14. Pensions 15.savages

16.zipper

Ⅱ．1.swreved 2.repeals 3.To screw

4.boycotted

5.are paved

6. initiated

7.pledged 8. are laden 9.would induce

10. to safeguard 11.to retail

Ⅲ．1. N

2. on——to

3. as——that

4. N

5. of——from

6. to——against

7. is——are

8. N

9. specify in——specify

10. has——had

Ⅳ．1．to 2．with 3．to

4．as 5．on, on 6．for, at

7．about, for 8．above 9．for

10．into, which, of 11．If 12．about, of

13．of, by, of 14．with 15．by，that

16．When, to 17．if，in, for 18．to which, of

19．for, or 20．with, for 21．in，of，during

Supplementary Reading

1．D 2．F 3．D 4．B 5．F 6．F 7．D

8．T 9．B 10．T

Unit 9

Exercise A

I．Comprehension

1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 5.D

6. A 7．D 8．B 9．A 10.C

Ⅱ．V ocabulary

1 A

2 C

3 B

4 A

5 C

6 C

7 A

8 C

9 D 10 D

11 C 12 B 13 B 14 D 15 B

16.C 17 D 18.B 19.C 20.C

Ⅲ．Cloze

1 C

2 B

3 D

4 D

5 A

6 D

7 B

8 A

9 B 10 D

11 D 12 D 13 A 14 B 15 A

IV．Translation

A正如社会组织由简单变为复杂一样，社会用来教育儿童的组筝也经历如此变化，这一点是千真万确的。如果教育要满足新的需求，发展和变革是至关重要的。在非常简单的社会秩序中，让家长对孩子进行教育就足够了。然而，正如以后要仔细阐述的那样，这样的方法可能会变得完全难以支持，而要委托一些专职的人来完成这项任务。这些人最初可能是以私人的方式雇佣的，但是，很快社会组织、教会、村镇以及其他类似的组织将会负责教育。结果，就要求对从事教育的人进行专门培训，也需要建立专门机构来管理培训。这样，像镇、以及后来的州或省这样的地方政府机构的影响也就很必要了。

B. 1. The lack of a thorough grasp of the situation makes it difficult for them to bring matters to a speedy conclusion．

2.The noise was SO faint that it was impossible to be sure what it was or even where it came from．

3·Prolonged exposure to powerful radiant rays caused(gave rise to，led to)the early death of Madame Curie in 1934．

4·When the children saw the great pandas，they were so excited that they could hardly tear themselves away from the cage．

5·All parts of the house other than the windows were in good condition．

6·In the past few decades，many changes have taken place．Better health care is available，and education is no longer reserved for a limited few．Some say the pendulum in child rearing has swung so far toward permissiveness that many children are growing up alienated from society and with no respect for the law or parental authority．

V．Writing

The Admiration of Rock Music

Around the world，young people are spending unbelievable sums of money to listen to rock music．In our country，more and more youngsters have become admirers of rock music．It is very fashionable，especially in big cities．They are keen on collecting the famous stars' records，pictures，anecdotes，etc．They indulge in wearing Walkmans at home，on the bus，and even in the classroom.· There are those who try their best to imitate their music star idols in every way，having the day—dream of winning fame and wealth just like them some day．

Why has rock music become SO popular today? Some people think that rock music has a

special appeal，because no real training IS needed to produce it．There is no gulf between the audience and the performer．Every boy and girl thinks：“I could sing like that". So rock music becomes a new religion，a new form of worship·Young people are glad to pay to worship a rock star. Because it is a way of worshipping themselves．I think the times have changed and so has the scheme of things. Now we enjoy a quick living rhythm，and participating in something fantastic and stimulating．Of ail kinds of entertainments’ rock music is the right thing young people want most．But things will develop in the opposite direction when they become extreme．After all，entertainment is only entertainment．If we are always aware of this everything is all right．Exercise B

I．1．recks 2．perplex 3. have lulled

4．compacted 5．plunged 6.parachuted

7．amplify 8．domes 9. underestimate

10．trifle 11．rebuked 12. prohibited

13．are striving 14．revolving 15.pricked

16．being perturbed 17．be exterminated

Ⅱ．1．C 2．A 3．B 4．C 5．A

7．C 8．B 9．C 1 O．B 11．A

Ⅲ．1．in—to 2.to—for

3．N 4benefit from—benefit

5．to—in 6.win—winning

7．N 8.For—To

9．Excepted—except for 10.N

IV．1.through 2．for, in 3．to

4．At 5．with 6．Without, to

7．By 8．since，from 9．At，for，in

10．if 11．from，to，for 12．Before，on

13．into，by，with 14．by，to，into 15．for，of

16．against 17．When，among 18．in，by

19．in，where 20．in，rather than

Exercise C

I．1．D 2．D 3．C 4．C 5．D

6. C

7.C

8.C 9 A 10.C

Ⅱ．1．E 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B

6. H

7. F

8. I 9 G 10.J

Supplementary Reading

1．They are spirituals and blues．

2．In and near New Orleans。，

3·They produced what they could hear “singing’’ in their minds．

4. Blue notes—a flattened third and seventh and syncopation．

5. It is composed while the musicians are playing；it is improvised．

6．They created the foundation for what is now called Dixieland．

7．Because the bars and other establishments in Storyville were closed during World War I．8· The rent parties are the parties where money is collected from listeners and used to pay the host’s rent．

9．The Original Dixieland Jazz Band，and it was known as a group of five New Orleans musicians who performed at Reisenweber’s Restaurant in New York early in 1917．10·Jazz has spread and become popular among all classes of people in the USA and jazz musicians instruments come from a1 parts of the world．

Unit 12

Exercise A

I．Comprehension

1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．D

6．C 7．B 8．A 9．A 10．D

Ⅱ．V ocabulary

1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 5．A

6．D 7．B 8．C 9．C 10．B

11．D 12．A 13．C 14．B 15．A

16．A 17．D 18．C 19．D 20．A

Ⅲ．Cloze

1．C 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．D

6．A 7．B 8．C 9．D 10．C

11．B 12．A 13．B 14．C 15．D

IV．Translation

A．87年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创造了一个新国家。它孕育于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则。现在我们正在从事一场伟大的内战，以考验这个国家是否能长期存在下去。勇士们已经如此崇高地将这一事业向前推进，我们这些还活着的人，

应该在这里把自己奉献于这一他们未竞的事业，奉献于这一伟大的使命，以便不让这些死者白白牺牲，以使这个国家在上帝保佑下得到自由新生，并使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。

B. 1. Nature endowes her with beauty and intelligence．but she knows that success only comes

from hardworking

2.Though the boss admired his assistant’s ability, he still always prevented him from usurping

his power．

3．All the signs evinced that the only way to take the enemy position is by strategy，not by forceful attack．

4．He knows that for the tenure of his position，he has to act in compliance with his boss’S will．5．The guerrilla drew the enemy around the big mountains for three months and finally fatigued them into retreat without any fighting．

6．When George Washington became the first President of the United States，there was no permanent capital in which to house the government．During the Revolutionary War, seven different cities had served as the national capital．In addition，the members of Congress could not agree as to where this permanent capital should be located．Some officials wanted it in the North，others wanted the capital to be established within their own state lines．At last it was decided that the capital should occupy a section by itself，separated from any of the estates．This capital city was named Washington，after George Washington．

V．Writing

I firmly believe that both men and women are born equal．And women are certainly as talented as men if they are given equal opportunities of education．Isn’t a fact known to US all that women have been working side by side with men in our country and elsewhere in the world? Like their menfolks，they have been distinguishing themselves not only in research institutes，but in government bodies and other organizations as well．Either yesterday’ S French Curie or today’ S

British Mrs. Thatcher may serve as a telling argument Women are by no means inferior to

men in many respects．Since both men and women are playing an equally important

r01e in all human activities，why should not they be on an equal footing and enjoy equal right accordingly?

Exercise B

I．1．Repression 2．realm 3. chips

4．sump 5·peg 6.parasite

7．repetition 8．initiative 9.fixture

10．republican 11．melody 12. pavilion

13．drawback 14．peculiarities 15.plight

16．Parliament

Ⅱ．

1．rebelled 2．tortured 3．reproached

4．peck at 5．to harness 6．shear

7．be notarized 8．reconditioning 9．was wedged

10．was motivated 11．maximized

Ⅲ．1．against—to

2．of—for

3．N

4．everyone——each

5．possible——likely

6．diving——dives

7．N

8．invaded into—invaded

9．is—was

10．N

Ⅳ．1．to 2．from, at 3．under

4．on，of 5．to，after，on 6．from，that

7．when，into 8．on，by，who 9．to

10．how，for 11．on。which 12．who，like

13．by，by 14．With，for，of

15．From，to，during，of，from 16．of。of。to

17．into，for，from 18．of。that

19．by，of，as，above 20．of。to

Supplementary Reading

1. B 2．D 3.C 4．D 5．A 6．A

7.B 8．D 9．D 10．A 11．C

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一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法： [18]一、当坏事发生时，仔细留意自己的想法，把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。

研究生英语精读教程(第三版上)课后习题

研究生英语精读教程（第三版上） Unit 4 B. great regret C. great despair D. great disappointment 2. I have nothing but disdain for such a person. A. respect 3. The grass was interspersed with beds of flowers. A. scattered 4. I am sure disease must propagate in such unsanitary and crowded areas. D. generate 5. There was a meager attendance at the council meeting. B. enough C. ample D. haughty A. negotiation B. punishment 7. We can't rule out the possibility that he will come after all. B. refuse C. accept D. take C. tied to D. shut on 9. We three were the sole survivors in the traffic accident. A. lucky B. fortunate C. blessed 10. I slept through her dull speech. D. imaginative A. letters B. dealings C. writings A. pieces B. slips D. portions 13. The old lady ______ the sweet-smelling flowers into a garland. A. tied C. curved D. twisted B. prudent C. shrewd D. rude A. area B. place C. district A. firing B. lighting D. glowing 17. Sports, and not learning, seem to ______ in that school. A. appear B. occupy 18. Each chess player will have five minutes to ______ his next move. A. hoped C. wished D. wished to B. A word C. Words D. The word Unit 5 1. His beautiful writing is akin to drawing. A. as B. from C. above 2. His knowledge on the subject seems to be on a par with my own. A. different from

研究生英语精读教程-翻译

UNIT 1 1. 你对他说的话不能为你这种行为辩护。(justify) 1) What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours. 2. 你认为他会因为同主教的私人关系而免受宗教迫害吗? (immune from) 1) Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop? 3. 你对心理医生的忠告采取什么态度会影响到你是否会再做恶梦。(recur) 1) Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs. 2) Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist 4. 乐观主义者成功的秘诀在于他们是用积极的态度对待失望和失败。 1) The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way. 5. 悲观主义者往往容易失败，部分原因就是一个人对自己的看法常常是一种能够自我实现的预言。(in part) 1) The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy. 2) Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy. 6. 在幼儿的性格特征没有来得及发展之前，他们的行为不如大多数成年人的行为那样保持一致(consistent)。一个儿童行为的改变，可能表明他的注意力已因其活动特点的不同而转变。他的兴趣总是集中在手头的事情上。个性坚强、兴趣强烈的人能够坚持把自己正在做的事进行下去，只有重大的环境变化才能干扰其行为的方向和目的。 1) In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child's changing behavior may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests is able to persist in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behavior. UNITE THREE 尊敬的编辑同志： 非常高兴中央电视台和贵报举办“我与电视”征文活动。我很遗憾地告诉您我是位残疾人。当您看到我的稿子时，一定觉得我的字迹很乱吧。那是因为我的手不能动，多年来一直叼着笔用嘴写字，这些年来，我用嘴写出了一篇篇文章，一首首小诗。 现在我怀着无比激动的心情把这篇征文寄给您。祝好！ 残疾青年王丽 My respected editor, I am greatly delighted that CCTV and your TV GUIDE are inviting us readers to contribute articles on the subject “Television and Me”. But I regret to tell you that I am a disabled girl. My handwriting is bad you’ll know when reading my manuscript. This is because I’m unable to move my hand, and I can write only with “my mouth”. For many years I grip the pen with my teeth and write the way I do. Over the past years I have “mouth-written”one essay after another, and one poem after another. At this very moment my heart is throbbing with great excitement while answering your call for a report also from me.

研究生英语读写译教程--第5-marriage原文翻译及课后答案.

婚姻何以失败 安·洛芙 [1] 如今，以离婚告终的婚姻如此之多，我们最神圣的誓约听上去都不再真实了。“从此永远幸福地生活着”和“直到死神将我们分开”这类话语似乎快过时了。夫妻长相守何以变得如此困难？哪儿出了问题？我们到底怎么了，竟然有差不多半数的婚姻注定要以离婚法庭为终点？有42%的儿童将在单亲家庭中长大，我们怎么把社会弄成这样了呢？如果统计数字能测量出孤独、懊悔、痛苦、失去自信和对未来恐惧的程度，这些数字会大得惊人。[2]虽然破裂的婚姻各有其独特的情况，但我们还是能找到致使婚姻无法维持下去的共同因素，即常见的危险。凡婚姻都有其危机时刻，都要考验持久力、考验既能亲密相处又善应对变化的能力。外部压力，如失业、疾病、不育、抚育孩子、赡养年迈的父母，以及生活中其他种种烦恼，都会如飓风横扫海岸那样对婚姻带来打击。有些婚姻经受住了这些风暴，有些则不然。但婚姻失败并不是简单地由外部天气造成的，而是由于内部气候变得过热或过冷，变得过于狂暴或过于麻木造成的。 [3]如果我们来看一下自己如何挑选配偶，看一下在爱情最初的温柔、浪漫阶段有着怎样的期待，婚姻触礁的一些原因便显而易见了。无意中我们都精确地选中了能和我们一起重建我们第一个家庭的情感模式的伴侣。婚姻心理治疗专家、威斯康星大学精神病学荣誉退职教授卡尔·A·威塔科尔解释说：“从幼年起，我们每一个人心里就对婚姻、女性气质、男性气质、为人母、为人父，以及其他各种家庭角色有了自己的模式。”我们每一个人都爱上具有自己父母气质的伴侣，能帮助我们在心理上重温以往生活中的欢乐与苦难的伴侣。我们或许会以为自己找的男人与爸爸不同，可是到头来，就像爸爸那样，他酗酒，或者吸毒，或者一次又一次失业，或者就像爸爸那样一言不发地坐在电视机前。男人或许会选择一个像自己母亲一样不喜欢孩子的女人，或者一个像自己母亲一样把家里的钱全都赌光的女人。或者他会选择一个苗条的妻子，与体态臃肿的母亲看上去似乎不一样，可结果发现那女子有其他的嗜好，这就毁了双方的幸福。 [4]男女双方都把意识到的和未意识到的对父母共同生活的混杂记忆带上婚床。人类总会不由自主地去重复并再现过去的生活模式。西格蒙德·弗洛伊德入木三分地描述了我们许多人所陷入的自设的不幸罗网：童年时期未能满足的欲望，多年前的挫折留下的愤怒情绪，信任极限以及旧日恐惧的重现。一个人一旦意识到自己陷入这样的困境，就可能渴望逃脱，其结果可能是婚姻破裂、分崩离析。 [5]当然，人们能够改变童年时期养成的习惯和形成的看法。我们都有潜在的优势，都有令人惊叹的能力使自己成长以及创造性地改变自己。然而，变化需要有所行动，如观察自己在失败模式中的作用，公开遇到的难处。然而行动却有悖于关于婚姻的神话：“若我与此人结了婚，我所有的烦恼就会烟消云散。到了那时我算是获得成功了，我将成为此人生活的中心，此人也将成为我生活的中心，我们将永远视对方为自己生活的全部。”这一维系所有婚姻的神话不久就被打破。孩子降生了，需要有人爱、需要有人花时间照料，这些拖累在相当程度上打击了那个说什么视对方为自己生活之全部，或者说什么夫妇融为一体解决生活中所有问题的神话。 [6]对金钱的关心以及由金钱造成的紧张关系使夫妻产生隔阂。对苛求的父母或仍需赡养的父母应尽的责任进一步加剧了紧张关系。如今，夫妻双方还必须应对近几年来妇女解放运动和性革命所带来的各种文化变革。角色的改变、责任的变更对婚姻都是极其严峻的考验。 [7]就像沙尘暴侵蚀岩石、海浪蚕食沙丘，这一切以及生活中其他现实问题逐渐毁灭对幸福婚姻的幻想。那些伴随着浪漫爱情而来的欣喜若狂的美妙感觉实际上都是自我欺骗、自我催眠的梦幻，而这种自欺、这种梦幻使我们得以去缔结良缘。现实生活、工作中的失败、失

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Cancer & Chemicals -Are We Going Too Far? Marla Cone Last year, California governor George Deukmejian called together many of the state's best scientific minds to begin implementing Proposition 65, the state's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act. This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer (carcinogens) or birth defects into water supplies. Some claim it will also require warning labels on everything that might cause cancer. 去年，加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会，开始执行第65号提案，即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案。这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质。有些人宣称，新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签。 A day of esotericscience and incomprehensible jargonwas predicted. But Bruce Ames, chairman of the department of biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley, had plans to liven the proceedings. 原来预计，开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术

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《研究生英语读写译教程》（第二版）练习参考答案及参考译文（注：第二版只有第六单元为全新单元，其余单元只是有些调整。） 各单元练习答案 UNIT ONE STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH. COMPREHENSION 1 He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of it. (The answer to the second part of the question is open.) 2 Life was tough –he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he returned coke bottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free meal… 3 He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in his calligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh computer. 4 Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your future. (What you have learned/experienced might help in your future career.) 5 He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established dismissed him.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him start over again. 6 He has learned a good lesson from his failure. 7 Do the things we love to do. 8 Open. 9 Open. 10 Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when we want to do something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.) VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE A 1 naively 2 curiosity 3 combination 4 let down 5 vision 6 baton 7 creative 8 mirror 9 trap 10 invention B 1 drowned out 2 tuition 3 Commencement 4 deposit 5 typography 6 make way for 7 animation 8 intuition 9 destination 10 diverge C 1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct 2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense 3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out