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美国文学简史期末复习资料

i.The Colonial Period

1.关键词: America Puritanism

2.Calvinism特点: total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement,

Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints

3.Anne Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as “The Muse”

4.Thomas Paine: one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man.

works: “Common Sense”“American Crisis”“The Rights of Man”“The Age of

Reason”理性时代

5.Phillip Freneau(P22): 美国文学史上的重要人物

dawning nationalism 代表人物

Poems: The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花

first modern American & the last medieval man

6.Jonathan Edwards(Calvinism)

a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening

works: “The Freedom of the Will”《自由意志论》“The Great Doctrine of

Original Sin Defended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“The Nature of True

Virtue”“American Dream”“Self-made”

7.Benjamin Franklin(puritanism)

“Poor Richard’s Almance”“autobiography”新文学形式

“18th century enlightenment”

ii.Romanticism

1.Washington Irving（1783-1859）

①titles: “the father of American literature”

“the AmericanGoldsmith”

②works: The Sketch Book (marked the beginning of American

Romanticismand the beginning of short stories as a genrein American

literature)

Rip Van Winkle (P47—P48)

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

2.James Fenimore Cooper（1789-1851）

①One of the first writer to write American Westward movement

②“The Leatherstocking Tales” (novel)

first is “The Pioneers”

---Plot:

---theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple-

---character:

Natty Bumppo---innocent, simple, honest and generous, for freedom,

against civilization, wilderness is good

Judge Temple---just, reasonable, for civilizationand law

③Writing style:

intriguing plot

majestic landscape descriptions

rich imagination

wooden characterization

not authentic dialect

iii.New England Transcendentalism---the culmination of American Romanticism Beginning of the Transcendentalism---1836, Nature, Emerson (1830s –the Civil War)

Features：a:emphasizing on spirit or the Over-soul；b:stressing the importance of the individual；c:offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.

1.Ralph Waldo Emerson：The founder of the Transcendentalist club and the

editor for a time of the journal the Dial

Works:

Nature --- “the Manifesto of American Transcen den talism” “the Bible of

New England”:

The Poet (from Nature)

The American Scholar --- “Intellectual Declaration of Independence”

2.Henry David Thoreau

Masterpiece: Walden (Failure first, success in the 20th century)

Content---a faithful record of his reflection in communicating with nature

3.Nathaniel Hawthorne

“The Scarlet Letter”

Plot(P74)

Theme:

---(general theme) evil and sinexist in human heart and will be punished one

day

moral, emotional and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general

---(specific theme) a hymn on the moral growth of the woman Hester when

sinned against

symbolism象征主义: “A”—Adultery—able—angel

“pearl”—treasure

4.Herman Melville

works: Moby Dick (1851)---little response, famous until the 20th century

Content:

---(general content) an encyclopedia of everything

---(specific content) a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming

power in an indifferent even hostile world

5.Edgar Allan Poe

Theme: The death of beauty

Sense of loss

Works:

Poem--- “The Raven” “To Helen” “Annabel Lee”

Writing style:

Musical

Repetition of words

Paralleled structure

Melancholy atmosphere(tone)

Short story---The Fall of the House of Usher

Plot: (P112)

Theme: the fall of the house---the annihilation (disintegration) and ofperson

6.Emily Dickinson

Subject and theme:

①(almost one third) Death and immortality

“My life closed twice before its close”

“Because I could not stop for death”

theme: Everyone can’t live forever. Only after death can we get

immortality (immortality of soul)

“ I heard a Fly Buzz- When I died”

theme: skeptical & ambivalent about death

reluctance to death

②Love

“Wild Nights-Wild nights” (P99)

③nature (both benevolent and cruel)

“I’ll tell you how the sun rose”

④emphasis of free will and human responsibility

“To fight aloud”

“A triumph may be”

⑤soul ( conviction of her sovereignty)

“I know that He exists”

“The Brain is wider than the sky”

Theme:

influence of Transcendentalism

Human being’s mind (soul) is as divine as God

⑥beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one

“I died for beauty-but was scare”

“Tell all the truth but tell it slant” (P102)

Writing style: emotional, original, against tradition

Choice of words, verbal construction (capitalized and dash), spelling, full

of fresh images, brief, direct, plain words but not easy to read

Influence: precursor to the Imagist movement

7.Walt Whitman

Works: “Leaves of Grass”草叶集(9 editions from 1855 to 1892, Famous until

the 5th edition)

Poems in Leaves of Grass:

“Song of Myself”(most famous one)

“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (1859)

“When Lilacs紫丁香Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” (1865)

“O Captain My Captain!”

Writing style: free verse( no regular rhyme, but musical)

iv.过渡时期

Harriet Beecher Stowe

work: Uncle Tom’s Cabin---The greatest manifesto of American anti-slavery (最有名的反奴隶制作品)

Content: a faithful record of American black people's miserable life.

v.Realism镀金时代Gilded Age

1.William Dean Howells豪厄尔斯

①title: “champion of literary realism in US”“first president of American

Academy of Arts and Letters”

②works:

essay--- Criticism and Fiction

novel---The Rise of Silas Lapham

Plot: P120-121

Character: Silas Lapham---common Bostonian of the late 19th century,

average America happy with his family and proud of his success in the world

Theme:

house---symbol of Lapham’s success (in material) and aspiration for the

polite society

the burning of the house---financial fall and moral rise

2.Henry James

①themes:exchanges between Americans and Europeans美国和欧洲文化

的冲突

②写作手法：a. eliminates the author and gives the reader the illusion of

being present at the scene of action让读者置身于情境中

b. without comments or explanations: Dramatize, only dramatize, is his

lesson作者只设定情境

③Three distinctive periods:

a. 1865-1882 novels

The American (1877) 美国人

The Europeans (1878) 欧洲人

The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 淑女本色贵妇的肖像

Daisy Miller(1878) 短篇小说

b.1882-1895 plays

c.1895-1990 novels

The Turn of the Screw(1898)短篇小说碧庐冤孽（螺丝在旋紧）

The Wings of the Dove (1902) 鸽之翼

The Ambassadors (1903) 大使（奉使记）

The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗

3.Mark Twain(Local Colorism)

①Works: The Adventure of Tom Sawyer

The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn汤姆索亚历险记的续集，海明威称赞“all modern American literature comes”

②theme: racism&slavery

intellectual& moral education

The hypocrisy of civilized” society

③real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens

④背景: Mississippi River

vi.Naturalism(是现实主义的高级阶段)

Time: at the end of the 19th century

Subject of naturalist: detailed description of lives of the low and the abnormal, frank description of human passion and sexuality, and portrayal of men overwhelmed by nature

Theme of naturalists: pessimistic, deterministic

自然主义的起源：Emile Zola “surrounding and heredity遗传can decide one’s destiny”

写作手法：ironic讽刺, less sympathy, more serious than realism, deterministic决定论

1.Stephen Crane

①Works: (novels) Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge of

Courage (1895)(short stories) “The Open Boat”

②Writing style: psychological description, visual beauty with symbols

2.Frank Norris

①works:(Novel) McTeague麦克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主义的作品

the Octopus章鱼(best work) (1901)railway

Writing style:

rich material

fresh imagery

poetic mode of fiction

precise and exact word

(Essay of literary criticism) The Responsibilities of the Novelists (1903)

3.O. Henry(a prolific American short-story writer)多产短篇小说家

①Real name: William Porter

②The Gift of the Magi

③Writing style: short, interesting and clever plot, good-natured humor,

surprising end, keen observation of details, slang and colloquial

expressions

4.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞

works:Sister Carrie(1990)《嘉丽妹妹》

Jennie Gerhardt (1911)《珍妮姑娘》（姐妹篇）

The Financier (1912) 《金融家》“Trilogy of Desire” (欲望三部曲)The Titan (1914)《巨头》

The Stoic(1947)《斯多葛》The "Genius" (1915) 《天才》--autobiographical novel

An American Tragedy--greatest and most successful Politicalcommentary set

5.Jack London

Works:

---Reflection of his Involvement in the socialist movement:

The Iron Heel, The People of the Abyss

---Reflection of his belief in Darwinism:

The Call of the Wild (1903)适者生存, The Sea Wolf (1904)

---Reflection of the conflicting view :

autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1909)

vii.Modernism

Two literary periods

?1920s --- The First World War (a decade of great joy and happenings )

?1930s--- The Great Depression

1.Ezra Pound--- the founder of Imagist movement(深受中国文化的影响)

works: translations of Lipo’s poems “The River- Merchant’s Wife”翻译李白

的《长干行》

In a Station of the Metro

The apparition of these faces in the crowd ;

Petals on a wet, black bough.—Ezra Pound

2.T. S. Eliot

Poems

The Waste Land (1922)---spiritual crisis of postwar Europe, like a manifesto

of the “Lost generation”

The Love Song of J.AlfredPrufrock(1917)--- a poem with a notable modern

emotional color，意识流，现代主义情感色彩

3.Wallace Stevens

Basic theme: interrelationship between reality and art, power of imagination

Works: “Anecdote of the Jar”古坛轶事

4.William Carlos Williams

Works:Famous poem: Paterson 帕特森(1946–58).

Subject: everyday circumstances of life and the lives of common people.

Writing style: unusual meters and styles, easy and enjoyable to read

5.Carl Sandburg---One of The greatest poets in the “Chicago

Renaissance”---Chicago Poems

6.Robert Frost

Subject: the people and landscape of New England.

(Misconception of him as a lyric poet or as an authentic painter of local

landscape)

Theme: (universal and abstract) the complexity of human existence

Works:

poem collection：

A Boy’s Will (1913), North of Boston(1914)

New Hamphshire(1923),

Collected Poems(1930),

A Further Range(1936),

A Witness Tree(1942)

Some famous poems:

“After Apple Picking”

“Mending Wall”

“Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening”

“The Road not Taken”

“Design”

“The Wood-Pile”

Writing style:

---form

to retain traditional forms of poetry

---theme

deceptively simple (trivial subjects)

---language

lucid, easy, fluent

7.William Faulkner: one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers

---one of the southern writers (fictional Yoknapatawpha County)

---the Nobel Prize-winning novelist(1949)

---a famous short story writer

Works: 19 novels, 3volumes of short stories

?poem collection: The Marble Faun, 1924)

?Novel:The Sound and the Fury, 1929喧哗与躁动

As I Lay Dying, 1930

Light in August, 1932

Absalom, Absalom!, 1936

Go Down, Moses, 1942

?short story: “A Rose For Emily”

Theme: general human situation

Writing style: difficult and experimental

?Vivid characterization( character with great independence)

?Multiple narrators

?Story-novel (emphasis on narrative)

?Modern stream of consciousness (fragmentary and obscure)

? A variety of English

8. F. Scott Fitzgerald

work: The Great Gatsby(1925)

Themes: The decline衰落of American Dream in the 1920s

The Hollowness空虚of the upper class

Symbols: The green light

9.Ernest Hemingway

①Nick Adams,a Hemingway hero, first appears in the novel In Our Time

(1925)

②The Sun Also Rises (1926)

Jake Barnes

A Farewell to Arms (1929)

Frederick Henry& Catherine Barkley

Death in the Afternoon (1932 )

Green Hills of Africa (1935)

For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)

The Old Man and the Sea (1952)

Manolin&Santiago

viii.Americandrama

1.Eugene O’Neil(1888 – 1953)

father of American drama

Works:

first published play, Beyond the Horizon (1920) on Broadway

The Iceman Cometh (1946)

Long Days Journey into Night (1956)：an autobiographical play and released

after O'Neill's death.

2.John Steinbeck

the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962

Famous for The Grapes of Wrath (1939), a novel widely considered to be a

20th-century classic.

人员测评与选拔期末复习资料(修正版)

人员测评与选拔期末复习资料一、判断题（共10分） 1、良好的素质只是日后发展与事业成功的一种可能性。P3 2、“人心不同，各如其面”体现出素质的表出性特征。P4 3、“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同”体现出素质的差异性特征。P4 4、考试前纷纷要老师给重点的同学，表明此同学是经济人。 5、现代心理素质测评理论是由弗洛伊德提出和创立的？ 6、横向结构是指将需要测评的人员素质的要素进行分解，并列出相应的项目。纵向结构是指将每一项素质用规范化的行为特征或表征进行描述与规定，并按层次细分。P134 7、行为事件访谈是一种开放式的行为回顾式调查技术，类似于绩效考核中的关键事件法。P156 8、才能评鉴法强调辨识成功的工作绩效所需要的基本个人特征与其他特征，以区别它们和一般水准者得绩效差异。P157 9、测评与选拔标准体系及其分数等级、评语，在测评与选拔过程中，是充当一种价值等价物的作用，它一般由标准、标度和标记三个要素组成。P183 10、心理测验有五个要素：行为样组、标准化、难度客观测量、信度、效度。P237 11、心理测验的一般性原理是个体心理特征的差异性、可测性和结构性。P237 12、评价中心技术的设计基本原则为要有较高的内容效度、良好的表面效度，并关注细节。评价中心技术主要用于高层管理人员的选拔与晋升的考核。P238 13、求职者提供的一些书面信息是人力资源管理部门首先接触到的材料。P263 14、员工推荐就是通过“内部人推荐”为某职位提供人选，不包括自荐和外部推荐。P263 15、知识测评的方法有多种，其中最简单最有效的方式是心理测验。P289 16、品德是个体在思想、政治、道德、法制、个性心理等方面所表现出的稳定的行为特征与倾向之总和。P322 17、随着个体品德的不断成熟与观察者经验的不断丰富，最后没人所觉察到的结果往往是一致的。P322 18、测评信度是指人员测评结果的可靠性或一致性程度。P403 测评效度是指测评结果对所测素质反映的真实程度。二、填空题（共10分）三、名词解释（共25分） 1、一般能力：通常指在不同种类的活动中表现出来的共同能力，例如观察力、注意力、想象力、思维能力、操作能力等。所有这些能力，都是我们日常完成任

美国文学简史复习

美国文学简史复习资料 2016年12月23日目录殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学美国浪漫主义早期新英格兰超验主义美国浪漫主义后期美国现实主义文学美国乡土文学美国现代诗歌美国现代小说美国南方文学

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常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(9-14章)【圣才出品】

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常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国浪漫主义欧文库柏)【圣才出品】

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