英语文体学教程
Chapter1
1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter?
Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes.
Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style .
2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English?
Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations.
3, what factors can result in differences in style ?
Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style.
Chapter2
1, explain the following terms
1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded.
2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation.
3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence.
4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc
5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations .
6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance.
2,question for discussion
2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture.
Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series
stress a large number of the concrete things ,and these can produce an imagery in the mind of the reader that the large amount of things constitutes a significant situation in which certain aspect are highlighted. Another function of the rhetorical series is to use concrete items to highlight abstract concepts so that the abstract concept can be expressed in concrete ,lively and vivid way to enhance the aesthetic value of language.
3)what factors affect the writer’s selection of words and style
Answer : five criteria for the selection of words :whether they are familiar or not familiar, whether they are concrete or abstract, whether they are single or more ,whether they are short and simple. Or long. Whether they are Anglo –saxon words or latin words .field ,tenor ,mode affect the writer’s selection of style.
4)what is the criterion used to classify words
Answer :we can use more systematic way to classify word according to register and dialect .register:field ,tenor , mode .dialect: regional dialect,such as London dialect;social dialect such as dialect of age, race,etc.temporal dialect such as od English .
5)through what channels can words be used to achieve transferred meaning?
Answer :simile :x is like Y, eg as busy as bee. Metaphor: X is Y ,eg he is a pig. Synecdoche eg many hands represent the people who work with their hands . Metonymy eg purse represent money.
Chapter3
1,explain the following terms
1),chiasmus:chiasmus is formed by inverting the word order of the second part of a parallel structure,so it forms a kind of antithetical structure. Eg:let us never negotiate out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.
2)antistrophe: i t is the repetition of the same items but in inverted order ,eg:what’s polly to me,or me to polly?
3)epizeuxis:it is a continuous repetition for high lighting a particular feature.
4)ploce: the repetition is not continuous , but intermittent or dispersed in the text.
5)loose sentence: put the major idea first and than the illustration .such a sentence is easy to grasp .
6)periodic sentence:a periodic sentence can be used to create suspense,or expectation, thus drawing the listener’s attention to the end of the sentence.it can be used to produce humorous and emphatic effect .
2,question for discussion
1),there are many types of syntactic deflection ,but they have one thing in common :recurrence of structures. How is syntactic deflection classified?
Answer :there are two type of syntactic deflection :the unexpected high frequency of occurrence of a certain type of sentence; and the overregular occurrence of a particular pattern .
2)the high frequency of occurrence of long and short sentence can create stylistic effect .apart from the difference in expressive meanings ,what are other characteristics of the two types of sentences?
Answer : long sentences are good to provide the detailed descriptions ,and are good to reveal the mental activities of the speaker .so they are used to produce a vivid, rich, exuberant, luxurious
style. Short sentence：can produce direct ,terse ,concise ,clear effect or continuous ,compact ,swift effect ,so that it creates certain atmosphere , and leave a deep impression on the listeners.
3) why do writers often violate the rule of grammar? What do we cal this violation?
Answer: we call this violation syntactic incongruity .the violation of the grammatical rules can be used to produce certain stylistic effects. The so-called ungrammatical sentences are used to represent the different varieties of language according to register and dialect. In literary works, dialectical and personal features of speech are often used to depict the personality of the characters. In poetry, the poet often uses deviant grammatical structures to achieve special effects, makes lines terse and concise, to make it rich in meaning.
4)what is the function of rhetorical questions?
Answer: A rhetorical question is to use the form of a question in order to express a strong emotion or to emphasize a particular aspect. The function of inverted sentence is to make a declarative sentence more powerful, to attract the listener’s attention, or to induce others’ sympathy. Arranged in parallelism, rhetorical questions can express strong emotions and increase the persuasive power.
A rhetorical question can also introduce the topic of the text.
5) In what ways can we use inverted sentences to achieve emphatic effect?
Answer: to change the normal word order can be used to produce some emphatic effect. What is put to the initial part of the sentence is usually the focus of information of the clause and also the theme of he clause. So it is highlighted.
Chapter4
1 explain the following terms
1)Synaesthesia: it refers to the fact that sounds s are attributed with certain values or esthetic
features. It is very casual, and supported by situational features and meaning.
2)Alliteration: refers to the repetition of the initial sound usually a consonant, or a vowel at first
position, in two or more words that occur close together.
3)Assonance: refers to the use of the same or related vowel sounds in successive words. It can
create harmonious effect.
4)Consonance: refers to the repetition of the last consonants of the stresses words at the end of
the lines.
2 questions for discussion
1)What are the characteristic of spoken language and written language respectively? Answer: spoken language: 1 it can directly be accompanied by other non-linguistic means as the aid; 2 it is generally speaking not as formal as written language; 3 it permits errors in the process of production; 4 it uses a particular grammar, a grammar characteristics of spoken language. 5 homophones can be used for special stylistic effects, such as pun; 6 some implications are best represented by special sound features; 7 sound feature can represent the feature of regional dialect or social dialect.
Written language:1 as written language communication is usually not a direct one, but is delayed in time and at different places, the writer generally has time to get well prepared and revise the text before he sends it out to the reader;2 as space is limited, it has special grammatical features so as to put more meaning in it .there are many nominalizations to make sentences into groups;3 written language is often used in a more formal situation; 4 as time is enough, it is usually written
in a more detailed and logical way;5 as written language is more purposeful, and for a single specific goal, it is usually more constant and developed around a single subject.
2)How many sound patterns do we have? What special stylistic effects can be achieved by them? Answer: these sound patterns include alliteration which can create harmony, connection and achieve special stylistic effects, assonance which can create harmonious effect, and consonance 3)What factors can influence graphological prominence? .
Answer: there are three distinctive factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, spacing and sequence. Marking refers to the use of written symbols to convey information; space is spacing arrangement departing from this normal way of spacing can be used to achieve stylistic effects.
4 In modern English, punctuation marks are patterned and standardized. How can we use punctuation marks for special stylistic purpose?
Answer: period typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If period occurs in unexpected high frequency of occurrence, it often means that the text mainly functions to provide information; comma is used to mark the unit larger than a word, however, in Charles Dickens’ Dombey and Son, comma is used to indicate syllables; exclamation marks can be used to carry emotional coloring, a mark of expressing special feelings; parentheses are used for further explanation; the ellipsis of punctuation marks produces an illogical and non-sequential image. Chapter7
1 explain the following terms
1）Guide: guide is the further explanation of the headline, it consists of six elements; location, character, event, mode, time, and cause.
2）Nominalization: refers to a grammatical phenomenon in which the meaning which is normally expressed by a clause is here expressed by a phrase, so clause nominalization is normal. It is contracted.
3）The highlighting method: from the productive point of view, the columnist can publish the whole story, or he can cut off some parts from the end. He can even cut off the main body.
4）Meaning contraction: using the smallest form to get the most meaning.
5）Journalese words: as new report requires the speaker to use the least form to get the most meaning, and it has to be fresh and attractive, so the words in news report is short and new.
2 questions for discussion
1) What are semantic features of news report?
Answer:1 In terms of ideational meaning, apart from the semantic field of news report, it covers virtually all areas of meaning systems ;2 in terms of interpersonal meaning, it stresses objectivity;3 in terms of textual meaning, it has the feature of meaning contraction.
3) Most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. Tell in what way ellipsis is best achieve in news report.
Answer: most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. What is omitted is: (a) subject-predicate (b) predicate (c) link verb or auxiliary verb
4) How is meaning contraction of news report embodied in grammar?
Answer: one feature of news report is meaning contraction, that is using the smallest form to get the most meaning .its grammatical feature are as follows:(1) the nominalization of the processes (2)big noun phrases and complex modifications (3)as some of the pre-modifiers come from a separate clause, it is highly contracted .
5）The concreteness contraction of news report is in contradiction to meaning contraction. Tell how this contradiction is revolved in news report.
Answer: besides its authenticity and objectivity, news report should also emphasize concreteness and detailedness. Therefore, the writer often gives background information and details by using parenthesis. By doing so, the writer can provide concrete and detailed information and save space as well.
6）What graphological means are used in news report? Analyze what effects are achieved by graphological means.
Answer: grphological means are made in the typesetting, for example, headlines can be arranged in such ways: 1 flush-left(it is made into a square) 2dropped-line(the length of the line is the same, but dropped in a bit each time) 3 short line followed by a long tome 4 along line followed by a short line 5 concave form 6 convex form . They can increase esthetic value and become more attractive.
7）What are lexical features of news report? Why are many nonce words used in news report? Answer: lexical feature: 1 short and new-fashioned such a “crisis” in “the UN faces crisis of credibili ty”. 2 short journalese phrase such as “key issue” in “jobless will be the key issue in 1993”. 3nonce words, often blends such as Euromarket=European market.
8）Why is there so much use of direct speech in news report?
Answer: the use of direct speech can enhance the credibility of news report. The directly quoted speech can be regarded as basis of facts.
9）What prominent devices are used in headlines in news report?
Answer: alliteration allusion suspense etc.
Chapter6
1Explain the following terms
1）time non-fluency :pauses in inappropriate positions within a phrase or groups position ,the use of um or er to delay the time ,the repetition of some expressions ,such as be said be said be said.,
2）Quality non-fluency: often the speaker cannot find the appropriate words to express himself, and he is striving for words, so he uses many inexact expressions and even wrong expressions or wrong pronunciations to express himself.
3） Adjacency pair: most of the sentences are declarative and interrogative sentences as they are mostly made up of questions and answers.
4） Slot filling words: slot filling words are used to fill in the pauses when the speaker strives for meaning as words, or when he or she strives to be politeness or lessen the degree of imprudence.
2 question for discussion
1）What are the characteristics of conversation from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?
Answer :semantic features:(1)the inexplicitness of meaning (2)the randomness of subject matter, and a general lack of planning (3)the lack of fluency Grammatical features :(1)sentence complexity (2)verbal phrases(3)nominal phrases(4)the types of sentences (5)quoted elements. Lexical feature:(1)most of the words are short and simple Anglo-Saxon ones, (2)the choice of words is limited in scope or range (3)slang and colloquial words, taboo words ,exclamatory words are frequently used (4)some slot filling words ,such as you know ,I mean,etc.(5)use exaggerated words and expressions. Phonological features :(1)use more contractions for the unimportant information (2)the often try to express themselves in spite of the fact that the other is speaking (3)there are many emphatic ways of speech ,such as stress .
2）How do you account for the inexplicitness of language in daily conversation?
Answer: the inexplicitness of meanings manifested in the following aspects: (1)lots of exophoric expression such as “this “is the tendency (2)there ar e missing links between the utterances(3) a lot of background information missing.(4)many inexact expressions using general words for particular concepts(5)many incomplete expressions.
3）What are the features spontaneous commentary from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?
Answer: from the perspective of semantic features, if the listeners could also see the event while the commentary is delivered, there will be a lot of meaning implied or simply presupposed; but in a commentary without visual support on the part of the listeners, the commentator has to provide all the necessary information. In terms of syntactic structure, the sentences and the clauses are usually short as the commentator has no time to give detailed description of the event, and the sentences contain fewer words than usual. From the perspective of lexical features, the words are mostly simple in structure, they are short and simple; they are mostly composed of verbs, and proper names; there might be specialized terms depending on the subject matter of the commentary. From the perspective of phonological features, it is very fast and fluent, but he has to pronounce every word clearly and loudly.
4）What are the features of text structure of public speech?
Answer: It consist of the following element :(1)a short introduction to the main issue or issues concerned (2)the declaration of one’s attitude and position in the matter (3)the listing, reasoning, and explaining (4)conclusion
5）How is it that in public speech there is much use of noun phrases with post modification? Answer: there are few pre-modifiers, but more post-modifiers such as “of phrase” and “which clauses” to give detailed and accurate description.
Chapter8
1 explain the following terms
Learned words: learned words are words that borrowed from Latin, Greek and French.
Clichés: are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often.
Semantic features: correctness and completeness; conciseness and clearness; consideration and courtesy.
Grammatical features: sentences structure; uses of voices; uses of affirmative sentences; inverted sentences
Lexical features: concrete and natural words; technical terms and abbreviations; brief and common word s; avoid clichés (except business contracts)
3 questions for discussion
1）Why should business English be correct and complete?
Answer: the content of business English should be correct and completely. First, the conveyed information should be correct; sometimes a small mistake would cause a great loss in a deal and even affect business relations between two parties. Second, the conveyed information should be complete. For example, if we order some commodities, we should state names of commodities, delivery dates, consignees, methods of payment, etc.
2）In business English sometimes active voice is used, and sometimes passive voice is preferred. Point out what stylistic features can be achieved through using voices.
Answer: In business English, both active voice and passive voice can be used, but there is a tendency towards preference of active voice in today’s business communication. Active voice is shorter in form and economic in words compared with passive voice. Thus active voice is more effective in stylistic effect than passive voice; besides, active voice can make style more familiar and less formal. But in some cases, passive voice is necessary. When we discuss something negative, we should avoid blaming the other party directly, in addition, passive voice can make business English style more formal, and the conveyed information more objective.
3）Why should business letters be written in a way of consideration and courtesy?
Answer: In business communication, in order to make it more efficient, we should be considerate of others and polite to others. “You- Attitude”
is very important principle in business communication, that is, we should think ourselves back into the shoes of others so as to cooperate sincerely. 4）The use of technical terms and abbreviations is one stylistic feature of business English. State the reason of this phenomenon.
Answer: using technical terms and abbreviations can avoid long and tedious explanation, which is one lexical feature of business English. Such as L/C----letter of credit
5）Why should we avoid clichés in business English?
Answer: clichés are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often. In old-fashioned business English there are a large number of clichés, which should be avoid in present-day business communication.
Chapter9
1, explain the following terms
2) Redundancy: in order to avoid opaqueness and ambiguity, it has express clearly what everyone knows and takes for granted. This makes the legal language redundant clumsy and hard to understand.
3) Common words: many of the legal words come from ordinary language with the common core features especially those high-frequency words, such as prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.
4) specialized words: specialized words are necessary for two important aspects of legal language. The first is that for the field of law itself, and the second is that for many non-legal field concerned with legal affairs. There are two sources of specialized legal words: common words endowed with legal meanings and archaic words.
2, question for discussion
1)Why is legal English syntactically complex?
Answer: syntactic Complexity: as its main function is to ensure preciseness and accuracy and block any leakage, the draftsmen of legal documents have to be very carful and scrupulous, and the legal texts have to be able to stand the text of time .therefore legal language is rich in modifications, circumlocutions, and complex logic relations.
2）Legal English is very conservative in form. Explain it from a historical perspective.
Answer: conservativeness: as the legal language is produced by careful phrasing and tested over a long time, nobody dares to alter the structure of legal English, so that its structures become old-fashioned and archaic. The representative legal language in such a way is English legal language.
3) What is the reason that there are many legal words of French source?
Answer: because after the Norman Conquest, French because the official language used for all state affairs including law in Great Britain. That is why many French loan words were found in law afterwards.
4) What are the lexical features of legal English?
Answer: legal vocabulary mainly comes from French. (2) Legal words can be divided into following three types: 1, common words2, specialized words3, Multi-register words.
新编英语教程第三册第三版B翻译
Unit 1 在弗雷德看来，面试进行得很顺利。五天前他曾向一家小公司申请工作，现在那公司的一名董事正在对他进行面试。 在这之前弗雷德一直在当推销员。他现在想调工作并不是因为缺钱，而是因为作为一名推销员他几乎没有空闲的时间。 弗雷德在谈话前很担心，生怕头脑发昏说错话，但是很幸运他发现自己同这位董事的共同之处颇多。 显然这位董事很满意。正当弗雷德在想着自己很可能得到工作时，董事接着问他：“你愿意加班吗?” In Fred’s view, the interview was going very smoothly indeed. Five days before, he had applied for a job at a small business company and now he was being interviewed by one of its directors. Fred had been working as a salesman. He wanted to change his job not because he was short of money, but because as a salesman he could hardly enjoy any leisure at all. Fred had been worried that he might lose his head and say something silly, but fortunately he found that he had a lot in common with the director. It was clear that the director was quite satisfied. Fred was thinking that his chances of landing the job were favourable when the director proceeded to ask, “Do you mind working over time?” Unit 2 B.汉译英 汤姆一开始同父亲谈话就想直截了当地把自己的意思说出来。“爸爸，我作了一个重要的决定，我打算参军去（go into the services）。”父亲很吃惊，不赞同地看着他。“你不应该先得到学位吗？你总有机会服役的，在你……” “可是，爸爸，我今年无论如何会被征入伍的（be drafted）。”汤姆急着打断父亲说。“所以为什么不现在入伍呢（enlist）? 如果入伍了，我得到技术培训的机会就会更多些。要知道，那是很重要的。” “嗯……”父亲插嘴说，“你在大学里第一年学得不错，现在不是你离开学校的时候。” “爸爸，我大学一年级的成绩不很理想，我想我是赶不上其他同学的了。此外，我知道你多么不愿意背债（get into debt），要我成为你的负担，那么我永远不会觉得好受（feel right about）。” 听了这些，汤姆的父亲无言以对，但是他最终说了这么一句话：“我想也许你最好同你母亲谈一下。” As soon as Tom began his talk with his father, he wanted to gain his point directly. “I’ve made an important decision, Dad. I’m going into the services.” Tom’s father looked at him with an air of surprised disapproval. “Shouldn’t you get your degree first? You can always do your military service after …” “But Dad, I’ll be drafted this year anyway,” Tom interrupted
新编英语教程3第三版翻译答案解析
Unit 1 1. 他们都认为他成功的可能性很小。 They all believed that his chances of success were slim. 2. 我不知道她为何总带有一种闷闷不乐的神情。 I don’t know why she always has an air of sadness. 3. 等到所有同学都就座后，学生会主席才开始宣布野营的日程安排。After all students were seated, the president of the students’ union proceeded to announce the camping itinerary. 4. 胃是人体至关重要的器官，请善待之。 Please take good care of our stomach which is a vital organ of our human body. 5、他认为总经理如此重视那些日常琐事是荒唐的。 He considered it absurd for the general manager to attach so much importance to those routine trifles. 6. 她的研究涉及多种语言和文化，富有挑战性。 Her study was full of challenge, which was concerned with many languages and cultures. 7. 根据安排，全体工作人员依次值晚班。 As is scheduled, all staff should take turns to do late duty. 8. 想到要远离父母独自生活，她深感不安。 She felt upset at the thought of leaving her parents and having an independent living in a remote area.
英语文体学教程
Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series
最新英语文体学知识重点
Chapter 1 Introduction ·What is the English Stylistics？ It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language. ·What are language functions? a) To deliver some infor to other people b) To communicate with each other in society ·How do we express ourselves in a proper way? Several factors do work. a)Phonetics b)Vocabulary c)Grammar d)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics ·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why? Four examples: a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ” b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ” c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..” d) See next page d) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ” ·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors. a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ” b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ” c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ” d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ” e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ” ·Why should we learn and study English stylistics? a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly. b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles. c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes. d) It will help us to go at literary criticism. e) It will help us to do the translation work well. Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis ·There are 4 phonetic means in English: 1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality. ·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions. (1) The first function is for emphasis. (2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both. (3) The third function is to differ some English words (4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics: (1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness. (2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness. (3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning. (4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock. (5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two. 精品文档
(完整版)《新编英语教程》第3册的课文
《新编英语教程》（修订版）第三册 Unit 1[见教材P1] My First Job 我的第一份工作 Robert Best 罗伯特.贝斯特 ①While I was waiting to enter university, I saw ②Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing that my chances of landing the job were slim. ①那年，我考上了大学，还没有入校时，在本地一家报纸上看到一所学校发布广告，招聘一名教师。②这所学校位于伦敦郊区，距离我住的地方大约[有]十英里。③当时因为急需用钱，又想做些有意义的事情，于是我就提出了申请。④但是同时，我又担心，既没有学位又没有教学经验，所以获得这个职位的可能性非常小。 ①However, three days later a letter arrived, summoning me to Croydon for an interview. ②It proved an awkward journey: a train to Croydon station;a ten-minute bus ride and then a walk of at least a quarter of a mile. ③As a result I arrived on a hot June morning too depressed to feel nervous. ①然而，三天以后来信了，通知我到Croydon参加面试。②路很不好走，先坐火车到Croydon车站，再坐十分钟的公交车，最后步行至少0.25英里才到达目的地。③那可是六月天的上午，天气很热，我非常沮丧，也非常紧张，简直都崩溃了。 ①and ②The front garden was a gravel square;
英语文体学
Unit 5 Formal vs Informal Language 英教0901班董宜之程雅洁田冬雪
Contents 5.1 The interpersonal function of language 5.2 Degrees of formality 5.3 Functional tenor and degrees of formality 5.4 Martin Joo’s Classification 5.5 Speech situation and formality 5.6 Formality and linguistic features 5.7 Sets of co-occurring features 5.8 Involved vs informational texts 5.9 Tenors, field, and mode
5.1 The interpersonal function of language 1.Functions of language: ●the ideational / referential function ●the interpersonal / social / expressive function ●the textual function 2. Tenors of discourse: the relationship between participants in the situation, their roles and status. The participant relations that determine the tenor of discourse range through varying degrees of permanence.
新编英语教程第3册(李观仪主编)第二单元课后练习答案_
练习册第二单元参考答案 Text 1 A. True (T) or False (F)? 1. Simone drank some champagne with her bridesmaids to overcome her nervousness before the wedding. F Simone didn’t feel nervous at all. On the contrary, when drinking champagne, she thought about all that had gone into getting to the wedding day. 2. Simone regarded her wedding as the most important occasion in her life. T 3.Simone’s father loved her so much that he was willing to spend as much money as he could. F Maybe Simone’s father was willing to spend mon ey for her, but it seemed that he could not afford what his daughter had spent for her wedding. 4. Alice had succeeded in teaching Simone to be a reasonable and responsible consumer. F It was true that Alice always told Simone to be financially responsible, but she failed to make her a reasonable and responsible consumer, especially when she was preparing for her wedding. 5. Simone didn’t follow Alice’s advice because Simone thought all the money she spent belonged to her father. T 6. Alice called to ask Simone about her future plan because she wanted to humiliate her. F Alice called to ask Simone about her future plan because she wanted to remind her of her financial problem after the wedding. 7. Simone lost control of her emotions later because Alice sent a letter to inform her that she had divorced her father. F Simone lost control of her emotions later because Alice sent a letter to inform her that the wedding had been cancelled. Since her father’s company had already gone bankrupt, her father couldn’t pa y her wedding expenditure. 8. Since Tom decided not to marry Simone after knowing the facts, the wedding was cancelled. T B. Explain the following in your own words. 1. … Simone could not help but think about all that had gone into getting to today. could not stop from thinking about.
英语语言学基础知识
英语语言学基础知识 一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征 几对基本概念 (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要 研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language \Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是 语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the
新编英语教程第三册workbook 答案
Dictation Unit 1 The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Sullivan, came to me. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old. On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant, I guessed from my mother’s sign and from the hurrying in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. Hanging down from the porch was sweet-smelling honeysuckle. My fingers lightly touched the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what surprise the future held for me. I felt approaching footsteps. I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to help me discover all things to me, and, more than anything else, to love me. Translation: 1.They al believe that he had a slim chance of success. 2.I didn’t know why she has an air of sadness all the time. 3.It was after all the students had taken their seats that the president of the students’ union proceeded to announce the camping itinerary. 4.The stomach is a vital organ of the human body; please take good care of it. 5.He considered it ridiculous for the general manager to attach so much importance to those routine trifles. 6.Her study, which ranged over many languages and cultures, was full of challenge. 7.As is scheduled, all the members of the stuff take turns to do late duty. 8.She was greatly upset at the thought of leaving her parents and living on her own in a remote area. 9.We do not worry so much about her qualifications for the job as about her health. 10.He was greatly excited about the prospect of leaving a cruise around the world. Paragraph translation From Fred’s point of view, the interview was very smoothly indeed. Five days before, he had applied for a job at a small business company and now he was being interviewed by one of its directors. Fred had been working as a salesman. He wanted to change his job not because he was short of money, but because as a salesman he could hardly enjoy any leisure at all. Fred had been worried that he might lose his head and say something silly, but fortunately he found that he had a lot in common with the director. It was clear that the director was quite satisfied. Fred was thinking that his chances of landing the job were favorable when the director proceeded to ask, “Do you mind working overtime?”
英语文体学 1
English Stylistics 英语文体学 Course Introduction Course title: English Stylistics Course hours: 2 per week, 34 in total Assessment: 1. Attendance 2. After-class preparation for related topics 3. In-class performance and involvement 4. Quiz 5. Final exam Teaching Objectives: Have a systematic knowledge of the features of different varieties of language Make appropriate use of language in our communication Familiarize ourselves with the stylistic features of the different genres of literature Deepen our understanding and appreciation of literary works Offer useful ideas on translation and language teaching Textbook: English Stylistics(英语文体学) Other reference books: Introduction to English Stylistics《英语文体学引论》（丁往道王佐良）
英语文体学讲稿
Chapter one: Introduction to Stylistics（4hrs） Definition of stylistics: Stylistics is a special kind of subject, which applies the techniques and concepts of modern linguistics to the study of literary texts. And it is based upon the idea that the examination or analysis of the language of a literary text can be a means to a fuller understanding and appreciation of the writer’s artistic achievement. So stylistics studies language as it is used in literary texts, with the aim of relating it to the artistic functions of language use. Stylistics is based upon the idea that all artistic works have content and form, usually the content can decide the form, but the other way round, the form can have counter-effect upon the content. It is also true of literary works. This definition does not mean that the learning of stylistics demands a great deal of linguistic knowledge. In stead, it requires the learner to be familiar with some basic concepts and traditional terms in grammar, phonetics, and rhetoric. And of course, the learner should also be curious and make full use of an explicit understanding of language——not just language used in the given literary context. Stylistic study/analysis Stylistics makes for a widening and deepening of the aesthetic taste. Leo Spitzer’s insistence is that the smallest detail of the used by in a particular literary text can unlock the soul of a literary work. That is, by noticing the smallest detail, the reader can understand and explain how a particular effect or meaning is achieved. Then the reader is more likely to appreciate the creation of the writer’s. Leo Spitzer: the only way to get out of the state of un-productivity is to read and reread. Summing up: Any stylistic study of a literary text starts from some curiosity or the curious noticing of some details or some special features of a particular case of language use, or such uses in a literary text. For in both linguistic and literary spheres, much rests on the intuition and personal judgment for which a system, however good, is an aid rather then a substitute. So interest and curiosity is the mother of stylistic discovery. And the method of getting some interest or insight is to read and reread the text you are going to analyze. It goes through the linguistic analysis of these details and comes to the realization of the special effects realized thereby.