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自考英语语法串讲

自考英语语法串讲
自考英语语法串讲

《英语语法》串讲讲义

课程介绍

一、课程性质

《现代英语语法》是高等教育自学考试英语专业(本科段)的一门选修课,主要面向具有相当于英语专业本科二年级以上水平并有志参加高等教育自学考试英语专业(本科段)考试的学生。《现代英语语法》理论与实践并重,既是一部语法理论著作,有宏观的理论概述,对英语语言结构作了比较系统的描写。又可作为教学参考书,它根据教学要求精选语法项目、设计篇章结构,有取有舍,自成体系,既有知识性,又有实践性。本教程中例子丰富,在历年试题中直接从教材中选择的例句数量相当多,这就要求学员在学习的过程中能确实看懂例子,能真正理解理论并能把理论应用于实践。

二、教材的选用

《现代英语语法》课程所选用教材是全国高等教育自学考试指定教材,该书由李基安主编,外语教学与研究出版社出版。

三、章节体系

为了便于各位学员复习应考,我们的串讲严格按照教材章节来讲。共十六章,每章主要以哪种形式命题以及哪些是高频考点我在讲解的什么都会提到,以帮助大家在以后的复习中做到有的放矢,迅速抓住重点内容,以取得事半功倍的效果。

考情分析

一、历年真题的分布情况

根据对《现代英语语法》近5年考题(注:全国每年统考:4月,有些省份7月还有一次,浙江省每年10月份也有语法考试)分析,可以看出哪些部分是全书的重点章,具体看下列表格中的黑体。

二、题型分析

《现代英语语法》的考试题型包括五种:单项选择题、填空题、改错题、改写句子、简答题。

根据对近5年的试题进行分析,可以发现题型有变化,但总的题量没变,仍然是74个题目。

09年4月前(含09年4月)共7大题型:

一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)

二、选择填空题(本大题共8小题,每小题2分,共16分)

如:21. were, was, had, animal, animals

Small amounts of land ________ used for keeping ________. (该例选自0904)

三、填空题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)

A. Fill in the blank with assertive, non-assertive or negative words:

29. I think I’ve lost that green scarf of mine; I can’t find it ________.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb or verb phrase given:

34. It is time we ________ (think) about drawing up a detailed plan for the project.

四、改错题(本大题共8小题,每小题1分,共8分)

五、改句(本大题共13小题,每小题2分,共26分)Rewrite the following sentences as required.

六、名词解释(本大题共2小题,每小题2分,共4分)Define the following terms with examples.

七、简答题(本大题共3小题,每小题2分,共6分)Answer the following questions.

10年4月开始(含1004)共五大题型:

一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)

二、填空题(本大题共28小题,共36分)

Section A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given in the group.(共8小题,每小题2分,共16分)

Section B. Fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets. Make changes where necessary. (共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)

三、改错题(本大题共l 2小题,每小题1分,共12分)

四、改句题(本大题共1 2小题,每小题2分,共24分)

五、简答题(本大题共2小题,每小题4分,共8分)

从以上题型变化分析,我们可以看出1004把09年4月(前)的第二、三题合成了一个大题,并且少了名词解释的题型,因此总的题型少了两个。

学员答题时要注意以下两点:

(1)计划答题时间。针对较大的题量,重要的是合理分布做题的时间。先易后难,先熟后生。暂时拿不准的切记做明显的标记,以防在检查时忘记。

(2)按题目要求答题。一定要审清题,看懂语法术语是关键。(语法术语在下面一部分各章节串讲时会进行归纳)

最后提醒学员注意答题的规范要求。答案是需要答在答题卡上的,在写答案时一定注意填写要求。

三、本课程的复习方法

在最后的临考复习阶段,学员应着重注意以下问题:

1. 依据《现代英语语法》考试大纲的要求,在前面系统学习的基础上,对重点章节要仔细阅读,对考频高的考点要重点理解和熟练应用。

2. 参考历年考题

在对教材有一定的把握后,学员应当参阅以往的考题,通过对历年的考题分析了解并能准确抓住个章节的命题侧重点。

3. 系统训练

应对应试教育的方法离不开习题的训练。到目前这个阶段,学员应以真题为主,同时适当地做几套综合性模拟题,考查自己对教材的重点内容能否融会贯通。回顾并复习以往的错题,找出自己的薄弱环节,有的放矢,切忌平均用力。

内容串讲

关于教材内容的串讲,我们严格按照教材上的章节来讲,即共十六章,以便于各位学员复习应考。

Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence

一、复习建议

本章是全书的绪论,简明扼要地介绍了本书所涉及的内容,目的是使学员对语法有个总的了解,为后面学习各章节打好基础。由于绪论中大部分内容比较简单,所以有一定语法基础的学员可以快读和跳读。因为该章内容比较基础,概括性较强,所以历年考试中涉及的很少,只在2007年4月的考试中考查了简单动词和复杂动词的区别。

二、本章重要知识点

【例题】1. What is the difference between a simple verb phrase and a complex verb phrase? (P16)

本题的关键在于对简单动词和复杂动词区别的理解记忆。

【答案】The difference is that the former goes without auxiliaries and the latter goes with it.

【例题】2. Distinguish root, stem, and base as morphological terms. 词根、词干、词基作为形态学术语的区别(P8)

【答案】A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed. (e.g. force in enforce and touch in untouchables). A root is not further analyzable in morphological

terms. A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. (e.g. chair in chairs, work in worked). A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added (e.g. touch in touchable, touchable in untouchable, and untouchable in untouchables). 去掉所有词缀剩余的那一部分叫词根。从形态学上无法将词根进一步划分;词干和词的屈折变化有关,是去掉词的所有屈折词缀后剩余的那一部分;词基是可以加任何词缀的任何形式。

Chapter 2 Sentence Types

一、复习建议

本章主要讨论英语中四种基本句子类型(陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句)的语法功能和交际功能。不规则附加疑问句是本章近几年来考查的首要重点,不仅多次以改写句子的题型进行考查,也多次以单项选择或填空题的形式进行考查,学员要务必掌握该知识点。否定句中否定词的选择考查的也不少,仅在2009年4月一套试卷中就考查了四次,因此也要重点掌握。

本章重要术语:declarative(s)陈述句;interrogative(s)疑问句;imperative(s)祈使句;exclamative(s)/ exclamations感叹句;assertive肯定的;assertion肯定;non-assertive非肯定的;non-assertion非肯定;negative否定的;negation否定;semi-negative半否定词;transferred negation否定转移;tag question/question tag附加疑问句;modal auxiliaries情态动词

二、本章重要知识点

(一)否定词的选择

1.否定句可以用不同的形式来加强否定语气,常用的加强词是never,如I’ve never been there before.的语气比I haven’t been there before.强。另外还有其他的加强感情色彩的词。如:She does n’t like him at all.

I’ve never in all my life seen such a swarm of ants.

Not a single candidate managed to pass the test.

These goods are by no means satisfactory.

2. none和neither 是两个相关的否定词,none相当于not any(用于三个或三个以上),neither 相当于not one nor the other(用于两个之间)。如:

They have tested several samples, but none is of the quality required.

They proposed two solutions, but neither seemed available to us.

3.否定也可以通过半否定词来实现,即意义上否定而形式上不否定的词,包括:seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely, barely, little, few等。它们后面的附加问句要用肯定形式。如:

You seldom get up late, do you?

They could barely read and write, could they?

【真题】:

A.Fill in the blank with assertive, non-assertive or negative words:

【例题·填空题】I think I’ve lost that green scarf of mine; I can’t find it ________.

【答案】anywhere

【例题·填空题】——“I’d like some more cheese.”

——“I’m sorry there’s ________ left.”

【答案】none

【例题·填空题】I’m trying to persuade him to come but I’m getting ________.

【答案】nowhere

【例题·填空题】Satellite technology offers the opportunity, as ________ before, for continuous television coverage of major international events.

【答案】never

(二)否定转移(transferred negation)

否定转移指的是否定从从句被转移到主句,这种否定转移一般与表示“看法,意见”的词一起出现,如:think, believe, suppose, imagine和expect。例如:

I think (that) he won’t come tomorrow.→I don’t think (that) he’ll come tomorrow.

尽管否定词放在从句中比放在主句中语气更强烈,但是不论是在口语还是书面语中,否定转移更为常见。尤其要注意否定转移后面的附加问句的形式。例如:

I don’t imagine Tony will learn from this lesson, will he?

(三)附加疑问句(tag questions)

又叫反义疑问句,由陈述句加简短问句构成,常用的形式是:前肯后否,前否后肯。这里主要讲不规则附加疑问句。

1.祈使句(imperatives),例如:

Turn down the radio, won’t you/will you?

Don’t turn on TV, will you?

Let’s talk to the manag er, shall we?

Let’s not talk to the manager, shall we?

Let us go to school together, will you?

2.附加疑问句中代词常常代表陈述句的主语,但也有特殊情况,如果主语是不定代词everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one时,附加问句中主语用he或they。如:

Everyone is here, isn’t he/aren’t they?

Nobody agreed with you, did he/did they?

3.有have的陈述句的附加问句是用don’t 还是haven’t根据上下文中have的意义。一般来说,助动词have(除have to外)应与haven’t 搭配。例如:

You have already heard the news, haven’t you?

She had done her work by the time you arrived, hadn’t she?

They h ave to live on their own, don’t they?

John had to work harder, didn’t he?

实义动词have除了拥有、占有等意义外,附加问句一律用don’t。例如:

We all had a wonderful time at the party, didn’t we?

You had your hair cut yesterday, didn’t you?

She has coffee with sugar, doesn’t she?

You hav e a lot of friends, don’t you/haven’t you?

4.情态动词(modal auxiliaries)也是一大难点,特别是在表示推测意义时,在下列例句中,附加问句都有两种形式。

She must be over 20, mustn’t she/isn’t she?

You could have heard the news last night, couldn’t you/didn’t you?

They should have arrived there by now, shouldn’t they/haven’t they?

may是情态动词的一个例外,因为几乎不用mayn’t 这个缩略形式,特别是在美语中。解决的办法是在表示推测意义时使用can’t。例如:

That may be your lost car, can’t it?

在附加问句中,常用shouldn’t 代替oughtn’t,这在口语中特别常见。例如:

We ought to leave now, oughtn’t we/shouldn’t we?

5.如果陈述句部分含有否定词或半否定词,附加问句要用肯定形式。例如:

No one listened to him, did they?

She seldom smiles, does she?

He hardly ever shows up these days, does he?

【真题】:

【例题·填空题】Nobody in the class agrees with you,_________?

【答案】does he/do they

【例题·填空题】Everyone is excited by the news, _________?

【答案】isn’t he/aren’t they

【例题·填空题】Let’s not take John with us on our family outing this time, _________?

【答案】shall we

【例题·填空题】John hardly speaks to anybody in the class, _________?

【答案】does he

【例题·填空题】Nobody agreed with you, _______?

【答案】did he/did they

【例题·填空题】Let’s go out to dinner, _______?

【答案】shall we

【例题·填空题】You had your watch repaired yesterday, _______?

【答案】didn’t you

【例题·填空题】Close the door, _______?

【答案】will you/won’t you

【例题·填空题】Let’s talk to the manager, ______ (we)?

【答案】shall we

【例题·填空题】She has coffee with sugar, __________(she)?

【答案】doesn’t she

【例题·改写句子】Turning the following imperative into a tag question.

Don’t let the children eat a lot of sweets and ice creams.

【答案】Don’t let the children eat a lot of sweets and ice creams,will you?

【例题】Using a question tag:

Bob rarely got drunk.

【答案】Bob rarely got drunk, did he?

【例题】Using a question tag:

Everybody knows what he has to do.

【答案】Everybody knows what he has to do, does he/do they?

(四)祈使句(commands/imperatives)

祈使句往往没有主语,以动词原形开头。加上主语you可以起强调作用。例如:

You be patient.

You shut up.

另一种表示强调的方法是在句首加do。例如:

Do behave yourself.

Do shut up.

祈使句的否定形式常在句首加don’t 或do not,并将句中的肯定词换成非肯定词。Let 引导的祈使句的否定形式是:把not放在代词后或用don’t,但后者不太正式。例如:Let’s not go out until after the rain.

Don’t let’s go out until after the rain. (infml)

Let me not try again.

Don’t let me try again. (infml)

Let him not disturb me.

Don’t let him disturb me. (infml)

【例题·填空题】__________ (not let's) go out until after the rain.

【答案】Let’s not / Don’t let’s

(五)感叹句(exclamations)

感叹句主要有两大类型:由what引导的感叹句和由how引导的感叹句。在感叹句中,主语和动词不需要颠倒。what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词、副词或动词。例如:

What a good day it is!

What a long time he has been working!

What friendly people they are!

How foolish he is!

How fast he is running!

How I love you!

How long a meeting we had this afternoon! = What a long meeting we had this afternoon!

Chapter 3 Noun and Noun Phrase (1)

Noun and Number

一、复习建议

本章旨在帮助学员了解并掌握英语中名词的数和名词的种类。在学习过程中,要注意(1)单数名词和复数名词的使用,特别是名词的不规则复数形式。(2)单位名词的种类及其与名词的搭配。通过对近五年的考题分析,可以看出对本章的考查主要集中在名词的单复数上,特别是不规则复数形式,对单位名词的种类及与名词的搭配还未涉及。

本章重要术语:proper noun专有名词;mass noun物质名词;singular单数名词;plural 复数名词

二、本章重要知识点

(一)专有名词

专有名词因为是特指,因此,即使是以复数形式出现,它也是单数。例如:

The United States has two official languages: English and Spanish.

The United Nations has its headquarters located in New York.

然而,the Netherlands和Philippines可为单数也可为复数。例如:

The Netherlands is/are famous for two things: tulips and football.荷兰有两样东西举世闻名:郁金香和足球。

The Philippines is/are an island country. 菲律宾是一个岛国。

人名一般为单数,当表示一家人时为复数。如:

The Joneses are coming to the party this evening.

The Blacks are away on holidays.

两个或两个以上的人同名时,可用复数。例如:

A: May I speak to Mark, please?

B: We have two Marks here. The young Mark or the old Mark?

(二)物质名词

物质名词中不论是具体名词还是抽象名词,一般都是单数形式,包括某些以-s结尾的词,它们有些偶尔用作复数。

(1)以-ics结尾的表示学科、科学等名词:acoustics(声学), athletics, classics(古典文学), gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics, mechanics, optics(光学), physics, plastics(整形外科), politics, statistics等。其中有的词用作普通意义时,可用作复数。如:

His politics (=political opinions) are different from mine. 他的政见和我的不同。

Her mathematics (=ability to solve mathematical problems) are awful.她的数学水平非常差。(2)以-s结尾的表示疾病的名词:appendicitis(阑尾炎), arthritis(关节炎), bronchitis(支气管炎), diabetes(糖尿病), hepatitis(肝炎), measles(麻疹), mumps(腮腺炎), rickets (软骨病,佝偻病), shingles(带状疱疹)等。这些词中的后三个常常可用作复数。

(3)以-s结尾的表示游戏或比赛的名词:billiards(台球), bowls(保龄球), darts(飞镖), dominoes(多米诺骨牌游戏), draughts(国际跳棋), skittles(九柱游戏)等。

(4)有些物质名词以复数形式出现时,表示“强度、数量大或带有文学色彩”,如:

the snows of Antarctica

the sands of Sahara撒哈拉沙漠的沙子

sailing on the great waters在宽阔的水域航行

(三)复数名词

下列名词常常用作复数

(1)由两个相等部分组成的工具、衣服:binoculars(双筒望远镜), calipers(卡钳), compasses (圆规), flares(喇叭裤), forceps(镊子;钳子), glasses, jeans, pants, pincers(钳子;夹子), pliers(钳子), pyjamas, scales, scissors, shades(百叶窗), shears(大剪刀), shorts, spectacles, suspenders(吊裤带;吊袜带), tights(紧身衣裤), tongs(钳子;夹具), trousers等。注意:当这些名词用作形容词时,应去掉词尾s,如:a trouser leg, a spectacle case

(2)一些集体名词:cattle, clergy(神职人员;牧师;教士)(偶尔用作单数),gentry(绅士), people, police, vermin(有害的动物)等。

(3)山脉、瀑布、岛屿等地理名称:the Alps(阿尔卑斯山脉), the Rockies(落基山脉), the Highlands(苏格兰高地), the Balkans(巴尔干半岛), the Maldives(马尔代夫), the Bermudas, the Himalayas, Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)

(4)其他以-s结尾的名词:archives(档案), arms, belongings, clothes, congratulations, contents, customs, dregs(渣滓), earnings, fireworks, funds, goods, greens(蔬菜;植物), lodgings(出租的房间), looks, minutes(备忘录;纪要), oats(燕麦), outskirts, pains, premises(楼宇;处所), savings, spirits(情绪;心情), stairs, suburbs, surroundings, thanks, tropics(热带), wages 等。

(四)不规则复数

a. 拼写或发音不规则的复数

(1)来自古英语的复数:brother-brethren, child-children, foot-feet, louse-lice, man-men, mouse-mice, ox-oxen, penny-pence/pennies, tooth-teeth, woman-women (注意German的复数是Germans)

(2)以-f或-fe结尾或尾音发/f/音的名词的复数(参考教材P61)

(3)以-o结尾的名词的复数:切记两句话(黑人、英雄吃西红柿和土豆。弹着钢琴听广播,动物园里照张相)Negro, hero, tomato, potato (+es) / piano, radio, zoo, photo (+s)

b. 单复数同形

(1)部分动物:deer, grouse(松鸡), salmon(鲑鱼,大马哈鱼), sheep, trout(鳟鱼)等(2)度量:foot, pound, stone等。(注意:这些名词也可以用-s形式)

(3)以-ese结尾的表示国籍的词:Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese等(注意:Swiss也是单复数同形)

(4)单复数均以-s/es结尾的名词:barracks(兵营), corps(兵团), crossroads, gallows(绞架), headquarters, means, series, species, works(=factory), shambles(废墟)等。

(五)外来词复数

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(2)以-on结尾的名词(希腊语):criterion-criteria,phenomenon-phenomena等。

(3)以-um结尾的名词(拉丁语):bacterium-bacteria,curriculum-curricula,medium-meida,memorandum-memorandums/memoranda,symposium(讨论会;座谈会)-symposiums/ symposia,

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高考真题讲解(名词性从句) (50) 第六节状语从句 (54) 表示时间的状语从句 (55) 表示地点的状语从句 (56) 表示原因的状语从句 (56) 表示条件的状语从句 (57) 表示目的、结果的状语从句 (58) 表示让步的状语从句 (58) 高考真题讲解(状语从句) (58) 第六节高考语法考题中的其他考点 (64) 形容词副词,比较级/最高级 (64) 介词 (66) 代词用法 (67) 冠词 (69) 词义辨析 (71) 特殊句型 (72) 交际用语 (74)

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