第三讲 代词、介词、连词、冠词
2012初三英语语法讲义（三）
代词、介词、连词、冠词
（教师）
一、代词
1.定义：为避免重复而用来代替前文提到的名词的词
2.分类：共八类，分别为人称代词（主格和宾格）、物主代词（形容词性和名词性）、反身代词（-self）、指示代词（this, that, these, those), 疑问代词(wh-)，不定代词(some,any及其与thing，body构成的复合词等等），相互代词(each other, one another)和关系代词。
3.人称代词的重难点：
1）不同人称代词的顺序问题
a.单数人称代词并列作主语和宾语时，其顺序为: you,he/she and I；you ,him/her and me（宾格）
b.复数人称代词作主语和宾语时，其顺序为：we,you and they;（主格）；us，you and them
注意：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时。It was I and John that made her angry.(我和约翰)
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称。
I and you try to finish it.（我和你）
2) it 的特别用法
a.作形式主语或宾语
It’s necessary to buy that dictionary.
I consider it important to ask the teacher. (不用that)
b. it表示时间，天气，季节，距离，还可以指代上文内容。
It rains all the year.
Professor Lee gave us a lecture yesterday. It was of great interest.
3) 人称代词单独使用时，常用宾格而不是主格。
-- I’d like to stay here for another week. -- Me too. （I）
4. 物主代词的重难点：
1) 形容词性物主代词起形容词作用，后面一定要有（有/没有）名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词，后面一定没有（有/没有）名词。
比较：这本书是我的。This is my book. This book is mine.
2) 物主代词不可与a, an, the, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
3) 双重所有格（a friend of mine 的用法）公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词
e.g. How many friends of yours（你的多少朋友）will come to the party?
5. 反身代词的重难点：
1) 可作宾语、同位语、表语等，但不能单独作主语。
判断正误: Myself drive the car. (F)
I myself drive the car. (T)
2) 当宾语代词与主语指同一人时，宾语要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself. (you)
比较: Mary saw herself in the mirror. （she）（看到她自己）
Mary saw her in the mirror. （she）（看到另外一人）
3) oneself亲自（做），相当于personally, in person；by oneself独自（做），相当于alone或独立做；for oneself 独立（做…），自己动手做，相当于without being helped或者“为自己”
b. You should go to see him yourself. (you) 你应该亲自去见他。
He likes to take a walk by himself. (he) 他喜欢独自一人去散步。
You should work out problem for yourself. (you) 你应该独立解决这个问题。
4) teach oneself 自学enjoy oneself 过得愉快
dress oneself 自己穿衣服can’t help oneself情不自禁
help oneself to 随便吃/请自便talk / speak to oneself 自言自语
6.指示代词的重难点：
1）this, these常指时间，空间离说话者较近人或物；that，those常指时间，空间离说话者较远人或物。
2) that, those用来代替前面说过的事物以免重复。
The weather in Wuhan is much colder than that in Guangzhou in winter. (用this/that填空)
The radios made in Guangzhou are better than those made in Changchun.
3) that有时可代替句子或句中的一部分。
He was ill. That’s why he didn’t come.
7.疑问代词 who/whom
Who put the light out before I finished my work?
Whom/ who have you chosen to take part in the sports meeting?
With whom did you go to the concert?
8.不定代词的重难点：
1) 包括all, both, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, *another, *other, others, some, any, *every, *no, one以及something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.
2) 以上既可起名词作用也可用作形容词，但标*的除外，他们只能作定语；“以及”后面的只能起名词作用。
3) all VS both: all指三者及三者以上; both指两者。
a. all的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes (go) well.
All of the students come (come).
b. both
Both Mary and Mike are students. （be
We both can speak English. (speak)
We are both students. 位置在名词前，行为动词前，be动词之后。（前/后）
4) either VS neither: either指两者中任意一个; neither指两者中没有一个，全否定。
a.作主语时，谓语动词多用单数，但有时复数也可以。
Either of the films is/are good. Neither of the films is/are good.
b.作定语与单数名词连用。
Either film is good. Neither film is good.
c.可用于下列句型，避免重复。
She can't sing，neither (can) he.
5) neither VS nor
a.如不同的人不做同一件事用neither。e.g. If you don't do it，neither should I.(neither/nor)
b.如同一个人不做不同的事用nor，不用neither。e.g. He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.
6) no one VS none:
No one一般指人，其后不能加of短语；none既可指人也可指物，其后能加of短语。No one 常用来回答who的提问；none常用来回答how many/ much的提问。
①-- Who told you the news? -- No one. I read the newspaper. (no one/ none)
②--How much money have you got on you? -- None.
a. none of表示若干人（物）中一个也不，谓语动词可单可复。
b.在答语中none可单独使用。e.g. ---Are there any pictures on the wall?---None.
7) one VS that VS it: one表示泛指与前面的名词同类的另一事物，既‘同名异物’；that, it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。
e.g. I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) (one/ that/ it)
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.(同一物)
8) some VS any
a. some也可与单数名词连用,意为"某一"（= a certain）e.g. You will be sorry for this some day.
b. any可用于肯定句，含有任何的意思e.g. Here are three novels. You may read any.
c. some用于肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：Would you like some coffee?
9) one/ another/ the other / others:
one… the other只有两个some… the others有三个以上
others = other people/things; the others = the rest剩余的全部
another泛指另一个
a.一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。
b.一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。
c.一定范围内，除去一部分人/物some，剩余的全部用the others。
10) a few, little, a few, a little: (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词; a few / a little为肯定含义，还有一点; few / little为否定含义，没有多少了。
固定搭配: only a few (=few)not a few (=many)
quite a few (=many) *many a (=many)
Generally, a mild, sunny climate, with little rain.
11) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时，要放在不定代词后面。
I have nothing important to deal with now.(没有什么重要的)
二、介词
1.当介词后直接跟动词时，动词用ing形式。
They are frightened of going into the area.
2. 意义相近的介词的区别：
1）in, after, later
a. in表从现在开始一段时间以后,往往和一般将来时肯定句连用e.g.He’ll reach here in two days．
b. after表以过去的某一时间为起点，“过…之后”，其后既可接时间点，又可接时段。但是，如果after用于一般将来时，那么其后应接时间点。
He left there after two o'clock that afternoon.
They started to go again after two days.
I think he'll come here after three o'clock.
c. later指“以后”、“后来”，可以指过去，也可指将来，是副词，常常放在时间段的名词
之后。
Three days later he got to Beijing.
2) at, in, on表示时间的区别
a. at用于表示时刻、时间的某一点。e.g. at noon, at present, at Christmas
b. in用于表示周、月、季节、年，泛指的上午、下午、晚上。
c. on表示具体的节日、几月几号、星期几。on Teachers’ Day, on Tuesday morning
d.注意：泛指一般的上午（下午）时用in，但特指某日的上午（下午）时用on。
e.g. on a cold night
e.在this, last, next, every等词前面不能再加介词this morning, last Friday, next Sunday
3) in, by , with表示“用”
a. with表“用…工具”后面的名词，要加上冠词或代词。
b. in表“用…材料”后面加物质名词，不能加冠词。
c. by表“用…手段”后面用名词单数，不能加冠词。
She always goes to school by bike.
The guard cut one boot open with a knife.
He writes in black ink.
4) 表示“排除”“包括”的介词
初中阶段,表示“排除”的介词: but, expect, expect for. 表示“包括”的介词: besides.
besides 除……还,计算在内; except 除……之外,不计算在内.
I like English, math, Chinese besides P.E. 除了体育，我还喜欢英语，数学和语文。
We are all Chinese except Tom in our class. 除了Tom，我们都是中国人。
5) 表示地点，方位的介词：on, over, under, above, below
a. on表示在某物面上，与此物接触。e.g. There are two maps on the wall.
b. over表示在某物正上方，与此物不接触或横在某物上或覆盖在某物上；under在…正下方，是over的反义词。
There is a light over Li Ming. There is a ball under the table.
c. above意为在…上，强调“高于”；below是above的反义词。也指温度，海拔。
We were flying above the clouds.
Part of the Netherlands is below the level of the sea.
6) by, until (till)
a. by在…前（时间）；截至（到）…一般和完成时连用,不可作连词
How many English books had you read by the end of last year?
b. until（till）直到…为止（时间）可与多个时态连用,既可以作介词，也可以作连词，until和till 可以通用，till一般不用于句首。在肯定句中，表示“做某事直到…时间为止”，要用延续性动词；在否定句中，表示“直到…才…”，可用瞬间动词。
Eg. Nothing happened until 5 o'clock. （作介词）
The street is full of traffic from morning till night. （作介词）
Continue in this direction until you see a sign. （作连词）
I won't stop shouting until you let me go. （作连词）
They went to other towns and waited until the water level fell again. （作连词）
7) 某些介词的省略
be busy (in) doing sth. have difficulty/ trouble doing (in) sth.
(in) this/ that way spend…(in) doing sth.
have a good time (in) doing sth. waste…(in) doing sth.
There is no use/good (in) doing sth.
三、连词
1.定义：连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词
2.分类：从连词本身的含意及其所连接的成分的性质来看，可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。
1) 常用来并列同类性质的词与词、短语与短语或分句与分句的并列连词
and, or, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, both...and
2）引导从句的连词叫做从属连词，分连接代词和连接副词两种。
3.重难点：
1）or在非否定句中表“或者”，在否定句中代替and
e.g. Are you a teacher or a student? I don’t like reading or writing.
2) 当either...or..., neither...nor, not only..., but also...并列主语时，谓语动词与最靠近的主语在人称和数方面保持一致，即就近原则。
Either his parents or he himself is (be) at home now.
Neither my classmates nor I am (be) reading now.
Not only her friends but also Lucy was (be) here yesterday.
3) 当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与as well as 前面的主语一致；谓语动词与not only…but also…与后面的主语一致。
My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy classical music.
Not only my parents but also my elder sister enjoys classical music.
4) that用于引导陈述句转化而来的宾语从句，可以（可以/不可以?）省去。
She says that she likes watching TV very much.
5) because和so不能同时出现在一个句子；though /although不能和but连用。
6) if, whether连接由一般疑问句转化过来的宾语从句。
They are wondering if they can get the money back.
四、冠词: 定冠词the，不定冠词a, an
1.要用the的特别情况:
1) 两人或物进行比较时特定的比较级前。
He is the taller of the two children in his family.
2）only, very, same 修饰名词时。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.
3) 用在形容词、动名词、过去分词前表示一类人或物或某种抽象概念。
the rich (poor, old, young, sick, dead, new, blind, wounded); the true; the living ;the dying; the unexpected; the unknown;
4) 用在单数名词前表示某一类人或事物。
The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.
5) 惯用语:
in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow,
the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country),
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of),
in the end, on the whole（大体上，基本上），by the way …
6)用在海洋、河流、山脉、群岛、某些国名等名词前。
the Atlantic; the Alps; the Yellow sea;
7)用在某些组织机构、报刊、杂志、学校、历史朝代、三军、船只、飞机等名词前。
The World Trade Center, the Empire State Building,
the People’s Daily, the Times, the University of Beijing (但Beijing University),
the International Climate Conference, the YHA,
8）用于姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人，夫妇俩”。
The Greens are watching TV. (Green全家)
2.要用不定冠词的特别情况：
1）用在可数名词前,泛指人、事或物的类别，相当于any。e.g. A child needs love.
2）用在某些物质名词前,表示“一阵、一份、一类、一场”等e.g. I’d like an ice-cream.
3）用在姓名前或+姓氏前,表示”某一个,某位”,有不肯定的意味;也可表示“一位”,指某家庭成员。 A Mr Thomson wanted to see you.
4) 与序数词用表“再一,又一”
She has called on the president a third time but hasn’t seen him yet.
5) 要用不定冠词的惯用短语:
in a way; have a try; make a living;
take an interest in; lend a hand; for a while;
in a hurry; in a word; take a rest/bath/walk
3.有些词组中有无冠词含义是不同的，比较：in hospital 住院in the hospital在医院（参观或工作）
at table 在吃饭by day 白天
at the table 在桌子旁by the day 按日计算
take place 发生in future 今后
take the place of 取代in the future 将来
go to church / college/ prison /school 做礼拜/ 上大学/ 坐牢/上学
go to the church/ college / prison /school 到教堂去/ 到大学去/ 到监狱去/ 到学校去
4. 表示某一类事物的方法。
A cat has sharp eyes at night.
Cats are loved by many people.
The cat can catch the mouse.
第三讲代词、介词、连词、冠词
巩固练习（教师）
I. 选择
(C ) 1. Only ____ know it.
A. I and he
B. he and you
C. he and I
D. I and you
(D ) 2. The price of a watch is higher than _____ of a pen.
A. it
B. price
C. any
D. that
(D ) 3. -Do you like these computers? - No, I don’t like _____.
A. all them
B. them all
C. some
D. any
(C ) 4. -Look, who is coming? -___ must be our English teacher.
A. She
B. He
C. It
D. This
(B ) 5. ---How many policemen did you see? ---____________.
A No one B. None C. Not many ones D. No many
(D ) 6. He ran too fast for _____ to catch up with.
A. everybody
B. somebody
C. nobody
D. anybody
(A ) 7. – Mum, do we have _____ meat in the fridge？- No, we have _____ left.
A. enough, little
B. lots of, any
C. much, many
D. a few, few
(B ) 8. If you drove more carefully, your uncle would be all right and you wouldn’t have hurt _____.
A. you
B. yourself
C. yours
D. yourselves
(B ) 9. – When shall we meet next time, next Wednesday or Thursday? - _____ day is OK.
A. Any
B. Either
C. Every
D. Some
(D ) 10. Here is a seat for _____.
A. both us
B. us both
C. both of us
D. B and C
(B ) 11. -Which of your parents is a doctor? - _____. They’re _____ teachers.
A. Neither, all
B. Neither, both
C. None, all
D. None, both
(B ) 12. The moonlight is coming in _____ the window and the room seems quiet and beautiful.
A. across
B. through
C. over
D. past
(B ) 13. You can study the grammar _____ memorizing it.
A. with
B. by
C. in
D. on
(A ) 14. In the UK, smoking kills about 114,000 people each year, 300 people die every day because of smoking, and ________ them many are young smokers.
A. among
B. between
C. from
D. in
(D ) 15. It was a great day but we did not enjoy it ______ the beginning.
A. on
B. for
C. with
D. at
(C ) 16. Many sportsmen are getting ready ______ the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A. to
B. with
C. for
D. on
(C ) 17. -How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? －____________.
A. In three days’.
B. After three days.
C. In three days’ time.
D. Three days later.
(A ) 18. He went to Shanghai _____ September, 1991 and came back _____ a cold morning last year.
A. in; on
B. on; in
C. on; on
D. in; in
(C ) 19.－I hear you have got a ticket ______ the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing Olympics.
－Yes, I got it ________ my uncle.
A. of, from
B. to, by
C. to, from
D. or, to
(D ) 20. Tom sat ______ the classroom, looking at the old trees ___________ the classroom.
A. behind, in the front of
B. at the back of, in the front of
C. behind, in front of
D. at the back of, in front of
(A ) 21. I don't like to sit _______ Tom's right. I would like to sit ______ the back row.
A. on; in
B. in; on
C. on; at
D. at; on
( B ) 22. Children get gifts ______ Christmas and _______ their birthdays.
A. on, on
B. at, on
C. in, in
D. in, on
(D ) 23.—How do you like the two pairs of shoes?
—They don’t fit me well. They are ________ too big ________ too small.
A. not only; but also
B. both; and
C. neither; nor
D. either; or
(C ) 24. -What do you think of the book about Harry Potter? -I like it very much. It’s
________ interesting ________ exciting.
A. neither, nor
B. not, but
C. not only, but also
D. either, or (C ) 25. Mary got up late this morning, ________ she didn’t catch the first bus.
A. because
B. for
C. so
D. or
(B ) 26. -It’s a long story, but there are few new words in it. -Good! _____it will be hard for children.
A. So
B. Or
C. But
D. And
(C ) 27. I hardly knew anything about it ________ you told me.
A. since
B. after
C. until
D. when
( C) 28.—What’s wrong with my son, doctor?
?______ serious. Just a slight cold.
A. Something
B. Anything
C. Nothing
D. Everything
(A ) 29. How dangerous! She was driving the car with one hand and holding an ice cream with _____.
A. the other
B. another
C. others
D. other
( B) 30. -- Can I get you a drink?
?That’s very nice of you. I have already got _____.
A. it
B. one
C. that
D. this
( C)31. Our car is broken. _____ is impossible to get there on time.
A. This
B. That
C. It
D. We
II. 填上适当冠词
1.___ Yellow River is ___ second longest river in our country.
2. Jane is ___ European and she likes to hold ___ umbrella.
3. ___ most of us like to drink beer, but those who drink ___ most are ___ least healthy.
most difficult lesson, but it isn’t ___ most difficult lesson in
Book One.
5. ---Was there anyone wanting me on the phone just now? ---___ Mr. Green called you. It seemed this name.
III. 用适当的介词填空
2. Whom does the watch belong _____?
4. Don’t forget to thank Lily ____ her help.
6. The little boy ran away _____ the fire.
7. I’
8. We all agree ____ you. Let’
9. Mr. Black is strongly _____ keeping because he thinks animals
should also have the right to enjoy freedom.
IV. 句型
1. Both my father and I are going to BJ next week. (
____ my father _____ I _____ going to BJ next week.
2. The docters tried to save the patient, but they failed. (
_______ the docters tried to save the patient, they failed.
3. He was too tired to go to sleep. (改为so…that…)
介词与连词讲解与练习答案
介词 in 2012，in October, in spring，in the morning，in the afternoon，in the evening 2、有了表示日期的词以后，就要改用on （on总是与日子有关，具体到某一天，人命关on天） on the 1st of October, On the 20th of October，on Monday，on Monday morning 3、在午间，在夜间，在开始，在末尾时要用at at noon，at night，at the beginning，at the end，at the weekend，at Christmas（on Christmas Day，on Christmas Eve） 4、at + 时刻表示钟点。At 9 o’clock 5、注意in time及时和on time 准时的区别 二、表示地理位置的in, on, to in+方位词，表示在某范围内。如中国在亚洲的东部。 on+方位词，表示与其接界。如Shandong lies on the north of Jiangsu。山东位于江苏之北。 to+方位词，指在某环境范围之外。如Taiwan lies to the east of Fujian。台湾在福建之东。 三、表示地点的at，in，on 1、at 常指小地方，及具体的地点连用。at the gate在门口，at the table在桌旁，at Dalian Statium在大连体育馆 in 一般指大地方，及泛指的地点连用。in Beijing在北京in the sky在天空in American、in a university 四、表示空间：on 和beneath，above和below，over和under的区别 above在…（偏）上方，表示两者不接触，与below（在…下面）相对。 on在…上，表示两者接触，与beneath（在…下）相对。 over 在…正上方，表示两者垂直，但是不接触，也可指“笼罩、覆盖在上面”与under（在…正下方）相对。 五、．behind表示“在……的后面”，其反义词组“in front of”表示“在……的前面”，注意与in the front of 的区别。 We must keep our hands behind our backs.我们必须一直把手放在背后。 I was walking down the street when a friend stood in front of me.当一个朋友站在我面前时，我正沿着街道散步。 There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.。教室的前面是黑板． at/in the front of 表示“在……里面的前部”， at the back of表示“在……里面的后部”， in the middle of 表示“在……的中部”。 Xiao Ming sits at/in the front of the classroom.小明坐在教室前面。
介词和连词专项复习学案
常见介词及用法 (一)表示时间的介词 1.英语里最常见的时间介词有：at, in, on, before, after和from。 2.at , in和on这三个词都表示时间。 ?at主要指具体的钟点：at half past eight 在八点半 ?in一般指某一段时间：in January 在一月份 ?on指具体在某一天：on Monday 在星期一 3.before和after表示时间的先后顺序。 ?before表示“在……之前”。 You should wash your hands before eating. 吃饭前你应该洗手。 ?after表示“在……之后”。 They often play basketball after dinner. 他们放学后经常打篮球。 4.from作时间介词含有“从……开始”的意思，常和to连用，组成“from…to…” 的结构，表示“从……到……”的意思。 We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从周一到周五上学。 (二)表示方位的介词，也就是表示位置和地点的介词。 1.小学阶段常见的方位介词有：on, in, at, under, over, above, below, about, around, between等。 2.on, over和above 这三个词都有“在……上面”的意思，但它们所表示的方位还是有些不同。 ?on表示两个物体的表面相互接触。如： There is a book on the desk. 桌上有一本书。 The boy is sleeping on the desk. 那个孩子睡在地上。 ?over表示“在……的正上方”,两个物体表面没有接触。如： There is a light bulb over my head. 在我头顶上有一个灯泡。 ?above表示两个物体中一个在另一个的上方，如： The plane is flying above the clouds. 飞机上云层上飞行。 There are four lights above our head. 在我们头上有四盏灯。 3.under和below都有“在……的下面”的意思，但它们有区别： ?under表示“在……的正下方”，其反义词是over。 There is a ball under the chair. 椅子下面有一个球。 They are sitting under a big tree. 他们正坐在一棵大树下面。 ?below表示“在……”的下面，不强调是否在正下方。 Their house is below mine. 他们家的房子在我家的下面。 4.in表示位置“在……里面”，也可以用来表示在一个很大的空间内。 The children are playing in the room. 孩子们正在房间里玩。 All my books are in my bag. 我所有的书都在我的书包里。 5.at表示“在……旁边”。 The teacher is standing at the desk. 老师正在桌边。 I will wait for you at the station. 我会在车站等你。
初中英语语法 冠词和介词
--- 冠词Articles 冠词作为一种虚词，是用来修饰名词的。冠词分为不定冠词、 定冠词和零冠词。 ?不定冠词a和an 1. a ---- e.g. a book / a hospital （用在以辅音字母开头的单词前面） 2. an ---e.g. an apple/ an engineer/ an actor/ (用于以元音字母开头的单词前) 特例： a university/ a European an honest man/ an hour ?定冠词the 1.之前提到过的人或事物，当再次提起此物或人时，用 the： e.g. There is a box in the room. And the box is mine. Judy bought a card. The card cost 5 dollars. 2. 说话双方都知道的人或事，我们也用the: e.g. Please close the door. Excuse me. Where is the hospital? It’s over there by the bank. 3. 当那人或事物是独一无二时，我们也用the:
e.g. Beijing is the capital of China. It has many attractions such as the Eiffel Tower. 在专有名词(国名/组织机构名/建筑物名)前the Great Wall the Yellow River the Summer Palace the UK the WTO the History Museum the Alps the People’s Republic of China 4. 用于某些名词或者形容词前，表示一类人，一个民族。 e.g. the Chinese 中国人the rich 富人the old 老人the young 年轻人the dead 死者the blind 聋人 the poor 穷人 零冠词(就是不需要加任何冠词) 1.交通工具名词前不用冠词 e.g. by car坐汽车by ship 坐船 by plane坐飞机on foot 步行 2. 在一日三餐名词前不用冠词。 e.g. have breakfast/ lunch/ supper 吃早饭/午饭/晚饭
高考英语一轮复习：板块3+第2讲 冠词和介词+Word版含解析
第2讲冠词和介词 [全国卷考情分析] 题型典题试做命题解读 语法填空1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Modern methods of/for tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area. 2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke. 4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. 1．冠词表泛指、特指； 2．固定搭配中的冠词和介 词； 3．介词的基本用法。 短文改错1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Suddenly football fell just in front of me and almost hit me.football 前面加上a 2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered my goal and decided to be a doctor.chemistry后 面加上in/at 3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons...the→a 4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a 1．不定冠词a和an的错用 以及它们与the的错用； 2．冠词的多余或缺失； 3．固定搭配中冠词、介词 的错用； 4．介词与其他词搭配不当 以及介词的缺失或多余。
介词与连词讲解与练习(答案)
介词 常用介词： 1、表示某年、某月、某季节，在早上晚上用in in 2012，in October, in spring，in the morning，in the afternoon，in the evening 2、有了表示日期的词以后，就要改用on （on总是与日子有关，具体到某一天，人命关on天） on the 1st of October, On the 20th of October，on Monday，on Monday morning 3、在午间，在夜间，在开始，在末尾时要用at at noon，at night，at the beginning，at the end，at the weekend，at Christmas（on Christmas Day，on Christmas Eve） 4、at + 时刻表示钟点。At 9 o’clock 5、注意in time及时和on time 准时的区别 6.from…to… 二、表示地理位置的in, on, to in+方位词，表示在某范围内。如 on+方位词，表示与其接界。如Shandong lies on the north of Jiangsu。山东位于江苏之北。 to+方位词，指在某环境范围之外。如Taiwan lies to the east of Fujian。台湾在福建之东。 三、表示地点的at，in，on 1、at 常指小地方，及具体的地点连用。at the gate在门口，at the table在桌旁，at Dalian Statium在大连体育馆 in 一般指大地方，及泛指的地点连用。in Beijing在北京in the sky在天空in American、in a university 四、表示空间：on 和beneath，above和below，over和under的区别 above在…（偏）上方，表示两者不接触，与below（在…下面）相对。 on在…上，表示两者接触，与beneath（在…下）相对。 over 在…正上方，表示两者垂直，但是不接触，也可指“笼罩、覆盖在上面”与under（在…正下方）相对。 五、．behind表示“在……的后面”，其反义词组“in front of”表示“在……的前面”，注意与in the front of 的区别。 We must keep our hands behind our backs.我们必须一直把手放在背后。 I was walking down the street when a friend stood in front of me.当一个朋友站在我面前时，我正沿着街道散步。There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.。教室的前面是黑板． at/in the front of 表示“在……里面的前部”， at the back of表示“在……里面的后部”， in the middle of 表示“在……的中部”。 Xiao Ming sits at/in the front of the classroom.小明坐在教室前面。 The twin sisters sits at the back of the classroom.那对双胞胎姐妹坐在教室后面。
小学英语_冠词介词代词总结
一．冠词 1.1 不定冠词： 不定冠词有a 和an 两个 常考用法： （1）当第一次提到某人或某物时 例：---What is this? ---it’s a new bus stop. (2) 指某人或某物， 例： A man is waiting for you outside. (3) 用在序数词前， 例： Tom’s son was born in 2000. (4) 用于可视为一体的两个名词前 例：a knife and fork (5) 用在某些固定词组中 例：a lot (of) 许多 a few 一些 have a cold a number of have a good time have a swim=swim have a look=look 1.2 定冠词the：既表示“这个”，“那个”，又表示“这些”，“那些”;既可用在单数名词前，也可用于单数名词前。 常考用法： （1）特指某（些） 例：The lovely girl is my best friend. （2）表示世界上独一无二的事物 例：the sun太阳 the moon 月亮 the sky 天空 （3）在序数词、形容词最高级前 例：Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. （4）习惯用法. 例：in the morning in the afternoon in the evening
1.3 不使用冠词的特殊情况 （1）国名，人名前通常不用冠词 例: I’m from England and my name is Mary. （2）表示交通工具、 例: I usually go to school on foot, but sometimes I go to school by bike. （3）季节、月份、节日 例：We go to school from Monday to Friday. （4）在三餐、球类运动 例：have breakfast play chess 玩象棋 play basketball
文言虚词“以”、“与”作介词和连词的区别
文言虚词“以”、“与”作介词和连词的区别 高考文言文选择题中的虚词题，即“意义和用法”异同题，学生比较容易出问题，尤其是特定语境下的“以”“与”，作介词还是连词，是学习中的难点。 首先，“以”这里讨论意义为“因为”的“以”。。 看下面句中的词语： 1、且以一璧之故逆强秦之欢，不可。 2、以其无礼于晋且贰于楚也。 3、则思无以怒而滥刑。 根据句意，三句中的“以”都表动作、行为发生的原因，均可译为“因为” “由于”，即两词“意义”相同。但，“一璧之故”中心词“故”，是名词性短语，所以从句法上来说，“以一璧之故”构成介宾短语，共同修饰句中动词“逆”，这里的“以”用作介词。 “其无礼于晋且贰于楚”则是主谓结构，“其无礼于晋且贰于楚”，介词后只能带名词或代词，不能带主谓短语，而且“晋侯秦伯围郑”已经构成单句形式，所以这里只能是连词，连接前后两个分句，相当于关联词语“因为”。所以两句话中的“以”意义相同而用法不同。“怒”是动词，前面是不用介词的，所以这里的“以”也是连词。 总之，区分表原因的“以”是介词还是连词，关键看它后面是代词、名词、名词性短语还是其他短语或分句。 再看几个句子： 4、不赂者以赂者丧。 5、赵王岂以一璧之故欺秦邪？ 6、余是以记之，盖叹郦元之简，而笑李渤之陋也。 7、不以物喜，不以己悲。 8、古人之观于天地……往往有得，以其求思之深而无不在也。 9、诸侯以公子贤，多客，不敢加兵谋魏十余年。 以上几句中“赂者”“一璧之故”“物”都是名词或名词性短语， “是”“己”都是代词，与“以”一起构成介宾短语，分别修饰 “丧”“欺”“喜”“记”“悲”，这几处的“以”均用作介词；“其求思之深而无不在”“公子贤，（公子）多客”，都是主谓短语，均构成分句，所以这两句中的“以”用作连词。 其次，“与”，这里讨论意义为“和、同”的“与”。 看下面句中加点词语： 1、彼与彼年相若也，道相似也。 2、吾与之共知越国之政。 3、举天下之豪杰，莫能与之争。 4、与其妾讪其良人。 根据句意，几个“与”都翻译成“和”“同”，但用法却不同。“彼与彼”紧相连接，不能拆分，代词并列，可以互换位置，在句中共同作主语，这里的“与”用作连词。“吾与之”却不能前后互换，因为从上下文看，是说“吾”要采取的做法，而不是大家；且前后可以拆分，在“与之”前加“必”，成为“吾必与之共知越国之政”，所以句中“与之”构成介宾短语，作“知”的谓语，“与”用
作介词的“以”和作连词的“以”之区别
作介词的“以”和作连词的“以”之区别作介词的“以”和作连词的“以”之区别 “以”字本来是一个动词，甲骨文“以”字是一个侧立的人形，在手臂下部勾勒有一个圆团，像手执物状，表示“贡纳”、“进献”之意，也表示较抽象的行为动作，相当于“用”。《说文》：“以，用也。”“以”作动词根据上下文还可灵活译为“使用、凭借、任用、认为”等。例如： 哀公问社于宰我。宰我对曰：“夏后氏以松，殷人以柏，周人以栗。”——《论语·八佾》 子曰：“如有政，虽不吾以，吾其与闻之。” ——《论语·子路》 公以告臧孙，臧孙以难，告郈孙，郈孙以可，劝。 ——《左传·昭公二十五年》 后来，在演化过程中渐渐虚化而多充当介词、连词等使用。 “以”作连词，可以连接动词、形容词及其词组，也可以连接分句。所连接的前后成分有多种意义关系。 1.表示并列或递进关系。常用来连接动词、形容词（包括以动词、形容词为中心的短语），可译为“而”、“又”、“而且”、“并且”等，或者省去。 夫夷以近，则游者众。 ——《游褒禅山记》 忽魂悸以魄动。 ——《梦游天姥吟留别》 2.表示承接关系，前一动作行为往往是后一动作行为的手段或方式。可译为“而”或省去。 越国以鄙远。 ——《烛之武退秦师》 这是一个引起争议的词，教材的翻译为：越过别国（郑国）而把远地当作边邑。 余与四人拥火以入。 ——《游褒禅山记》 樊哙侧其盾以撞。 ——《鸿门宴》 各各竦立以听。——《促织》 3.表示目的关系，后一动作行为往往是前一动作行为的目的或结果。可译“而”“来”“用来”“以致”等。 则请立太子为王，以绝秦望。 ——《廉颇蔺相如列传》 当求数顷之田，于伊、颍之上，以待余年，教吾子与汝子。——《祭十二郎文》 为秦人积威之所劫，日削月割，以趋于亡。——《六国论》 不宜妄自菲薄……以塞忠谏之路也。——《出师表》 晋侯复假道于虞以伐虢。 ——《左传·僖公五年》 4.表示因果关系，表示行为产生的原因，有前因后果和前果后因两种情况，常用在表原因的分句前，可译为“因为”“由于”“以致”。例如： 不赂者以赂者丧……
地方前介词和冠词的使用
法语——地方前介词与冠词的使用 一、一般地方，城市，国家前介词和冠词使用情况表 du=de+le；des=de+les；au=à+le；aux=à+les 如果国名以e结尾，那么它是阴性的。如果不是，那就是阳性。所有的大陆词汇都是阴性的。特例：le Cambodge, le Mexique, le Za?re, le Zimbabwe和le Mozambique。一些城市也有冠词，诸如La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans). 例：Je vais àla boulangerie. =I'm going to the bakery. 我要去面包房。 Il vient de Londres. =He comes from London. 他来自伦敦。 On va en France demain. =We're going to France tomorrow. 我们明天去法国。 Tu viens du Mexique ? =You come from Mexico? 你来自墨西哥？ 二、地区省和州之前的介词用法表： To / In From Feminine en de Islands àde / d' Masc. w/ Vowel en / dans l' d' / de l' Masc. w/ Consonant au / dans le du 例：Elles habitent en Californie. =They live in California. 她们住在加利福尼亚。 Il est de Haute-Savoie. =He is from Haute-Savoie. 他来自上萨瓦省。 Ce fromage vient du Nord. =This cheese comes from Nord. 这乳酪来自北方。
语法填空代词冠词介词连接词有答案
语法填空之冠词、代词、介词、连词及连接性副词 解题指导： 1. 此类属于无提示词填空。 2. 代词有人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，不定代词something, another, other, others, both， every, each, all, none, either, neither, else等，指示代词this ,it, one/ones等。* 注意区别it/ one/ that 的指代意义； 3. 只有介词with 后可以接复合宾语，如： With his mother helping him, he could finish the project in time. With books in his hand, Mr. Wang asked who had taken his books by mistake. 4. 起连接作用的副词有however, therefore, thus, instead, besides, otherwise, though, then等，这 些词经常放在句首，也可能放在句中或句末，起连接作用，因为没有连词的功能那么强， 所以常常用“，”与句子隔开。另外，不用提示词的副词考点还有even，yet，never等。 5. it 的考点很多，有指示代词，形式主宾语，强调句型及一些特定句式，如： It’s time to do…/ It is the first time that…/ I hate it It is not long before…/ It is …..since… / when people talk with their month full. 6. 连词的填空也属于无提示词填空，在连词部分已作专题讲解。 考题检验： 1. The two girls are so alike that strangers find ________ difficult to tell one from the other. 2. I cannot, ________, approve of your design. 3. Experts think that _______ recently discovered painting may be ________ Picasso. t go outing. ________, they played cards at home. 4. As it was raining hard, they didn’ 5. _______ all the children playing in the yard, he went out to look for the lost watch. 6. My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me ________ the bus arrived. 7. He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, _______ he felt happy since crop did “higher. 8. I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to ________ should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house. 9. The robbers came in at about 22:00 on Saturday _______ left at 7:00 on Sunday. 10. To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered _________. 11. We have plenty of beautiful lilacs. Some are red, ________ are purple. 12. Wise man love truth; _____ fools shun it. 13. It rained on and on for several week. __________, the construction of the bridge was delayed. 14. If things done can be undone, _______ there will be no regret in the world. 15. Look at the price of that bike! It is practically the same as _________ of a motorcycle. 16. I’d love to buy a yacht. I am thinking of buying a small but modern ___________. 17. He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder _______ had been his teacher. 18. There once lived a monk called Shan in a village in China. He had earned a great name for 1_______, but he was very arrogant(傲慢). Qiu Jun heard of 2________ arrogance and wanted to teach the monk a lesson. He went to meet Shan, 3_______ neither greeted him nor acknowledged his presence. Just then a servant of the monk came 4_______ a m assage, “The
小学英语-冠词介词代词总结
一．冠词 不定冠词： 不定冠词有a 和an 两个 常考用法： （1）当第一次提到某人或某物时 例：---What is this ---it’s a new bus stop. (2) 指某人或某物， 例： A man is waiting for you outside. (3) 用在序数词前， 例： Tom’s son was born in 2000. (4) 用于可视为一体的两个名词前 例：a knife and fork (5) 用在某些固定词组中 例：a lot (of) 许多 a few 一些 have a cold a number of have a good time have a swim=swim have a look=look 定冠词the：既表示“这个”，“那个”，又表示“这些”，“那些”;既可用在单数名词前，也可用于单数名词前。 常考用法： （1）特指某（些） 例：The lovely girl is my best friend. （2）表示世界上独一无二的事物 例：the sun太阳 the moon 月亮 the sky 天空 （3）在序数词、形容词最高级前 例：Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. （4）习惯用法. 例：in the morning in the afternoon in the evening
不使用冠词的特殊情况 （1）国名，人名前通常不用冠词 例: I’m from England and my name is Mary. （2）表示交通工具、 例: I usually go to school on foot, but sometimes I go to school by bike.（3）季节、月份、节日 例：We go to school from Monday to Friday. （4）在三餐、球类运动 例：have breakfast play chess 玩象棋 play basketball
介词和连词
介词和连词 介词是一种虚词，不能独立充当句子成分，需与动词、形容词、名词和代词等搭配，才能在句子中充当成分。介词是用于名词或代词之前，表示词与词之间关系的词类，介词常与动词、形容词和名词搭配表示不同意义。介词短语中介词后接名词、代词或可以替代名词的词（如：动名词v-ing）。介词后的代词永远为宾格形式。 连词在句中的作用是把词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子连接起来。它不能在句中单独作句子成分。 高考重点要求： 1、介词的含义及在句中的作用。 2、介词+宾语构成短语的作用。 3、介词短语在句子中的功能的理解。 4、并列连接词和从属连接词的使用和区别。 第一节知识点概述 一、介词 （一）表示时间的介词 1.表示时间段的介词 （1）in , after in +时间段，表示从现在起往后推算一段时间. after +时间段，表示过去某时间往后推一段时间，如：He’ll come back in two days. 但钟点用after( after thre e o’clock) He left on July 2 and returned after three days. （2）in , during 表示在一段特指的时间内，可用in 或during, 如：The work was done in / during the holidays. 表示年份、月份、季节用in , 如:in 1999 ,in June , in winter （3）for the past + 时间段, during 表示在最近一段时间内，句中谓语动词常用现在完成时 I have been in Shanghai in the last few years. （4）for 表示延续一段时间 I’ll study in the U.S for two years.I’ve waited for Bingo for half an hour. 2.表示某一时间的介词 （1）at, on at 表示某一时刻，on 表示某一天或日期, 如: at 7:14, on Saturday morning on the night of May 2 一天内各段时间表达, 须选用正确的介词，请比较： in the morning on a winter / snow / cold / morning at night on the night of March 7th in the evening on Friday evening （2）before, by before 表示某一时间之前，而by 表示到某一时间止，句中谓语动词多用完成时态。如: You must get up before six. 你必须六点之前起床。 By the end of last m onth the boy had got 4 “As”. 到上月底这个男孩已得了4个A. （3）after , since after 可以表示过去某一点时间之后，通常和一般过去时连用，而since表示从过去某时间开始延续到现在的一段时间, 与现在完成时连用，如； My father lived in Shanghai after liberation .解放后我父亲住在上海.
冠词、介词用法
英语介词的用法 介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作主语, 状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。例如: Most of the students went to the classroom. 大部分学生去了教室。 We play basketball on the sports ground. 我们在操场上打蓝球。 介词常与动词,形容词,名词一起构成固定搭配。 belong to 属于rely on 依靠 talk to 同...谈话be afraid of 害怕 be strict with对...严格 介词一般放在名词之前。但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词,疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。 Where do you come from? 你是哪儿人? Who are you talking to? 你在跟谁谈话呢? What do you study for? 你为了什么而学习? 介词在英语词汇中所占比例很小，但它们的用法却非常灵活,复杂。下列为常用介词及含义: about 关于,附近,大约,周围,随身. I have bought a book about Shakespearean. 我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。 There are about fifteen trees in the picture. 图片里大约有十五棵树。 above 在....上,高出,以上,超过,在...上游. The plane is flying above the clouds. 飞机在云上飞行。 I think the man is above sixty years old. 我想那人有六十多岁了。 across 横过,对面,交叉,在...的对面. Can you swim across the river？ 你能游过河吗？ We live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。 after 在...后面,依照. He went home after school. 他放学后就回家了。 Read after me, please. 请跟我朗读。
介词和连词
介词和连词 一、考点聚焦 1、介词的分类与语法功能 （1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。 常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如： ①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast. ②He quarrelled with her yesterday. ③He succeeded in passing the final exam. ④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time. ⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well. （2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如： ①This machine is in good condition.(表语) ②Where is the key to my bike?(定语) ③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语) ④She always thinks herself above others.（宾补） 2、介词搭配 （1）“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 ①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意 义的动词与of 连用) ②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine（“供给”意义的动词与with连用） ③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat（“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用） ④介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词 + sb.’s + 部位，可换
英语介词和连接词
英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 7、介词： 7.1、介词的主要用法： 介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如： out of(从…中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离…), on top of(在…顶上), ever since(自从…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根据…), in front of(在…前方)等。 7.2、介词的分类表：(见下表) 地点(位臵、范围)介词：above在…前, about在…附近, across在…对面, after在…后面, against倚着..., along在…近旁, among在…中间, around在…周围, round在….周围, at在…处, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁边, between在...之间, by在...旁, down在...下面, from来自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...顶部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中间, at the end of在...的末端,等等。 方向(目标趋向)介词：across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着..., round环绕..., at朝着..., behind向…后面, etween…and…从…到...,by路过/通过..., down向…下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里面, near 接近..., off脱离/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/朝..., towards 朝着..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from远离... 时间介词：about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前, by到…为止, during在…期间, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了…(时), since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(期间), till直到…时, until直到…时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of在...开始时,at the end of在...末, in the middle of在...当中,at the time of在...时 方式介词：as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(语言), like与…一样, on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过..., with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有… 涉及介词: about关于..., except除了…, besides除了…还... for对于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言, towards针对..., with就…而言 目的介词: for为了..., from防止…, to为了… 原因介词: for因为..., with由于…, because of因为... 比较介词: as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比, unlike与…不同 伴随/状态介词: against和…一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日), with与…一起,有/带着/长着..., without没有/无/不与…一起 7.3、介词短语的句法作用： 介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如： The man came
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