冠词名词。代词形容词副词、介词的知识点

冠词

不定冠词的用法及语法说明

1. 用a 还是用an：

一般说来，在辅音或半元音开头的词前用a, 而在元音开头的词前用an。

注意：

有些以元音字母开头的单词，由于第一个音不是元音而是辅音，其前仍用a而不用an：

a one-eyed man 一个独眼人

a European country 一个欧洲国家

2. 单数可数名词若泛指，其前需加a ，an, 不要从汉语习惯出发，漏掉此不定冠词：

He is a famous film star. 他是着名影星。

3. 专有名词转化为普通名词，其前可用a (an)，表示某某人或某某人的一部作品、艺术品等：

a Mr Smith 一位名叫史密斯先生的人

4. 物质名词转化为普通名词，其前可以使用a (an)，有时表示相应产品或种类，有时表示数量关系：

a good wine 一种好酒

5. 在序数词之前使用a (an)，可以表示数量或序数的增加：

Soon I saw a second plane. 不久我又看到了一架飞机。

6. 与形容词的最高级连用，表示“非常”、“很”等：

This is a almost interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。

7. 用于修饰名词的定语前，表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似a kind of 的意思：climate 气候→a mild climate 温和的气候

have breakfast 吃早餐→have a quick breakfast吃快餐

8. 不定冠词a (an) 与数词one 都可表示“一”，但是两者有差别：

不定冠词a (an) 表示“类别”概念，而数词one 表示“数量”概念

9. 两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时，只用一个冠词：

He is a teacher and poet. 他既是老师又是诗人。

10. 与副词quite / rather 连用时，a (an) 一般要后置，但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则a (an) 放在quite

rather 之前或之后均可以：

He is rather a fool. 他是个大傻瓜。

It is quite a good book. 那是本很好的书。

It is a quite good book. 那是本很好的书。

11. 当too, so, as, how 等词之后接有“形容词＋单数可数名词”时，不定冠词a (an) 应放在形容词和单数可数名词之间

It is too difficult a book for us beginners.

She is as good a cook as her mother.

12. 不定冠词可用来表示“类属”，这是其基本用法，它表明的是某一类属中的每一个人和东西都能说明该类属的整体情况。此时也可用定冠词或名词复数形式来表示。

正：A horse is a useful animal.

正：Horses are useful animals.

定冠词的主要用法归纳

1. 表示特指：特指某(些)人或某(些)物(包括用于上文提到过的人或物之前，以及说话双方都知道的人或物)。如：

We have a cat and two dogs. The cat is black and the dogs are white.

2. 表示独一无二：用在世界上“独一无二”的事物的名词前。如：

The earth goes round the sun.

3. 用于最高级前：即用于形容词或副词的最高级前。

Who picked the most apples?

Of the four of us, I sang the worst.

4. 用于序数词或方位词之前。

He was the first man to think of it.

Italy is in the south of Europe.

5. 用于乐器名词前：表示相应乐器的演奏。如：

Besides the violin, he plays the piano and the flute.。

6. 表示人体部位：用于某些介词短语中指身体的某个部位。如：

He patted me on the back.。

7. 用于表示一家人：用于在姓氏的复数形式之前表示一家人或夫妇二人。如：

The Smiths live in the apartment above ours.

8. 用于江河湖海等前：用于江河湖海、山脉群岛、海湾海峡等地理名词前。如：

The Yellow River flows into the Yellow Sea.

9. 用于某些含有普通名词的专有名词前：用于某些国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸杂志、会议条约等含有普通名词与其他词构成的专有名词。如：

We visited the Great Wall yesterday.

定冠词的五种特指&类别用法

一，定冠词的五种特指

(1) 特指前面已提到的人或物：

Look! A car has stopped there. The car is beautiful.

(2) 特指说话双方都知道或能体会到的人或物：

Why not ask the teacher?

Pass me the dictionary, please.

(3) 用于带后置定语的名词前，表示特定的人或物：

I like the magazine on the desk.

The supper her mother cooked was delicious.。

(4) 用于比较级前，特指两个被比较对象中的一个：

Of the two brothers, the younger is more interesting.

(5) 用于加强特指含义，意为“正好是”、“刚好是”等(此时的定冠词需重读)

This is the word to be used here.。。

二，定冠词的类别用法

(1). 与单数可数名词连用表类别。

The cobra is dangerous. 眼镜蛇是危险的。

定冠词和不定冠词与单数可数名词连用都可表示“类别”，有时可互换(此时用复数形式也是可能的)：

A horse is a useful animal. / The horse is a useful animal. / Horses are useful animals.

【注】不定冠词表示类别时往往强调的是个体，主要起泛指作用，具有类似any的含义，如说A tiger can be dangerous(老虎是危险的)，其意是指任何一只老虎都是危险的。

但是，若要表示某个类属的整体，即概括某个类属的所有成员，则不能用不定冠词，而用定冠词，如以下两例中的定冠词就不能换成不定冠词(但可用复数)：

The tiger is [Tigers are] in danger of becoming extinct.

The motor car has [Motor cars have] become very popular.。

另一方面，尽管可以用定冠词加单数可数名词来表示某一类人或物，但在很多情况下这种用法会让人造成误解或含义不清。如说Ａtiger can be dangerous(老虎是危险的)，其意是清楚的，若说成The tiger can be dangerous，则可能有歧义，即可理解为“老虎是危险的”或“这只老虎是危险的”。

概括地说，当要泛指某类人或物中的任何一个时，通常用不定冠词，若不产生歧义或误解，也可用定冠词；但是，当要概括某个类属的整体时，则只能用定冠词，不能用不定冠词。

(2). 与某些形容词连用表示类别

①与表示特征、特性、品质等方面的形容词连用：

He set up a school for the deaf and the dumb.

Those of us who are sighted don’t understand the problems of the blind.

【注】这类用法往往具有复数意义：

The rich are not always happier than the poor.

The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.

但若表抽象概念，则表单数意义：

The beautiful is not always the same as the good.

②与某些过去分词转化来的形容词连用：

Times are hard for the unemployed.

Many of the wounded died on their way to hospital.

③与某些表国籍的形容词连用：

The French are famous for their cooking. 法国人以善烹调着称。

④与某些形容词连用表示抽象概念

One must learn to take the bad with the good. 人必须学会好坏都能承受。

【注】：“th e+形容词”的语法特征

①复数性：“the+形容词”表示一类具有某种特征或特性的人时，通常表示复数意义，若用作主语，谓语要用复数。

如：

The injured were carried away on stretchers.

用担架把受伤的人抬走了。

The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.

老年人比年轻人更容易感冒。

②单数性：“the+形容词”若表示抽象概念，则表示单数意义，用作主语时，谓语要用单数如：The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true.

③单复性：有个别的“the+形容词”结构既表示单数意义，也表示复数意义，若用作主语，谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。如：the good 指“好人”时表复数意义，指“善”时表单数意义；the accused 指一名被告时表单数意义，指多名被告时表复数意义。比较：

The accused was acquitted of the charge. 被告被宣告无罪。(指一人)

The accused were acquitted of the charge. 被告均被宣告无罪。(指多人)

④习惯性：有的表达带有一定的习惯性，如“病人”习惯说成the sick，而不说the ill；这类结构习惯上不用于-’s 所有格形式，若语义需要，可考虑用of 所有格。如：

正：He is interested in the problems of the poor. 他对穷人的问题感兴趣。

●零冠词的用法：

1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air

2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?

3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring

4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.

5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.

6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land

7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night

8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.

名词

名词

●名词的种类：

专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词

个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词

●名词的数：

一、规则名词的复数形式：

名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days

2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes

3 以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves,加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs

4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories,

5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days,

6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes,

不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos

两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos

7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos

8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,

二、不规则名词复数：

三、英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：

四、1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice

五、2 单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,

六、3 只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents

七、4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff

八、5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party

九、6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜),

ruins(废墟)

十、7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans

十一、单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

十二、以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen

十三、8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 十四、将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants

名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。

1.’s所有格的构成：

单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,

复数名词一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,

不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights,

以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house

表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes

表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s

2. ’s所有格的用法：

○１表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday

○2表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches

○3表示国家城市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry

○4 表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory

○5 表示度量衡及价值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples

○6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot

○7某些固定词组a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)

3. of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students

用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed

代词：

一、代词可以分为以下七大类：

1 人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

2 物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their

名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

4 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some

5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever

6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as

7 不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,

other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

二、不定代词用法注意点：

1. one, some与any:

1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。

One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.

I have some questions to ask.

2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。

Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?

3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。

I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.

4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?

2. each和every:

each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。

Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.

3. none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。

There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None.

None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.

4. other和another:

1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：

He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：

I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.

Some like football, while others like basketball.

5. all和both, neither和either

all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.

All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.

Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

形容词和副词

I. 形容词：

1. 形容词的位置：

1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：

1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible

2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible

3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake

4 和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long

5 成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful

6 形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with

2) 复合形容词的构成：

1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词world-famous

2 形容词+形容词dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词peace-loving

3 形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词snow-covered

4 副词+现在分词hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged

5 副词+过去分词newly-built 10 数词+名词twenty-year

II. 副词

副词的分类：

1 时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never

2 地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词how, where, when, why

3 方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile

4 程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词when, where, why

III. 形容词和副词比较等级：

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

1. 同级比较时常常用as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.

2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。

3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.

4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.

5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：

Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.

6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。介词

I. 介词分类：

1 简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on

2 合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without

3 短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to

4 双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between

5 分词转化成的介词considering(就而论), including

6 形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, opposite

II. 常用介词区别：

1 表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关

2 表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始

3 表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中

4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外

5 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分

6 表示“穿过”的through, across through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关

7 表示“关于”的about, on about指涉及到，on指专门论述

8 between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间

9 besides与except的区别besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首

10 表示“用”的in, with with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音

11 as与like的区别as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似

12 in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置

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