模糊限制语在外贸英语函电中使用之
模糊限制语在外贸英语函电中的使用之初探
摘要：外贸英语函电中模糊限制语的使用能够提供适当的信息量、增强语言表达的灵活性、使语言表达更礼貌并更具说服力。本文通过列举若干外贸函电中的典型句子简要分析了模糊限制语在
外贸英语函电中使用的类型，使用策略和语用功能，表明模糊限制语在对外贸易活动中受到了语境、心理动机和相关社会因素的影响。
关键词：模糊限制语；外贸英语函电
一、简介
在信息技术迅猛发展的现代商业社会，快捷，便利的外贸函电成为现代国际商务活动的主要手段之一。外贸英语函电中大量使用模糊限制语,引起了很多语言研究者的关注，然而多数研究对象是口语交际中的模糊限制语。本文将运用英美学派话语分析的一些理论和方法,对外贸英语函电中的书面模糊限制语的使用进行简要的分析研究。
二、文献回顾
1、话语分析
话语分析是个发展很快的跨学科的分析领域,其主要代表英美学派对应用语言学和语言教学领域产生了重大的影响。他们的出发点和研究重点都是语言和语言的使用,并始终考虑到语言使用的场合即语境,即有关的各种情景语境和文化语境。此派最具影响力的话语分析模式是韩礼德的系统功能语法。它主要研究作为交际的语言,
徐美荣外贸英语函电(第二版)课后练习参考答案完整版
外贸英语函电课后练习参考答案（中英文对照版）名词解释 二、Establish business relations建立商务关系Import进口 Export出口 Importer进口商 Exporter出口商 Commercial counsellor’s office商务参赞处Chamber of commerce商会 Credit standing资讯状况 三、Inquiries询价 First inquiry初次询价 General inquiry一般询价 Specific inquiry具体询价 Commission佣金 Delivery交货 Effect delivery装运 All necessary information所有必要的信息Delivery date装运期 四、Quote报价 Offer报盘 V oluntary offer主动报盘 Free offer虚盘（自由报盘） Firm offer实盘 Pro forma invoice形式发票 Import licence进口许可证 Catalogue目录 Under cover随函附上 Supply from stock供现货 五、Counteroffer还盘 Be on the high side偏高 Regret遗憾 Be in line with与。。。相符 Reduce减少、降低 Make a reduction of The prevailing market行市 六、Accept接受 Acceptance接受 Confirmation of order订单的确认 Sales contract销售合同Sales confirmation销售确认书 Purchase confirmation供货确认书 Sign签名 Signature签名 Counter-signature会签 七、Payment terms支付条款 Modes of payment支付方式 Remittance汇付 Telegraphic transfer (T/T)电汇 Mail transfer (M/T)信汇 Demand draft (D/D)票汇 Collection托收 Documents against payment (D/P)付款交单Documents against acceptance (D/A)承兑交单八、Kinds of L/C信用证种类 Sight L/C即期信用证 Term L/C远期信用证 Establish L/C开立信用证 Amendment to the L/C修改信用证Extension of the L/C展延信用证 Check the L/C检查信用证 With the terms of contract按合同 九、Pack包装 Packing requirements包装要求 Shipping instructions装运指示 Shipping marks唛头 Shipping advice装运通知 Modes of transportation运输方式 Time of shipment装运期 Destination目的地 Partial shipment分批装运 Transshipment转运 十、Insurance保险 Risk风险 Average海损 Cover投保 Coverage承保范围 Open policy预约保单 Premium保险费
外贸英语函电课后习题参考答案
外贸英语函电课后习题参考答案 （For Reference Only） Chapter 1 Business Letter I. Answer the following questions. 1. How many principal parts is a business letter composed of? What are they? Generally speaking, there are seven principal parts of a standard business letter. They are the letter head; the date; inside name and address; saluation; the body of a letter(message); the complimentary close and signature. 2. What are the three main formats of a business letter used today? Which format do you like best? There are three main formats of a business letter in use at present: the conventional indented style; the modern block style and the modified block style. I like the modern block style, since it is simple and we can save much time. 3. What is P.S.? It is postscript, refers to one or more remarks the writer may add to the core or body of the letter,usually hand-written side by side with or below the signature and enclosure parts, where
外贸英语函电第五版答案
作文字数要求100-200字！ Unit2 1.CDBBBBDCBB 2.(1)regards,say(2)specialized,with(3)with,by(4)If,interesting,enquiry(5)available(6)p opularity(7)finances,to(8)compliance 3.(1)Weareoneoftheleadingimportersdealinginelectronicproductsinthearea,andtakethis opportunitytoapproachyouinthehopeofestablishingbusinessrelations. (2)Wehavebeenengagedinhandlingimportingandexportingofmachineryandequipmentf ydraftatsight. (5).Youarecordiallyinvitedtotakeadvantageofthisattractiveoffer.Weareanticipatingalar georderfromtheUnitedStates,andthatwillcauseasharpriseinprice. (6).WewillsendyouafirmofferwithshipmentavailableintheearlyMayifyouorderreachesu sbeforeMarch10. (7).Becausethereisabriskdemandforthegoods,theofferwillbeopenonlyfor5days. (8).Wearegivingyouafirmoffer,subjecttoyourreplyhereby5p.m.ourtime,Tuesday,July10 Unit5 1.(1)on,fulfill,with,to,with (2)to,with,on (3)of,from,for,on,terms 来源：网络转载
英汉商务信函中模糊限制语使用的对比研究
Vol.33No.6 Jun.2012 第33卷第6期2012年6月赤峰学院学报（汉文哲学社会科学版） Journal of Chifeng University （Soc.Sci ）20世纪70年代美国语言学家Lakoff 发表开 创性专题论文“模糊限制语:语义标准和模糊概念逻辑的研究”，初次提出模糊限制语这一术语并将其定义为“有意把事情弄的更加模糊或更不模糊的词语”[1]。此后国内外众多语言学家开始了对模糊限制语的深入研究。如国外的Meyer [2],Hyland [3]等人，国内的伍铁平[4]，冉永平[5]等人。但在对过往的研究综合分析中可以看出，大部分语言学家对模糊限制语的研究主要是从模糊限制语的特征出发，集中于对其分类及定义解释的研究，明显缺乏一定的深度[6]。而对于不同的文体中模糊限制语的对比研究是必要而且有着重要意义的[7]。 商务信函是开展对外贸易业务和有关商务活动的基础及重要工具．熟悉运用并正确理解商务信函的文体特点，是顺利进行商务业务活动的前提和条件。在商务信函文体的所有特点中，清晰与准确是最为根本的准则。然而，Channel [8]认为，在语言的应用中，模糊语本身并无好坏之分，它主要取决于语言使用的语境。简言之，如果在商务信函中恰当的使用模糊限制语，一样会取得交际的成功。近年来，对商务信函中模糊限制语的研究主要是语用角度出发并集中于分析模糊限制语的商务信函中的语用功能。很少有研究关注于英汉商务信函中模糊限制语的使用对比状况。本文旨在通过对英汉商务信函中模糊限制语使用的频率差异进行对比研究， 以期对中国英语商务信函学习者及商务英语课堂教学提供一定的借鉴意义。 一、理论基础（一）模糊限制语 国内外对模糊限制语的分类研究众多，但是影响最大的是Prince [9]等人从语用角度对模糊限制语的分类研究。依照prince 等人的观点，模糊限制语应分为变动型模糊限制语和缓和型模糊限制语。变动型模糊限制语分为两类:一类是“程度变动型模糊限制语”，它主要指能够影响句子真值的词语。二类是“范围变动型模糊限制语”，主要指影响范围变动的词语。缓和型模糊限制语也可以分为两类，即直接缓和型和间接缓和型模糊限制语。这两种模糊限制语一般用来表示说话人对话题做的直接猜测或所持有的某种态度。它们的区别在于是否采取第一人称代词或通过引用他人的看法或观点来表达说话者对事情的态度和观点。本文的研究即是基于 Prince 等人对模糊限制语的分类。 （二）商务信函的分类 根据商务信函按其所提供信息的性质，Stewart [10] 把商务信函分为四类，分别为正面消息信函、一般消息信函、说服性信函和负面消息信函。正面消息信函和一般性信函的语言表达方式相对直接，负面消息与说服性信函较为委婉。因此本文对商务信函的研究主要是基于直接与委婉两种方式的商务信 英汉商务信函中模糊限制语使用的对比研究 李小鹏，司蓓蓓 （宿州学院 外国语学院，安徽 宿州 234000） 摘要：以Stewart 对商务信函的分类研究研究和prince 等人对模糊限制语的分类研究为基础，对英汉商务信函中模糊限制语使用的频率进行了对比研究。 研究结果发现，英汉商务信函中模糊限制语的使用存在较大差异的同时也具有一定的相似之处。 据此，对英语商务信函写作的汉语本族语学习者及教学者提出相关建议：学习者应注意文化差异，学会恰当的使用模糊限制语实现商务交际的目的；在提高模糊限制语应用能力的同时提高自身的语用能力和写作能力；商务英语教学者应重视模糊限制语的课堂教学，采取文化对比方式教学等。 关键词：商务信函；模糊限制语；对比研究；频率中图分类号：H313 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１６７３－２５９６（２０１２）０６－０１７０－０３ 基金项目：安徽省人文社科研究项目“中国大学生书面语中模糊限制语的语言迁移研究一项基于语料库的实证研究” （SK2012B488） １７０－－
外贸英语函电 答案
Unit 2 P24 Ⅲ Translation 1. Y our letter of September 2, 1994 has been received. We are glad to inform you that the articles required by you fall within the scope of our business activities. 2. The Bank of China in your city has informed us that you are importers of textiles. We specialize in the export of textiles and are willing to enter into business relations with you. 3. In compliance with your request, we are sending you a range of cut samples of our cotton piece goods. We hope they will arrive in time and be found to your satisfaction. 4. We have received your letter of September 4 informing us that you find our canned meat satisfactory and that you consider placing a trial order with us. 5. As requested, we enclose a range of pamphlets together with our price lists for your reference. If any of them meet your interest, please inform us o your specific requirements. On receipt of your enquiry, we shall forward you quotations without delay. 6. Y our firm has been recommended to us by your Embassy in China as a buyer of Chinese canned goods. We wish to inform you that we specialize in this line and hope to enter into trade relations with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. 7. To give you a general idea of the products we handle, we enclose a complete set of leaflets showing specifications and means of packing. 8. Prior to shipment, our goods will be tested and inspected by the Shanghai Commodity Inspection Bureau, who will provide the necessary certificates in regard to the quality and quantit y of the shipment. Unit 3 P37 ⅣTranslation 1. The firm with whom we intend to deal has referred us to you for particulars respecting their business standing and trustworthiness. 2. We should be most grateful if you would furnish us with your opinion on the financial status and reliability of the above company. 3. As far as we know, their financial standing is sound. 4. The firm you inquire about is one of the most reliable importers in our district and has for many years enjoyed a good reputation among the traders. 5. The *** bank of your city will give you any information you may require concerning our credit standing as well as our manner of doing business. 6. Any information you may be able to pass on to us will be treated as confidential. 7. We advise you to proceed with every possible caution in dealing with the firm in question. 8. This company enjoys good reputation and has large financial reserves.
第五版外贸英语函电课后答案
第五版外贸英语函电课后答案 外贸英语函电答案 外贸函电答案 Keys to the exercises Unit 2 3. (1) We are one of the leading importers dealing in electronic products in the area, and take this opportunity to approach you in the hope of establishing business relations. (2) We have been engaged in handling importing and exporting of machinery and equipment for many years, and our products have enjoyed great popularity in many countries. (3) We owe your name and address to the Commercial Counselor’s office of our Embassy in Beijing. (4) We are given to understand that you are a manufacturer of daily chemicals. One of our clients intends to buy cosmetics from your country. We will appreciate it highly if you can airmail the catalogue and the price list of your products available at present. (5) For our credit standing, please refer to the Bank of China, Shanghai Branch. Unit 3 2.
外贸英语函电试卷及标准答案
外贸英语函电试卷及标准答案 最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！太平洋英语，免费体验全部外教一对一课程：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/852198803.html, 外贸英语函电试卷(A卷) Ⅰ.Translation of terms 术语翻译(10%)： A.Translate the following terms into Chinese 将下列术语译成汉语(5%)： 1．mediation of dispute 2．DEQ, Delivered Ex Quay 3．acts of God 4．continental bridge 5．exclusive sales B.Translate the following terms into English in full 将下列术语译成英语（请用全称）(5%)： 1．亚洲开发银行 2．电子商务认证 3．银行密押 4．机电产品 5．内包装 Ⅱ.Make the best choice for each of the following sentences 单项选择(20%)：（提示：请在各题所提供的四个选项中选择一个，并将所选中的答案相对应的选项字母填入句中横线上。） 1.The boxes must be strong enough to withstand transport ____ very bad roads. A. along B. for C. in D. over 2.Enclosed are two copies of our Sales Confirmation No. DTE0607 ____ out against your Order KK02736. A. got B. made
外贸英语函电第五版答案
Unit 2 1.C D B B B B D C B B 2.(1) regards, say (2) specialized, with (3) with, by (4) If, interesting, enquiry (5)available (6)popularity (7) finances,to (8) compliance 3. (1) 我公司是该地区电子产品的主要进口商之一，我们借此机会与贵方接洽，希望与贵方建立贸易关系。 We are one of the leading importers dealing in electronic products in the area, and take this opport unity to approach you in the hope of establishing business relations. (2) 我公司经营机械设备的进出口业务已多年，我们的产品在许多国家享有盛誉。 We have been engaged in handling importing and exporting of machinery and equipment for many years, and our products have enjoyed great popularity in many countries. (3) 承我国驻北京大使馆商务参赞处介绍，得知你公司的姓名、地址。 We owe your name and address to the Commercial Counselor’s office of our Embassy in Beijing. (4) 我们了解到你们是日用化学品制造商。我们有一客户想要购买贵国化妆品，如能立即航寄目前所能供之货的目录及价格表，我们将不胜感激。 We are given to understand that you are a manufacturer of daily chemicals. One of our clients inte nds to buy cosmetics from your country. We will appreciate it highly if you can airmail the catalog ue and the price list of your products available at present. (5) 有关我们的资信情况，请向中国银行上海分行查询。 For our credit standing, please refer to the Bank of China, Shanghai Branch. Unit 3 1.B B B B A D D C B A 2. 1. 请报你方最优惠的上海到岸价，包括我方3%佣金。 Pease quote us your best price CIF Shanghai, inclusive of our 3% commission. 2. 如果你方价格有竞争力的话，我们打算订购30万码棉布。 Should your price be found competitive, we intend to place with you an order for 300,000 yards of Cotton Cloth. 3. 我方有一家客户对贵国琴岛海尔电冰箱感兴趣，请电开400台伦敦到岸价4月船期的报盘。 One of our customers is now interested in the Qingdao Haier Refrigerator made in your country. P lease offer CIF London for 400 sets to be delivered in April. 4. 为了方便你方了解我方的产品，我们立即航寄样品数量分。 To enable you to have a better understanding of our products, we are sending you by air 5 copies o f our catalogue and 2 sample books. 5. 为答复你方4月28日询价，随函寄去我方最新价目单以供参考。 In reply to your enquiry dated April 28, we are now sending you our latest price list for your refere nce. 3．Dear Sirs, We learn from a friend in Shenzhen that you are exporting light industrial products, especially elec tric appliances. There is a steady demand here for the above-mentioned commodities of high qualit y at moderate prices. Will you please send us a copy of your catalogue, with details of your prices and terms of payment . We should find it most helpful if you could also supply samples of these goods. Yours faithfully, 4. Dear Sirs, RE: Haier Refrigerator We are in the market for refrigerators. Please send us your latest catalogue and details of your spec ifications, informing us of your price CIF Guangzhou, please also state your earliest possible deliv ery date, your terms of payment, and discount for regular purchase. If your prices prove reasonabl e and satisfactory, we shall soon place a large order with you. Yours faithfully, 5. Dear Sirs,
外贸英语函电答案全
Key to exercises Key to Unit 1 I. Answer the following questions. 1. The essential 7C’s in commercial English correspondence are clearness，conciseness，courtesy，consideration，completeness，concreteness，correctness. 2. If a letter show impoliteness, it cannot achieve the purpose of writing. More serious consequences will be that it may offend the recipient and damage the established business relations. The courteous writer should be sincere and tactful, thoughtful and appreciative. Another important thing is promptness. 3. If conciseness conflicts with courtesy, then make a little sacrifice of conciseness. Generally speaking, you will gain in clearness and conciseness by writing short sentences rather than long ones. 4. A business letter consists of eleven principal parts: (1) the letter-head (including the date) (2) the inside name and address (3) the salutation (4) the subject heading or caption (5) the opening sentences (6) the body of letter (7) the closing sentences (8) the complimentary close (9) the wr iter’s signature and official position (10) the enclosure (11) the postscript 5. Envelopes must have the accuracy, accessibility and good appearance. Ⅱ. Translation the following paragraphs into Chinese. 国际贸易带来了更高效率的生产和世界产量的增加，从而使国家（或个人）可以消费更大和更多样化的商品组合。一个拥有有限的天然资源的国家通过国际贸易可以生产和消费超过它有限资源的物品。国际贸易扩大了一个国家可以出售商品的潜在市场中。商品的国际需求增长可以转化为更大的生产和更广泛使用原料和劳动力，从而使国内就业增长。来自于国际贸易的竞争也迫使国内企业通过现代化和创新变得更有效率。 Ⅲ. Additional Exercise. 1. Correct the mistakes in the following letter and separate the message into two paragraphs. ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES Co. P. O. Box 3259 22th January, 2009 The Manager Messrs Clarke & Smith Ltd. 68 High Street London EC 4 England
模糊限制语的语用分析
模糊限制语的语用分析 摘要：语言的模糊性是自然语言和人工语言的一个重要区别，模糊语言广泛存在于自然语言的使用中。本文首先介绍了两类模糊限制语，然后试图就模糊限制语的使用分别从会话含义，合作原则及礼貌原则等视角进行语用分析。 关键词：模糊限制语；语用；会话含义；合作原则；礼貌原则 1．引言 1965年美国控制论专家扎德(L.A.Zadeh) 创立了著名的模糊集合论（Fuzzy Sets Theory）,一举推翻了亚里士多德的经典排中律，对语言学的研究产生了深远的影响。模糊语言学就是模糊集合论与现代语言学相结合形成的一门新兴学科，它运用模糊集合论与现代语言学的基本原理来分析语言的模糊性。（吴世雄，2001：7）人类语言学和认知的模糊性是任何科学理论所无法回避的重大问题，其意义远远超出了一个学科的范围。在现今的欧美学术界，模糊语言研究已成为认知语言学，甚至是认知哲学和认知科学的重要组成，模糊语言在中国起步于70年代末，伍铁平教授被公认为中国模糊语言的开拓者，他的“模糊语言初探”和“模糊语言再探”（分别刊在《外国语》1979年第4期和1980年第5期）是国内最早运用扎德的模糊理论来研究语言模糊性的论文。（吴世雄，2002，4：435－36）语言的模糊性是语言的基本属性，它广泛存在于自然语言之中。语言的含糊只有从语用角度去分析才有意义，语用含糊是从语言的使用和理解的角度讨论语言的不确定性，言语交际中语言含糊的研究包括那些看似词汇，实际上是话语的“模糊限制语”，以及其他以为只是“语义模糊”而实际上是语用含糊的现象。（何自然，2000.1:7） 2．模糊限制语（Hedges） 模糊限制语作为模糊语言家族中的一员最早由George Lakoff提出，Lakoff( 1972:195)认为模糊限制语就是一些“把事情弄得模模糊糊的词语”（Words whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy）。由于研究角度和方法的不同，对模糊限制语的分类也各不相同。E. F. Prince(1982)等从语用学的角度把模糊限制语分为缓和型模糊限制语和变动型模糊限制语两大类。 2.1缓和型模糊限制语（Shields） 缓和型模糊限制语是不影响话题的真值条件，即不改变话语结构的原意，说话者本人或他人就话题内容做主观猜度而使其肯定语气趋向缓和的词语，这类模糊限制词又可分为以下两种： 2.1.1直接缓和语（Plausibility Shields） 直接缓和语指说话者本人就话题内容作直接猜测或持有猜疑的态度。包括：I think, I suppose, I am afraid, I wonder, as far as I can tell, hard to say, seem, probably等等。例如： 1) And I think we can probably just finish the work before evening…As far as I can tell you right now, we can start at once. 2) I was afraid that I can not be here tomorrow. 2.1.2间接缓和语(Attribution Shields ) 间接缓和语不表示说话者本人的直接推测或猜疑，而是引用第三者的看法间接地表达说话者对话题的态度，这类限制语包括：It’s said that…, as is well known, the possibility would be…, someone says that…, according to sb等等。例如： 3) According to Dr. Smith, there was a dramatic response after medication.
外贸英语函电第五版答案
外贸英语函电第五版答 案 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】
作文字数要求100-200字！ Unit 2 1.C D B B B B D C B B 2.(1) regards, say (2) specialized, with (3) with, by (4) If, interesting, enquiry (5)available (6)popularity (7) finances,to (8) compliance 3.(1)We are one of the leading importers dealing in electronic products in the area, and take this opportunity to approach you in the hope of establishing business relations. (2)We have been engaged in handling importing and exporting of machinery and equipment for many years, and our products have enjoyed great popularity in many countries. (3)We owe your name and address to the Commercial Counselor’s office of our Embassy in Beijing. (4) We are given to understand that you are a manufacturer of daily chemicals. One of our clients intends to buy cosmetics from your country. We will appreciate it highly if you can airmail the catalogue and the price list of your products available at present. (5) For our credit standing, please refer to the Bank of China, Shanghai Branch. Unit 3 1.B B B B A D D C B A 2.(1) Please quote us your best price CIF Shanghai, inclusive of our 3% commission. (2) 如果你方价格有竞争力的话，我们打算订购30万码棉布。 Should your price be found competitive, we intend to place with you an order for 300,000 yards of Cotton Cloth. (3)One of our customers is now interested in the Qingdao Haier Refrigerator made in your country. Please offer CIF London for 400 sets to be delivered in April. (4)To enable you to have a better understanding of our products, we are sending you by air 5 copies of our catalogue and 2 sample books. (5)In reply to your enquiry dated April 28, we are now sending you our latest price list for your reference. Unit 4 1. (1) on ,to (2) to, of, to (3)until (4)to, of (5) to,for (6) by, in, ,in ,for (7) from ,within (8) in (9) of ,on (11) offer, at, on, for (12) of, at, per, on (13) to, reply ,reaching , at (14) by ,for , in, of, at (15) for , offer, of 2.(1).We are studying the offer and hope that it will keep open till the end of the month (2). We believe that you will place a large order with us owing to the high quality and reasonable price of our products. (3).We will allow you 10% discount if you purchase 5000 dozens or more. (4). As to terms of payment, we often require a confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit payable by draft at sight. (5). You are cordially invited to take advantage of this attractive offer. We are anticipating a large order from the United States, and that will cause a sharp rise in price. (6).We will send you a firm offer with shipment available in the early May if you order reaches us before March 10. (7). Because there is a brisk demand for the goods, the offer will be open only for 5 days. (8). We are giving you a firm offer, subject to your reply here by 5 . our time, Tuesday, July 10 Unit5 1.(1) on , fulfill, with , to ,with (2)to,with,on (3)of, from, for, on, terms
模糊限制语
模糊限制语的语用研究 1. 引言： 语言的模糊性是人们的主观世界对客观事物认识的结果,它在言语交际过程中具有非常重要的意义。人们在日常生活和劳动生产时常常会自觉或不自觉地使用一些不严谨的、不确定的、或不明晰的词语来进行交流。而语言又是无边无际,变化无常,它可以视不同的语境运用不同的词汇或结构表现出说话者各自的意图和丰富的内涵。如果没有模糊性,交际就会受到一定的制约,从而达不到交流的目的。语言具有精确性和模糊性的双重特性。而精确性和模糊性这对对立的概念又是相互依存和相互联系的。只用精确的词语来描述一件事或一个客体,语言就会显得过分公式化,从而失去语言应有的生动性、丰富多样性。 2. 模糊限制语的概念： 模糊限制语(hedges)这个术语最早出现在拉可夫(G. Lakoff) (1972)的开创性专题论文“模糊限制语:语义标准和模糊概念逻辑的研究”(Hedges: a study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts)一文中。模糊限制语用来指一些“有意把事情弄得更加模糊或更不模糊的词语”。拉可夫(G. Lakoff) (1972)将其下的定义是:模糊限制语(hedges)是一些有意把事物弄得更加模糊或更不模糊的词语(words whose job it is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzier)。20世纪80年代中期,我国英语界对模糊限制语的某些功能进行了初步探讨。模糊限制语有其独特的语义特征和丰富的语用功能,这都是其它词语无法替代的。对模糊限制语进行全面深入的研究,不但对促进语义学和语用学的进一步研究有一定的理论意义,而且对恰当地使用模糊限制语进行有效的交际颇有实用价值。 3. 模糊限制语的分类： 英语中构成模糊限制语的方式是多种多样的。例如，某些形容词、副词、非人称短语，情态动词，感觉动词等等，都可以充当模糊限制语或起到模糊限制语的作用。模糊限制语的行为不同，所使用的模糊限制手段或方式也就不同。从语用功能角度来看，模糊限制语可分为两类。一类模糊限制语对话语结构的内容进行某种程度的修正或给出一个大体的变动范围，或是对话语本身进行模糊限制，即称为变动型模糊限制语(approximators)；而另一类不对话语的内容进行限制，而是表明话语的内容与说话人之间的关系即对说话者本人进行模糊制，称之为关系型模糊限制语(Shields)。 3.1 变动型模糊限制语 变动型模糊限制语影响话语的真值条件，可以改变甚至取消话语的原意。这