第一讲 汉译英的特点和步骤
第一讲汉译英的特点和步骤
一、汉译英的特点和基本程序
1汉译英都是短文翻译,而作为基础则需要从句子开始.
2汉译英题目的测试点：在于测试考生对英语常用词汇、习惯用法和句子结构的掌握情况。同时还要测试考生将汉语短文转换为英语时对上下文的理解。表达原文的连贯性、完整性、以及行文流畅的能力。
3汉译英基本程序－句子翻译
3.1阅读
通读并透彻理解原文汉语句子，分析原文汉语句子的风格、逻辑和句型。
a)风格：正式还是非正式
b)逻辑：短语和短语之间的逻辑关系
c)句型：分析汉语句型，因为汉语句型和英语句型有着特定的对应关系。例子：现在必须采取措施来保护环境（表目的）
分析：找主语－>无主语，也就是无主句
无主语：对应英文三种句型：形式主语、there be句型、被动句型。
例句：必须采取措施保护环境。
1.形式主语: It is necessary..., It is essential...
It is necessary to take measures to protect the environment.（不定式表目的）.
“必须”：essential, imperative。能用高级词汇就用高级词汇。
It is imperative to adopt measures to protect environment.
2.there be 句型
There is necessity to adopt measures to protect the environment.
3.被动句型(找被动句型的主语－：措施)
Measures should be adopted (taken) to protect the environment.
4.特殊句型：是到做某事的时候了
It is time to do sth.... 是到做某事的时候了
It is high time to adopt measures to protect the environment.
使用从句，从句使用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时
It is high time that measures were adopted to protect the environment.
3.2确定句型、结构
1)确定基准事态，能够避免犯大的语法错误
比如：记叙文――[一般过去时,以及他的变化]
议论文、说明文――一般现在时
2)确定主语、定句型、结构、定修饰语(定、状、补)位置
在理解基础上变换原文汉语句子的说法和词序的过程，即汉英两种语言表达方式的转换过程.
3)译文句子的组织、表达
3.3审校
这是不可缺少的一个重要环节，一定要对照原文，首先检查译文是否正确的转述了原文的内容，是否有错译和漏译；其次，检查是否有语言上的明显错误，如：时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号等，发现错误，及时改正。动词上的错误永远是大错原则一：每写一个动词，要考虑它的形态
4短文翻译步骤
1.通读并透彻理解原文汉语短文，分析原文汉语短文的风格、逻辑。（如中心意
思，以及逻辑关系）
2.单句翻译程序（去掉审校程序）同时考虑上下文，明确逻辑关系，添加合适的
连接结构，并避免句式重复，长短句结合。
原则二：落笔写每句话之前，考虑使用连接词和连接结构的必要性
3.全文审校
进行各单句审校的同时，检查译文全文的风格、逻辑是否与原文吻合。
5汉译英应试原则
1.内容忠实原文。我们采用直译和意译的结合，偏重于直译。适当发挥，不要过
分发挥。
2.要有闪光点：复杂的句型结构，高级词汇
复杂的句型结构：强调句、倒装句、独立主格结构、分词结构、it句型、被动句、固定结构固定结构：too...to........；
so.......that.........；
such.....that........；
both........and.......；
and........as well.....；
such....as.......；
not......until........；
表示目的：in order to.......；
in order that........；
so as to........；
it句型：
高级词汇：
转折：but conj, however, yet（把这三个词都忘掉），nevertheless adv./, nonetheless adv./, whereas conj.
用法：第一句话，however….是错误的，however一般用作副词，后加逗号
第一句话。Nevertheless+第二句话。/第一句话；nevertheless+第二句话。
【补充】：whereas conj. 然而, 反之, 鉴于, 尽管, 但是
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.
有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。
大概：about, roughly，approximately
阅卷程序：(1)根据第一印象给个基础分(2)文章中的闪光点及错误适当加减分得出最终分
(1)第一印象非常重要，卷面要整齐(2)文章要有闪光点
大错：漏译、错译、句子结构错误、动词错误、时态语态错误、第三人称单数动词错误。小错：名词单复数、拼写错误、大小写错误、标点符号错误。
大错扣一分，小错两到三个扣一分
3.保持原文风格：注意口语和书面语的区分
非常：pretty, very, extremely, especially, particularly
这个事情非常好。口语：It’s pretty good.
4.符合英语表达习惯
地道：用词和句式
6一些例子：
speed up, quicken, accelerate）
accelerate the economic reform(不加pace) .
accelerate: to increase the pace or process of sth(英文解释)
Last year, our great fatherland(比motherland 更加地道)achieved/accomplished(gain可以但表现不出艰辛,忘掉get)a good harvest(只能指农业上的丰收).
Wish you a pleasant journey！祝你旅途愉快!：wish+直接宾语(人)+简介宾语
21届大运会圆满成功
We wish the 21st universiade complete a success.
Wish：祝你旅途愉快！Wish you a pleasant journey! (smooth也可以)
Wish vt.＋间接宾语（只能是人）＋直接宾语；
wish v. +从句（that）
That在定语从句和宾语从句中可省略，在正式语言中不省略
Wish that 21st Universiade be held successfully.——虚拟语气（should）be held
修改2：Wish that 21st Universiade be hosted successfully.
May you succeed。祝你成功(倒装)
修改3：May 21st Universiade succeed.
中文：不要不三不四，否则给你点颜色瞧瞧。
错误：Don’t be no 3 no 4, otherwise I will give you some color see see.
5.避免重复（词汇、句式多样化）
6.选词要确切／贴切／有力
7.使用连接结构表明逻辑关系
(1)表顺序：first, second, third, firstly, secondly, next, finally, etc.
(2)表附加说明的：another, also, besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, for instance, for example, such as, etc.
(3)表示转折关系的：however, but, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas, on the contrary, on the other hand, although, in spite of, etc.
(4)表因果关系：therefore, because, since, thus, as a result consequently, accordingly, for the reason, etc.
(5)表概括总结的：on the whole, generally speaking, to sum up, in brief, finally, so, in short, etc.
8.适当调整句子顺序（注意强调）
9.万不得已、绕道而行（遇到非能力所及之处，换用其它相近说法表达）
词汇量不足的应急措施:试用笼统词、联想有关词汇、试用解释性语句。
10.不能留空白、不能写汉语。
第二节汉译英基本方法概述
1翻译要求：
（1）结构*（2）句型*（3）搭配（4）词汇
搭配：动词与名词、动词与介词、动词与副词的搭配
举例：直接受害者：immediate victim, 不要用direct
激烈的竞争：furious competition
Call off 取消cancel; put off 推迟、延迟delay, postpone
注意：动词比动词短语正式，能用一个动词表达的绝对不用一个动词短语表达
注意词汇的搭配方式
词汇：不是高分的阻碍。得到高分，需要在结构和句型上下功夫。
词汇：基础词汇，专用词汇
基础词汇：动词形容词和副词为主，如：加强/提高strengthen, enhance, reinforce, intensify促进、推动等等
专用词汇：政治、经济、文化、教育、科技等方面的常识性词汇，
政治方面的：对等的人或物counterpart
霸权主义：hegemonism
强权政治：power politics
经济：经济危机：economic crisis
财政赤字：financial deficit
科技：电子计算机：computer
笔记本电脑：lap-top(or laptop);台式电脑desktop
沙尘暴：sand&dust storm（sand storm 不全面）
P75附录：常用词汇有上下文的情况下背单词，
翻译中段子里面的基础词汇、专用词汇都记下来，30-40个缎子后，95%词汇可以覆盖。
进步：（1）Practise makes progress.（2）Practise makes perfect.熟能生巧
在任何时候，任何地点，学习和积累，如商场购物中心：shopping center, mall（地道）词汇和搭配是基础，得到高分要在句型和结构上面下功夫。
结构：
汉语结构：主、谓、宾、定、状、补
英语结构：五大句型
1：主谓，2：主谓宾；3：主谓宾，4：主谓宾补，5：主系表
英语句子：必须有主语、谓语
汉语句子必须成分：主语、谓语
所以确定主语做题，主语决定谓语。
例子：在2020年之前，中国的国民生产总值将超过美国。
主语：国民生产总值：GNP=Gross National Products
谓语：超过exceed, surpass, outstep, overtake
基准时态：一般将来时(在将来的某个时段之前，使用将来完成时)
国内生产总值：GDP＝gross domestic products
专有名词在文章中第一次出现，既要全称，也要缩写：简写（全称）
战区导弹防御系统TMD=Theater Missile Defence
国家导弹防御系统NMD=National Missile Defence
译文：China’s GNP(Gross National Product) will have exceeded that of the US by 2020.（2020年前可加the year of）
名词或名词短语第二次出现时即使用代词
例子：据预测、据估计，在2020年中国的国民生产总值将超过美国
据...――It is×that..........
It is said that…据说，小道消息
It is estimated that........ 据估计，专业人士的估计
It is predicted that......... 据预测....
It is forecast that............ 预报....weather forecast
It is believed that....... 人们相信....
It is found that.... 人们发现....
It is supposed that... 人们推测....
It is pointed out that... 有人指出....
It is regarded that... 人们认为....
It is assumed that... 假设....
It is preferred that... 最好....
It must be admitted that... 必须承认....
It must be stressed that.... 无可否认....
It has been illustrated that... 已经列举说明....
前面是汉语的主语做英语的主语，还有其他成分可以做英语的主语，这样的英语可能更加地道。
确定主语做题，主语决定谓语（能得10分中的6分）
高分：闪光点（高级词汇，句型结构如把主语换一下）
2高分技巧：所谓汉译英的语言转换方法和技巧，主要是把汉语和英语的语法结构拿来进行比较，从中找出一些常见的对应关系，然后我们所要做的就是简单的对号入座了。
1.取原文的形容性成分做译文主语
第三节单句翻译练习
Sample 1：懒惰的人不会成功
1、A lazy person will never succeed.――基础译法(5-6分)
2、Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.
3、Laziness makes success impossible.
(1)：直译
(2)、形容词做主语成分，one泛指人，再次出现泛指人时，用代词he/she。直译+意译
、意译：推荐第二种译法
/相近句意变换、主谓宾等选词。容易漏掉状语
体会选择主语的方法：
Sample2：中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其他许多国家
1、China’s per capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the world.(5-6分)
2、In its amount of agricultural land per capita, China compares unfavorably with many other countries.
3、China compares unfavorably with many other countries in terms of per capita agricultural land.(推荐)
人均：per capital
人均国民生产总值：per capita GNP/GNP per capita
农业土地面积：agricultural land 不可以用farm land（范围小，只表示种粮食菜地）
A与B比较：compare A with B
把A比作B：compare A to B
amount修饰不可数名词
a large/vast amount of 大量的
修饰可数名词的：
a large number of 大量的
various（高级词）多得，大量的，既可以表示数量多，也可以表示种类多，修饰可数名词unfavorably表示劣势
favorably表示优势
in terms of 在哪一方面。
Sample 3:我的头疼得要命。（与真题差异比较大，没讲）
(1)My head aches badly.
(2)My head is killing me.
(3)I have a terrible headache.
(4)I have a splitting headache.
(5)I have a migraine.
Sample 4：这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲。
1、The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.
2、The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.
Sample 5：在评价关于早期中国文明的记载时，有很重要得一点必须记住：公元前三世纪以前的书籍极少流传下来。
1、In assessing the records of early Chinese civilization, we have to remember one important point: few books earlier that the third century BC are extant. (We指代模糊，remember记住，语气不够强烈)
2、One important point must be kept in mind in assessing the documentation of early Chinese civilization: few books before the third century BC have survived.
取原文名词性成分做主语，最好做的就是变为被动句。英语中被动句居多，地道。
公元前三世纪：the third century BC
评价、评估：evaluate、assess、In assessing....
keep sth. in mind记住；bear sth. in mind 记住
extant adj.现存的
survive v.幸存、幸免于
document 文件，存档－>documentation 记载、记录
重要的important 太普通
essential 重要的
significant 重要的、重大的、有意义的
vital 重要的、有活力的、有生命力的
crucial 极其重要的
Sample 6：一星期前我遇上了一件最不可思议的事情。
1、I had the most incredible experience a week ago.
2、I had the most inconceivable encounter a week ago.
3、The most unbelievable thing（这个词不好）happened to me a week ago.（推荐）应试意义不大，但给我们一种思路。
incredible难以置信的、不可思议的=inconceivable、unbelievable
encounter n未所预料的事情,v.偶然遇到、遭遇到
发生在某人身上.
1）以原文汉语句子的主语作为英语句子的主语，不要出现大的语法错误，这样的只能得到基础分，要出现闪光点、高级词汇、句型结构；
2）选择可能的主语（形容词，动词，副词结构）作为英语句子的主语。
积累句型结构：注意汉语与英语对应关系
Sample 7：一个企业的前途很大程度上要看管理人员的素质，特别是他的市场管理人员的素质
1、The future success of an enterprise depends heavily upon the quality of its managing executives, especially those with marketing responsibilities.
2、The quality of the management, especially of the marketing executives, largely determines the future of an enterprise.（推荐）
3、The quality of managing executives, especially those with marketing responsibilities, goes a long way in determining the future of an enterprise.
主语：一个企业的前途（取决于、要看）the future success of an enterprise（没有success也可，但加上更好）
谓语：要看、取决于、依赖于：depend on/rely on/(upon)
很大程度上heavily.
素质：quality
管理人员：managing executive
第二种译法：取原文句子中间的名词性成分来作译文中的主语。这个名词性成分往往是原文汉语句子的宾语
很大程度上：heavily（忘掉）, go a long way（在很大程度上，发挥了很大作用）, largely, to the large extent（可以作为插入语）
决定：determine, decide
前途、前景：future, prospect
3)取原文副词性成分做译文的主语
Sample8：因为天气太糟，我们未能成行
1、Because of poor weather, we did not go.
2、Bad weather prevented us from going.(取原文汉语句子中间的副词成分做译文主语)
3、The bad weather caused us to cancel/postpone our trip.（推荐）
因为：because+从句。/because of+名词、名词短语
due to, owing to(前两个=because of),
thanks to（＝because of好的结果）”幸亏”
Because of poor weather = because it was poor/bad/terrible, we did not go
3表因果关系，表示导致、引起cause sb. to do sth. 、lead sb. to do sth.
Sample 9：在持续了一年的内战中，数千人丧生。
1、Thousands of people have died/ have been killed in the civil war which has been lasting for one year.
2、The civil war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed（夺去）thousands of lives.（建议）
3、The death toll of the civil war, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.
确定时态：现在完成时
主语：数千人，Thousands of people
谓语：丧生：have died 、have been killed
修饰语：定语修饰语，放置位置：
在英语中，短语以上的内容包括短语修饰名词或名词结构时，永远放在被修饰语的后面。
短语以上的内容―――放在后面(形容词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、定语从句)
短语以下的内容―――放在前面（形容词、现在分词、过去分词、冠词、数词）
修饰一个中心名词的修饰语如何排列：
如：我们要建立一个公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序
建立：establish
译文：to establish a new international political and economic order which is rational.
表示本质性的东西放前面、特点或描述性的放在后面——定语从句；
而对于在前面的本质性的：越本质的东西越接近于名词
语法部分中有详细的解释。
状语：在持续了一年的内战中in the civil war which has been lasting for one year.
也可以用现在分词短语lasting for one year
第二种译法：取状语做主语，持续了一年的内战已经夺去了数千人的生命
第三种：死亡人数专用名词the death toll
达到：amounted to/reached …..
Sample 10：通过进一步的研究，科学家们推测存在着一种迄今尚未为人所知的粒子
1、through further research/studies scientists conjectured that there was a hitherto unknown particle.
2、Further research led the scientists to conjecture about the existence of a previously unknown particle.(推荐)
3、Further research by scientists pointed to the possible existence of a previously unknown particle.（了解）
通过：through ，进一步得研究：further research/studies
通过调查，可以说：after further investigation这里不能用，可用于联邦调查局的调查
基准时态：一般过去时
一个动词的宾语部分、可有两种处理方式：1):名词或名词短语，2）：从句变为宾语从句
又种译法：一个动词的宾语部分处理为名词或名词短语。
他猜测了某种粒子的存在：conjecture existence of a hitherto unknown particle
猜测、推测：conjecture、guess、predict、assume、speculate、
迄今（无人所知）:so far, hitherto, up to now,
在此之前：previously, formerly
第二种译法：研究使得科学家推测存在着一种粒子
Sample 11：在刚刚结束的中国八运会上，辽宁女子田径队有出色表现
译文：1、.The Liaoning women’s track and field team put on an excellent performance at China’s just-completed Eighth National Games.
2、China’s just-completed Eighth National Games saw the outstanding performance by the women’s track and field team from Liaoning.
3、没说
田径队：track and field team
出色表现：put on an excellent/outstanding performance
刚刚结束：just-completed
运动会专业词汇：
Olympic Games：奥运会
Winter Olympic Games：冬奥会
National Games：全国运动会
Oriental Games: 亚运会
New Beijing, Great Olympics：新北京新奥运
译法2：在某地发生了某事
原则：如果汉语句型表示在某时或某地发生某事，译法：取时间或地点做译文句子的主语，谓语用witness(目击、见证), see, find这几个动词。宾语是发生的某件事情。地道
英语倾向于用没有生命力的东西做主语。表示一种客观的意思。There be, It is
如：中国在过去的二十年中间发生了巨大的变化
译：The last/past two decades have witnessed enormous(避免great很虚的词) changes in China. 天翻地覆的：earth shaking
如：中国在过去的二十年中经济持续快速增长
译：The last two decades have witnessed sustained and rapid economic growth in China. Sample 12：只有在显微镜下才能看到红血球
译文：1、Only under the microscope can we see red cells.
2、Red cells can be seen only under the microscope.
3、A microscope is needed to see red cells.
4：取原文动词性成分做译文的主语
Sample 13：他们昨天的表演非常成功。
译文：1、They performed very successfully yesterday.
2、Their performance yesterday was very successful.
Sample14 ：我从来没有那么想过
译文：1、I have never thought like that.
2、This idea has never crossed my mind.
3、没说
某人突然想到某事：It strikes me that.............、It occurs to me that.........
Sample 15：没说
译文：1、. 2、3、
无主句三种译法：It is adj./there be/被动句
It is high time that/to do sth.
强调：emphasize、place/attach importance to sth.、
高级政府官员：high-ranking officials.
贪污腐败：corruption and embezzlement/graft
严重性：the seriousness、gravity
Sample 16：这本书着重讲成语、动词和谚语的用法。
译文：1、This book centers on the use of idioms, proverbs and aphorisms.
2、The focus of this book is on the usage of idioms, proverbs and aphorisms.
着重：centers on、emphasize、focus on、
Sample 17：航空公司在最后一刻取消航班，旅行团被迫取消了行程。
译文：1、.The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, therefore/so/thus/hence the travel group had no choice but to change its itinerary。（使用连接词）
2、.The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, therefore/so/thus/hence the travel group had to change/be compelled/had no choice to change its itinerary/plan/schedule。（使用连接词）注：be forced to do sth有暴力武力的意思，这里不适用
3、The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, which compelled the travel group to
change its itinerary.(使用了定语从句)
4、The last-minute cancellation of the flight by the airline compelled the travel group to change its itinerary.（就用主谓宾结果，只不过主语和宾语比较复杂）
分析汉语句子：一个逗号连接了两个完整的句子
原则：当原文汉语句子有逗号连接两个或两个以上的句子时，考虑逻辑，考虑使用连接词或连接结构。
逻辑关系：因果：
表示原因：后跟短语：due to，owing to, thanks to，引导从句because...., since
表示结果：so, therefore, thus, hence，as a result....
航空公司：airline；
最后一刻：at the last minute /at the last moment
取消：cancel
航班：flight
行程：itinerary比较好，plan/schedule凑合
Sample 18：汉代葬墓中描绘戏剧表演的浅浮雕证明那时有剧院。
译文：1、.Bas-relief carvings depicting dramatic performance discovered in the Han tombs proved that the theatre existed at that time.
2、
3、The existence of the theatre at that time was evidenced by bas-relief carvings depicting dramatic performance discovered in the Han tombs.
4、Proof of the existence of drama in the period can be found in bas-relief depictions of play-acting discovered in the Han tombs. （found最好用identify（辩明，辨别）替换）
如何做：A证明B
译法1：A proved B
译法2：被动：B 被A证明：B is evidenced by/in A prove更多的用于主动
译法3：Proof of B can be found in A（推荐）
体会修饰语的处理
Sample 19：没有生活目标意味着无法利用生活提供的各种各样的选择
译文：1、.Not having an aim in life means not being able to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.(定语从句，has to是作者的一个理解发挥，也可以用offers代替)
2、The lack of an aim in life makes it impossible for one to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.
3、4、5没说
目标：aim, goal, objective, target(具体的靶子)
使用，利用：benefit from，use，employ（雇佣——利用），utilize，exploit(剥削——利用) 选择：choice，selection(主观的选择，不好)，option
很多，各种各样的:various, a variety of
提供：supply，offer
没有：lack
5：添加主语，使用的不是很多
Sample 23：轻工作不见得比原来的工作要强。
译文：1、2、3、
不见得，不一定：句型结构：There is no guarantee that.......
更好的说法：commit a mistake
commit suicide 自杀
commit crimes 犯罪
第四节短文汉译英
Sample 1：（和考试题型有差距）即使在中国最盛行的时候，他的影响仍然不能与儒教相提并论。多数中国人依然关心世事注重人情，而这些在佛教看来都是虚幻的。而中国人有种奇异的本领，能够同时信两个互相抵触的信仰
译文：
A、第一句：.
(2)、Even in its heyday(=apogee, peak) in China，Buddhism could not possibly equal the impact of Confucianism.
B、第二句：
(1) Most Chinese remained concerned with the affairs of the world, especially human relationship, which Buddhists considered as illusion.
（2）Most Chinese still paid attention to mundane affairs and attached special importance to human relations, which were considered illusive in Buddhism.
C、第三句：
(1)：However/nevertheless, the Chinese had the peculiar ability to believe in two conflicting religions at the same time.
(2)：The Chinese, however, had a strange ability to endorse two opposing creeds at the same time.
D、第四句：
分析
分析逻辑结构：共4句话
1、2逻辑关系：进一步阐述
2、3逻辑关系：转折－”不过”
3、4逻辑关系：因果－”所以”
分析逻辑关系目的是考虑翻译中使用连接词和连接结构的必要性
在哪些情况下，必须使用连接词或连接结构：
1）：原文出现关联词
2）：没有出现关联词，但有非常明显的逻辑关系
第一句分析：
heyday：盛行期；apogee：盛行；peak：颠峰
即使：even
相提并论：equal等同
基础词汇：Buddhism佛教，Confucianism：儒教，Confucius：孔子
第二句分析：
注意代词：这些――指代世事和人情
原则：当原文中出现代词时，考虑使用定语从句
依然: still, remained
关心：concern with, pay attention to
世事：人世间的事情，世俗的东西。第一种译法不大好，容易认为是时事，第二种译法好：mundane affairs
国际时事：international affairs
注重人情：attach special importance to human relations
虚幻：illusion, illusive in
第三句话：
这句比较关键，要用连接词或连接结构
表示转折：nevertheless
不同寻常的、奇特的：peculiar, unusual, extraordinary
互相抵触的：conflicting, opposing
第四句：
首先考虑连接词或连接短语
所以：therefore, thus, hence
不足为怪/奇：It comes as no surprise that........、It is not surprising that.....
著名的：famous、renowned、
Sample 2：一个王朝的覆灭总是因为它的全面衰败而不是一个单一的事件。然而历代学者和史学家们常常挑出某些特定的事件认为他们是导致朝代灭亡的主要原因。有时甚至声称假若不是因为某事改换朝代就不会发生。因此有很多清朝的学者把明朝的灭亡归因于崇祯皇帝赐死了他最能干的大臣－袁崇焕。
译文：
A、第一句
（1）：The downfall of an imperial dynasty always resulted from its overall decline instead of/rather than being caused by a single incident.
（2）：The downfall of an imperial dynasty always came as a result of its overall decline rather than any single incident.
B、第二句
(1)：Nevertheless, scholars and historical commentators in each dynasty often singled out a few occurrences which they considered(believed, held, reckoned) to be chiefly responsible for the collapse of the old regime.
C、第三句
（1）
（2）Sometimes they even claimed that the dynastic change would not have taken place except for a certain incident.
D、第四句
(1)：Thus, quite a few/various Qing scholars attributed the fall of the Ming dynasty to Emperor Chongzhen’s execution of his ablest general, Yuan Chonghuan.
分析
分析逻辑关系：
1、2：转折－>
2、3：递进－>
3、4：因果
第一句：
是A而不是B：A instead of B、A rather than B、not...but(not B but A)、
第一句的结构：讲述原因：A的原因是B，这里我们讨论一个事件是另外一个事件的原因，就是具体的短语，涉及动词的用法来表示因果关系
假设A是原音B是结果：A是B的原音：
A造成了B：lead to、result in、
B源自于A：result from、stand from、generate from、originate、
王朝：dynasty
覆灭：downfall、collapse、demise
第二句：
转折：nevertheless
首先分析这句话中的规律，出现了代词，考虑使用定语从句
他们：是那些特定的历史事件
历史学家：historian
挑选：single out /select
occur: (v.)出现occurrence：（n）.事件、一个具体的事件
thing是非常虚的词，不能表示一个具体的事件
event：n.具体的事件
认为：consider、believe、hold、reckon
be responsible for ：对....负责
第三句：
出现了假设，很有可能使用虚拟语气，在这里要求使用虚拟语气，跟过去的事实相反，但这件事又发生了。
声称：claim，announce
except for＋短语除了，如果不是，已经表示了一个假设的关系
take place、happen 决定不能使用被动语态
第四句：
表示因果：thus
很多：many、quite a few、various
把...归因为：attribute (结果) to (原因)；owe (结果) to (原因)
Sample 3：九月十日是教师节，教师在人们心目中是什么样子呢？清华附中的小记者们走出校门采访了街道上路过的76个行人。在采访中发现83%的人认为老师肩负着培养下一代的重任，他们是提高全民族文化素质的决定因素，他们是值得尊敬的。
译文：译文1、低分
译文2、What is the teacher’s image(in people’s mind)? On Teacher’s Day, Sept. 10, a group of teenage reporters from the secondary school of Qinghua University took a poll on the street on seventy-six passerby. Eighty three percent of those surveyed said that teachers should be held in high esteem because they are committed to the shaping of the younger generation, an undertaking crucial to achieving a higher lever of education in China.
译文3、What is the teacher’s image(in people’s mind)? On Teacher’s Day, Sept. 10, a group of teenage reporters from the secondary school of Qinghua University took a poll on the street on seventy-six passerby. It was reviewed in the poll that Eighty three percent of those surveyed said that teachers should be respected because the teachers shouldered the task of educating the next/younger generation and they are the decisive factor of improving the whole people’s education level.(推荐)
分析
尤其要注意比较译文一和译文二有什么样的区别。译文1：低分，出现了不应该出现的大错。第一句：
中心意思是什么：教师在人们心目中是什么形象。
英语中：每一段第一句话应该是主题句。英语是一种形和性的语言。形式上的东西在结构上就是总分总的大结构。体现在段落中间第一句就应该是topic sentence，最后一句是总结的话。所以既然第一句话是topic sentence，你要把它翻译过来，第一句话必须出现这段话的主题，
这段话的主题在汉语短文中被放在了第二句话的位置上――”教师在人们心目中是什么样子呢”。
在人们的心目中：in people’s mind.、in people’s eyes
“九月十日是教师节”处理为状语
描述人的词汇：
中学生：teenager13～19
婴儿：infant、baby
儿童：children、kids、teenager
年轻人：the young、the youth(年轻的一代)、the young generation、youngster、
中年人：middle-aged people
老年人：aged people、senior people
采访：interview、上下文理解，这里的采访可以理解为民意测验：poll
过路人：passersby
在采访/民意测验中发现：It was reviewed in the poll that.......，扩充：研究research中发现、调查investigation中发现
原文：在采访中发现83%的人认为老师肩负着培养下一代的重任，他们是提高全民族文化素质的决定因素，他们是值得尊敬的。
分析：认为的后面三句话是核心内容：老师值得尊敬、因为他们肩负着培养下一代的重任，因为他们是提高全民族文化素质的决定因素。
译文：It was reviewed in the poll that Eighty three percent of those surveyed said that teachers should be respected because the teachers shouldered the task of educating the next/younger generation and they are the decisive factor of improving the whole people’s education level.
尊敬：respect、hold in high esteem
Sample4：1953年，英美两国计划对中国援朝部队使用原子弹，并准备用核武器进攻中国大陆。当这个消息由第三国外交官转告北京时新中国的领导人深感忧虑，同时立即做出决定建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业。
译文1、.In 1953, America and England（错误）/the United States and Britain planned to use atomic bombs against Chinese aiding troops in Korea and China mainland/to attack China with nuclear weapons(可以省略). When the news was transferred to Beijing from diplomatic sources of a third country, the leaders of new China felt deeply worried/concerned and immediately decided that China must have its own atomic bomb and missile cause./made a decision/decided to set up and develop atomic bomb and missile cause.
修改后的译文1、In 1953, the United States and Britain planned to use atomic bombs against Chinese aiding troops in Korea and China mainland. When the news was transferred to Beijing from diplomatic sources of a third country, the leaders of new China felt deeply worried/concerned and immediately decided that China must have its own atomic bombs and missiles.(推荐)
译文2、In 1953, when they learned from diplomatic sources of a third country that the United States and Britain were prepared to attack China mainland and the Chinese troops in Korea with nuclear weapons, the leaders of new China, deeply concerned, decided that China must have its own atomic bombs and missiles.
分析
首先我们按照常规做法，按照原文汉语句子的顺序翻译下来，争取在翻译中出现闪光点，但也要注意，虽然句子结构不作变化，但其中的一些细节问题也要注意，比如说宾语有可能要
做出变化，否则很有可能是中式英语。
转告：transfer
忧虑：worried、concerned
事业：cause；社会主义事业：socialist cause
作出决定：make a decision、decide、
译文：建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业
分析：一定要进行适当的变化复合英语习惯，变换为：拥有自己的核武器
不变化则是典型的中式英语表达：set up and develop atomic bomb and missile cause
变化后：immediately decided that China must have its own atomic bombs and missiles.
译法2：通过非常严谨的逻辑分析做出了这样一个译文。原文第二句开头有一个“这个消息”他和前面部分是重复的，一旦重复则使用定语从句或合并句子。接下来分析整个句子的中心思想，中心思想是：”中国领导人决定要拥有自己的核武器”，前面所有的东西都是他的铺垫，那么：中国领导人在什么样的情况下决定要拥有自己的核武器?在他们得到了一个消息的情况下，得到了一个什么样的消息呢？消息有....？从那里得到的呢？从第三国外交官那里。所以前面所有的关系都可以作为一个修饰语存在。
Sample5.一句话，在某时or某地发生了某事
P67模拟题（一共十道）P65提高练习（前十个句子）
第五节真题讲解
1994年真题
Part 2 translation(15 minutes, 10points)
原文：在我们这个时代，任何想要在社会上起到所希望起的作用，必须接受必要的教育。随着科学的进步，在中小学开设越来越多的课程。与过去的教育相比，现代教育更注重实用性。译文：
A、第一句：
（1）：In our times, if anyone wants to play the role as he or she wishes in a society, he or she must receive necessary education.
(2)：In our times, anyone who wants to play an important role in a society as he wishes must receive necessary education.（处理为定语从句）
B、第二句
(1) With the development of science, more and more(高级an increasing number of) courses are offered in primary schools and middle schools.
(2) Along with the progress of science, come an increasing number of courses in primary schools and middle schools.
C、第三句
(1)Compared with the old education, modern education places its stress on practicality.
(2)
分析：
短文翻译
第一步，注意分析句内、句间的逻辑关系。
这里通过分析三句话没有清晰的逻辑关系，而必须使用连接词的两种情况：短文中出现关联词或者出现了非常明显的逻辑关系。
第一句：
可以认为是一个条件句：如果.........那么..............，这种逻辑关系是通过自己的分析得到的，完全可以。
In our times在我们这个时代
anyone/anybody 任何人
play a role 起作用——play the role 特指
想要/计划做某事：want、plan to do sth.、aim to do sth.、intend to do sth.
第二句：
句型：随着...出现了..: along with A, comes B这是一个倒装句，正常语序B comes along with A 时态：假定为一般现在时
词汇：出现appear 出现occur：出现，发生arise：出现，发生
随着工业的发展，出现了污染问题。（一般过去时，或现在完成时）
Along with the development of industry, came(has come) the problem of environmental pollution. 引出话题：随着科技的发展，出现了互联网
Along with the development of science and technology，has come the Internet.
Along with scientific and technological development，has come the Internet.
基础做法：With the development of science, more and more courses are offered in primary schools and middle schools.
进步:progress、进步：advancement
“开设”不会说，现在汉语中找相近的词——”提供”(offer, provide, supply)
高级词汇：动词、形容词、副词更容易使用高级词汇。
越来越多：more and more（口语化）、
an increasing number of....数量上越来越多
a growing number of 越来越多
越来越：increasing
如物价越来越高：The prices become increasingly high.
原译文可改为：an increasing number of courses are offered…
结构上的变化：
随着...出现了....：
译文：Along with the progress of science, come an increasing number of courses in primary schools and middle schools.
第三句：
句式：与.......相比,处理为过去分词做伴随状语compared with sth.
重视：emphasize、focus重视,注视、put emphasis on sth./play emphasis on重视attach emphasis to sth.重视.
practicality：实用性－>相近的practice：实践，实行
总结：
in our times 在我们这个时代
play a role 起作用
as sb wishes 正如某人所想
along with A comes B：随着A出现了B
an increasing number of 越来越多
increasingly high 越来越高
compare with sth：与...相比
practicality：实用性
1995年真题——part 2 translation(15 minutes, 10 points)
原文：当前最重要的任务是发展国民经济、提高人民生活水平。为了实现这个目标，我们必须改革旧的经济体制，以便进一步解放生产力，我们应该向世界敞开大门，以便学习其他国家先进的科学和技术。只要我们坚持改革、开放政策，就一定能把我国建设成强大的社会主义国家。
A第一句：
(1)：At present the most important task is to develop national economy, and to improve people’s/the living standards.
B第二句：
(1)：In order to realize this aim, we must reform the old economic system, so as to further free the productivity. Meanwhile we should open our door to the (outside) world so that we can learn other countries’ advanced science and technology.
(2): In order to realize this goal, we must reform the old economic system so as to further free the productivity. Meanwhile we should open our door to the outside world in order to learn the advanced science and technology from other countries.
C第三句：
(1)：So long as we adhere to the reform and open policy, we will be able to build our country into a strong socialist country.
分析：
逻辑关系：三句话，第二句话很长，第二句话内部分析，发现它是两层并列的意思。
并列句：涉及到的连接词：and 、meanwhile/in the meantime同时
第一句：
结构：任务是......
当前：at present、presently
国民经济：national economy
重要的：important、vital、essential、crucial、significant。
最重要的任务：the task of priority
发展：develop
提高：improve提高
enhance提高;加强;促进,应用范围很广
increase 提高、增加
raise提高，升起
人民的生活水平(固定用法)：people’s living standards，考试中用，给老外看时候去掉people’s。第二句：
两层意思，连接结构并列句：涉及到的连接词：and 、meanwhile(adv)/in the meantime(adv) 表示目的：为了...以便(为了同意)..
in order to 为了
以便，表目的：so as to
so that既可以表示目的也可以表结果
realize the aim/goal实现目标
fulfil/fulfill the objective 实现目标
改革：reform
经济体制：economic system
进一步：further adv.
解放：free
生产力：productivity
outside：外面的
向某人学习：learn from sb.
向某人学习某事：learn sth. from sb
第三句：
关联词：只要....就......：
只要：so long as, as long as
坚持某种观点并有固执的含义在里面：insist这里不能用
坚持.....政策：adhere
改革、开放政策：the reform and open policy/the reform and opening up policy
一定：must用在这里是错误的。这里表示一种推测，用一般将来时。be able to
总结：
当前：at present/presently
最重要的任务：the task of priority
国民经济：national economy
提高：enhance
人民的生活水平：people’s living standards
为了：so as to、so that、in order to
实现目标：fulfill the objective
经济体制：economic system
解放生产力：free the productivity
向世界敞开大门：open our door to the outside world
向某人学习某事：learn sth. from sb.
坚持改革、开放政策：adhere to the reform and open policy
注意：记住高级的也要记住低级的词汇.
1996年的真题（20分钟10分）
原文：在过去的几十年里，可能没有任何其他话题比领导艺术更受到管理研究者的关注。在管理人员的培训和开发方面，领导艺术也是热门话题之一。这表明专业管理人员对探索卓有成效的领导艺术的奥秘感兴趣。
译文：
A第一句：
(1)：Over the past few decades, perhaps no topic has drawn more attention from management researchers than the art of leadership.
(2)：用见证句型
B第二句：
(1)：The art of leadership is one of the hottest topics in management training and development, which indicate that the management are/is interested in discovering the secrets to effective leadership.（讲课的答案）
（2）：It is also one of the hottest topics in the management training and development, which shows that the professional management are interested in discovering the secrets to effective leadership.(参考答案)
C第三句：
分析：
句型：时间或者地点做主语，谓语用witness[见证句型]
第二句
主句：领导艺术是热门话题之一
领导艺术：the art of leadership,或者只用leadership -ship表示抽象的事物
热门话题：hot topic、popular topic；hot少用，有不好的意思。说热可以用warm
在...方面：方面一般是不翻译出来的
在...领域，领域要翻译出来的：in the field of ....
研发(研究和开发)：research and development
第三句
注意：句子中出现代词，考虑使用定语从句。先行词可以是一句话。
indicate 表明；suggest表示，表明；review 表明、揭示；
discover 探索；explore 探索
effective 卓有成效的
基础做法：第二句话结束。第三句话：遇到“这”指一件事，this就加fact
This fact indicates that professional management are interested in discovering the secrets to effective leadership.
总结：
leadership领导艺术
popular/hot topics 热门话题
indicate表明，review表明揭示;suggest表明表示
effective 卓有成效
secret ,key 奥秘
discover 探索; explore 探索
1997年真题（20minutes, 10 points）
原文：亚裔美国人对美国做出了杰出的贡献，这些贡献包括诸如自然科学、医学、法律、文艺、艺术等各个领域。由于亚裔移民的祖籍国家具有丰富多样的传统，他们大大促进了美国文化的发展，提高了全美人民的生活水平。
译文：
A第一句：
(1)：Asian Americans have made outstanding contributions to the United States, which include(或用including) such fields as natural science, medicine, law, literature, art etc.(课程答案)
(2) Americans of Asian descent have made outstanding contributions to the United States. These contributions cover various fields such as natural science, medicine, law, literature, art etc.（参考答案）
B第二句：
(1)：Since the native countries of Asian Americans have rich and colorful traditions, they have greatly promoted the development of American culture, and improved the living standards of the whole American people.(课上讲的)
（2）：Due to the rich and colorful traditions in the native countries of Asian Americans,
(3)：As the native countries of Asian immigrants have rich and colorful traditions, they have greatly promoted the American culture, and improved the living standards of the whole America. (参考答案)
分析：
主语：亚裔美国人
亚裔美国人：Americans of Asian descent、Asian Americans
华裔美国人：Chinese Americans
出生在美国的华人：ABC=American born Chinese
谓语：对...做贡献：固定搭配：make contributions to
杰出的：outstanding
phenomenal 杰出的; exceptional 例外的
包括：include；可用which include(不用加s，因为contributions是复数) or including
诸如：such as....
诸如....各个领域：such fields as
自然科学：natural science
社会科学：social science
包括：include、cover 包括; involve 包括,涉及到
第二句：
关联词：表示因果关系
原因状语：由于+从句；because, since
祖籍国家：native country
具有：have
丰富多样的: rich and colorful
传统：tradition
还可以用短语表达原因：because of sth，due to sth.，owing to sth.，thanks to sth.
促进：enhance、promote、boost、contribute to贡献促进
大大的：greatly（比较虚）、largely、enormously
提高：improve
时态：表示持续性过程，建议使用现在完成时
总结：
做贡献：make contributions to
杰出的：outstanding，phenomenal 杰出的; exceptional 例外的
包括：include、cover、involve
诸如：such as
自然科学：natural science
等等,.....等：etc.、and so on
祖籍国家：native country
丰富多彩：rich and colorful
传统：tradition
大大的：greatly、largely、enormously
促进：promote、enhance、boost、contribute to
[作文]降低思想水平，适应自身的语言水平。使用简单的语言表达简单的思想。写作文注意写作格式。
1998年真题（20minutes,10points）
原文：环境科学家说，如果要使地球继续供养人类生存，保护野生生物是极为重要的。这些专家说我们必须明白在我们的这个环境供养系统中，我们自己与野生动植物之间的重要联系。他们指出，没有人有把握知道这些动植物中的哪一种将来可能对我们有用。
英语汉译英翻译
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
汉译英翻译方法
汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有 漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义） 汉译英选词原则： （1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达： 工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已 成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内） （2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。
新世纪大学英语第一册翻译-汉译英.
Translation Unit One 1.这个婴儿还不会爬,更不要说会走了。 The baby can't even crawl yet, let alone walk! 2. 威尔声称谋杀案件发生时他正在与一群朋友吃饭,但是我认为他在说谎。 Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie. 3. 一定程度上阅读速度与阅读技巧密切相关;有了阅读技巧,你就可以更好的应对课外阅读了。 To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills; and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better. 4. 根据规则他俩都可以参加比赛。 According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game. 5. 有些人想当然的认为日语中的每一个词在汉语中都有对应的词语。 Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word. 6. 我们都已将所有的相关信息告知了警方。 We have passed all relevant information on to the police. 7. 关于那件事你问我在多的问题也没有用,因为我是不会回答你的。
英语(汉译英)
公交常用英语 一、常用词语： 1、公共汽车 Bus 巴斯 2、出租车 Taxi 太克sei 3、电车 Trolleybus 超类巴斯 4、您好 Hello / How do you do. 好度有度 5、劳驾或请问 Excuse me…… A科斯Q私密 6、抱歉或对不起 Sorry 扫瑞 7、对不起打扰了 I’m sorry to trouble you 阿姆扫瑞兔揣宝有 8、谢谢 Thank you / Thanks 9、没关系 Not at all / It doesn’t matter 闹特爱特奥/ A特大怎特迈特 10、可以 It’s OK. A次欧凯 11、月票 commutation / monthly ticket 抗缪忒什/ 忙特雷忒K特 12、票价 carfare 卡fai尔 13、起点站 The starting stop 泽思达挺思道普 14、终点站 terminal / The Last stop 特妹闹泽拉斯特思道普 15、市区路线 Urban route 饿本入特 16、郊区路线 Suburban route 瑟波本入特 17、请等一下 Wait a moment 维特饿某们特 18、再见 Goodbye / Bye 19、首班车 The first bus 泽发斯特巴斯 20、末班车 The last bus 泽拉斯特巴斯 21、驾驶员 Driver 拽玩儿 22、乘务员 Conductor 肯达科特儿 23、调度员 Dispatcher 得死派车儿 24、请上车 Get on please 盖特昂普类似 25、请下车 Get off please 盖特奥夫普雷斯 26、中国济南 Jinan , China 济南柴那 27、空调车 Air-conditioned bus 艾尔可得什恩德巴斯 28、K系列豪华车 K series bus /可sei儿瑞丝巴斯 K series comfortable express 可sei儿瑞斯抗木否特包A科丝普ruai 丝 29、欢迎您！ Welcome 维尔康目 30、先生，您好！ How do you do , sir? 好读有度色儿31、小姐，你好！ How do you do , miss?
汉英翻译实践第一讲
PART I: I. 原文(Source Text) 水桥 在巴拿马，有一座世界闻名的“水桥”，那就是巴拿马运河。去年暑假，我跟着爸爸妈妈去巴拿马运河游览观光，至今还记忆犹新。 我们乘机抵达巴拿马城，然后搭上了一艘游轮，从巴尔博亚港进入运河。船行13公里后，便到了运河的第一组水闸1。巴拿马运河就是通过水闸的关与开，让船舰跨越陆地的一座“水桥” 2。 我们开始“上桥”了。船驶进闸池之后，厚2米，高、宽各20米，重数百吨的钢闸门便缓缓地关闭，闸池里开始注水。几分钟后，水涨船高3。游轮在两岸电力机车的牵引下缓缓前进。这样连升两级之后，船已经升高了16米。出闸后，再驶过一个小湖，又到了第二组水闸。经过这座水闸，船又升高了9.5米。这样，船已高出海平面26米，进入“桥顶” 4。我们的游船驶进了长达13公里的主航道，只见5两岸山6如刀削，绿树红花，景色十分秀丽7。 游船出了峡谷，驶入了宽阔的加通湖。湖水倒映着远山白云，美丽的小岛时隐时现8。在湖中悠悠航行38公里之后，船来到了加通水闸，从此进入了“下桥”段。这座水闸共有三级，犹如三个巨大的台阶。游船经过加通水闸后，已经降到了与大西洋水面相同的高度。当船驶入利蒙湾时，美丽的加勒比海便出现在眼前9。 我们从太平洋来到大西洋10，彼此隔离的大洋因为有了巴拿马运河而相通。运河全长公里，宽度由150米到304米不等。5万吨级的巨轮，日夜畅通无阻。它无愧于“世界桥梁”的称誉。我由衷地赞美人类改造自然的智慧和勇气!我敬佩你，巴拿马人民! 导游告诉我们，巴拿马人民是有志气的。他们一方面正在改造现在这条运河；另一方面，还准备新建一条更长的运河，预计工程需要10年才能完成，它将成为人类有史以来最大的工程11。我们期待着它早日完成。 II. 理解难点提示(Suggestions for Comprehension) 1. 这里的“水闸”指什么参考下文的“进闸池”、“出闸”。
英语汉译英
Unit1 Structure 1、The police are still trying to find out what caused the fire (是什么引起了这场火灾) 2、 I don ＇t know what size of shoes my father wears (我爸爸穿多大的鞋) 3、The baby pointed to what looked like a ball (一个像球一样的东西) 4、We should always be gyateful for what our family and friends (家人和朋友为我们所做的一切) 5、Stella was eager to show her boyfriend what she had bought for his brithday (她为他的生日所买的东西) Translation 1、 这个小男孩最喜欢做的事就是搭积木 What the boy likes to do most is putting together building blocks. 2、 就先前的工作经验而言，约翰是这个职位的最佳候选人 In terms of previous working experience ,John is the best choice for this position. 3、 我的物理老师经常使用类比来说明一些较难理解的概念 My physics teacher often uses analogy to explain some difficult concept. 4、 在家人和朋友的帮助下，汤姆经营的出版企业逐渐兴旺起来 With the help of his family and friends ,Tom built up his publishing business bit by bit . 5、 琳达没能进入那所著名的大学，但她打算重新开始，而不是逃避挑战 Linda was not able to go to that famous college,but she planned to start all over again rather than give up the challenge. 6、 这个公司有着很好的公众形象。人们总是将它的产品与高质量和优质服务联系在一起 This company has a very good public image .People always associate its product with high quality and good service. Unit 2 1、 孩子们很苦恼，因为他们的家长不允许他们在铁路轨道旁玩耍 The children are pretty annoyed that their parents won ＇t allow them to play around the railway track.. 2、 我打赌我只要速度快一点，肯定会比他们先到目的地 I bet if I pick up a little speed I will reach the destination sooner than they do . 3、这种糟糕的天气让人不想出去，你还不如在家舒展一下筋骨，做做运动 You don ＇t want to go out in such rotten weather.Its better for you to stay home and stretch your legs and do pfysical exercises. 4、 已经十点半了，你不应该还在睡觉！快赶到飞机场去接你表弟 It ＇s half past ten,and you ＇re not supposed to be sleeping !It ＇s time to head for the airport to pick up your cousin! 5、 是谁想到让麦克来接管这项工程的？ Wo came up with the idea to ask Mike to take over the project? 6、 学校对不同种族背景的学生没有区别对待 The school makes no distinction in treating students from different racial backgrounds . Unit4 1.布鲁斯先生对他不尊重当地传统的行为表示了歉意。 Mr. Bruce made an apology for his disrespect for the local traditions. 2.在会议上，双方就两国关系方面交换了各自的观点。 At the meeting the parties exchanged their opinions on the relationship between the two countries. 3.他目前心情很糟糕，不适合在公共场合露面。 He is in such a bad mood that it is not appropriate for him to appropriate for him to appear in public 4.你提水的时候至少应该做到不要把水泼出来吧。 You should at least try not to spill the water when carrying it. 5.这位科学家的论点得到了学术界的极大支持。 The argument of this scientist received tremendous support from academic circles. 6.无论你遇到什么困难，大家都会帮你度过难关的。 No matter what difficulties you may come across, we will pull you through. Unit7 Structure 1、I dozed off in the back of the car and woke up to find myself already in Chicago.(发现自己已经到了芝加哥) 2、After walking for a long time ,James found himself in an empty street .(发现自己走在一条空荡荡的街上) 3、If Jack carries on treating others so rudely ,he will find himself losing all the friends.(他会失去所有的朋友) 4、This book tells people how to manage the situation when they find themselves getting angry.(当他们生气时如何控制局面) 5、After meeting Kathy for the first time at a birthday party ,John found himself falling in love whih her (发现自己爱上了她) Translation 1、 在喝了三罐啤酒之后，玛丽连站都站不起来了 After drinking three jars of beer ,Mary could haldly get to her feet . 2、 由于担心房产价格可能会下跌，一些房产商开始急于出售房屋 Some real estate developers are now eager to sell their houses for fear that the prices might dip. 3、 当琳达打开房门时，眼前的景象使他惊呆了。橱柜的门都敞开着，地上到处是衣服和书 When linda opened the door ,she was shocked by what she saw .All the cupboard doors were wide open,and there were clothers and books lying here and there on the floor. 4、 麦克早已经对老板每周一次的长篇报告感到厌倦，每次听着听着他总会打起盹来 Mike has already got tired of the long speech given by his boss every week .He always dozed off in the middle of it . 5、 芬兰是一个以湖泊众多而著称的国家，我曾经去过几次，非常喜欢那个地方 Finland is remarkable for its large number of lakes .I have been there once or twice ,and I like it very much . 6、 在贝蒂三岁生日的那天，爸爸送给她一直很有意思的盒子。只要你一打开它，一只可爱的兔子便会突然蹦出来 At Betty ＇s third biethday ,Dad gave her an interesting box.Once you opened it , a lovely rabbit would pop out. Unit 10 1.在孩子个性形成时期，家长要特别关心并注意他们是否有心理问题的迹象。 Parents should pay special attention to their children during their formative years and watch for symptoms of psychological problems. 2.天才往往对自己喜爱的事物充满了激情。 Geniuses usually have a great passion for things they ’re interested in. 3.他不知道简就是她的亲生姐姐，只是觉得她的名字听上去有一点点熟悉。 He was no idea that Jane is his biological sister;only her name sounds faintly familiar to him. 4.看着稻谷在干燥的阳光下枯死，农民们毫无办法，只有叹息。 Seeing the rice corps dying in cry sun,the peasants could do nothing but sigh. 5.自从杰克的老板拒绝了他请长假的要求，他一直在考虑辞职。 Ever since his boss turned down his request for a long vacation, Jack has been thinking about quitting his job. 6.我不喜欢足球，今天也不例外，我不想和你去看球赛。 I don ’t care for soccer,and today ’s no exception.So I don ’t feel like going to watch the game with young. Unit12 Usage 1、 Linda!It ＇s Christmas time.Sing us Christmas song.(给我们唱歌圣诞歌吧) 2、 Sam hopes that his daughter will live a happy life.(幸福一生) 3、 All human beings die in the end .Some die a peaceful death (平静而逝) 4、 He dreamed a bad dream(做了个噩梦)last night and woke up with an ashen face . 5、 A hot bath before bed helps you sleep a good nights sleep(会让你睡个好觉) Translation 1、 他被捕后遭到毒打，但却没有向敌人透漏任何有用的信息 He was brutally beaten often being arrested ,but he revealed nothing useful to the enemy. 2、 他们面试了很多人，最后终于找到了令他们满意的候选人 They interviewed a lot of people before finally getting hold of a satisfactory candidate. 3、 他自愿捐助修建了一所学校以使那些穷孩子能读书 He made a voluntary contribution to the cost of building a school so that those poor children could get an education. 4、 为了你我一定会努力训练以争取获得进入决赛的资格 For your sake I will train very hard to get the qualification for the finals. 5、 在那样的情况下他除了勇敢的面对挑战以外没有其他选择 Under those circumstances he had no choice but to face up to the challenge bravely. 6、 如果我们想取保及时到达那里就该早点动身 We should start early if we want to make sure of getting there in time. Unit14 1、 一些著名的歌唱家将举办一场音乐会，为这 家儿童图书馆筹款。但是，音乐会门票的销售情况一点都不让人满意 Some famous singers were going to put on a concert to raise money for the children ＇s library.However ,the sale of the tickets was far from satisfactory. 2、 这篇新闻报道真是地展现了监狱中的生活， 引起了公众的关注。一些记者决定继续追踪报道 This news report showed prison life in the raw and got a lot of attention from the public .Some reporters decided to follow it up. 3、 安妮独自一人出发去了那个小镇。她一点都没想过，她的父母会为她的安全而担心 Anne set out for the small town by himself .It never occurredto her that her parents might be worried about her safety. 4、 去年，我取得了做外科医生的资格。回想在 医科大学度过的五年，我觉得那是我生命中 最艰苦也是最快乐的一段日子 Last year I qualified as a surgeon.I looked back on the five years at medical university as the hardest as well as the happiest time of my life . 5、 布朗先生是一位十分杰出的实业家。他曾经说过，“要想在商业领域里取得成功，你必须得冒许多险” Mr.Brown is an eminent business man .He once said,“You have to take a lot of risks if you want to succeed in business ” 6、 彼得靠在饭店里洗盘子维持生活。但是最近饭店准备裁员，彼得每天都生活在被解雇的恐惧之中 Peter makes a living by dishes in a restaurant.But recently the restaurant has been planning to cut jobs and Peter is living in daily fear of being fired. Unit 15 一、1.She took care of the blind man as if he were her old father. 2.They are talking as if they had been friends for years. 3.Jerry acts as if he were an expert. 4.It seems as if it were winter already. 5.The postman spoke to me in a very loud voice as if I were deaf. 二、1.有一张名牌大学的文凭，即使在公司解雇人的时候他也不担心会丢工作。 With a diploma from a famous university,he felt secure in his job even when the company was laying off people. 2.当鲍勃被指控撒谎时，他勃然大怒。 Bob flew into a rage when he was accused of lying. 3.由于她的愚蠢，我们的项目彻底泡汤了。 Our project was totally ruined because of her stuoidity. 4.经理深受公司里同事们的尊敬。 The manager was held in high esteem by his colleagues in the company. 5.小男孩跑到他爸爸跟前，兴奋地猛拉他的袖子。 The little boy ran up to his father and turgged his sleeve excitedly. 6.很显然，他对他的论文很有信心。 Apparently, he was quite confident about his essay. Unit 16 1.餐厅经理一看到百万富翁来用餐，就顾不得和我们说话了，满脸红光地迎了上去。 The moment the restaurant manager set eyes on the millionaire, he cut us short and headed for the latter, his face lighting up. 2.欢迎乘坐我们的飞机。商务舱在楼上，经济 舱就在这一层。 Welcome aboard our plane.The business class section is upsrairs and the economy class is right on this floor. 3.打喷嚏之后要说“对不起”。听到别人打喷嚏要说“保佑你”。 You must say “Excuse me ” after sneezing and “Blessyou ” when someone else has sneezed. 4.六号房间号码牌挂倒了，变成了九号，快去把它弄正！ The sign for Room NO.6 has been turned upside down into a 9.Fix it up immediately! 5.大超市一来，许多小商店都应声关了门。 Many small stores have closed for good with the arrival of supermarkets.
句子翻译练习(汉译英)
一、翻译下列句子，注意选词： 1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。 2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。 3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。 4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。 5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 6.湖区水位提高可能要危及竹子的生长。这意味着以竹子为食物的大熊猫也将 受到威胁。 参考译文： 1.Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing. 2.The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming. 3.Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people. 4.We need to be enhancing international competitiveness. 5.China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. 6.Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pandas that feed on these plants will suffer, too. 二、物称与人称（翻译下列句子，注意运用物称表达法） 我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。 他气得话也说不出来。 我一时想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了这个问题。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 参考译文： The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.
英语汉译英
1、多么漂亮的纺织品展览啊！ How beudiful the display of textiles. 2、谢谢。本省的丝绸工业有很长的历史了，其湘绣产品在世界上享有很好的声誉。 Thank you.The suit in our economize has long intersty.Hunan embroidery has well established in the world. 3、我知道。我从事湘绣的进口业务已有十几年了。 I see.I have specialized in Hunan embroidery for more ten years. 4、哦！我们有许多种供您选择。请看这边，这儿有些流行款式。Oh! We have wide varieties for you to choose from. Please look here,there are some fashionable patterns. 5、如果你们的价格有竞争力，而且贸易条件优惠的话，我可以考虑向你们购买。 If your price is competitive,and your trade terms are favorable,I can would consider buying in from you. 6、太好了！我希望我们之间能做很多生意。 It`s grade! I hope a lot of business will be conducted between us. 7、这种商品型号很多，你们要拿一种？ There are many modle for the particular product,which modle do you want? 8、如果需要的话，我们可以按你们的要求，接受特殊订货。 If you need, we can accept special orders to your reauirement. 9、我对你们的化工产品很感兴趣，你是否能就下列产品报给我纽约港的到岸价。 I`m interested in your chemicals,could you quote us CIF on the following products New York. 10、这是我们的报价单，单上详列了全部销售条件。 This is our quotation sheets,with on all sales terms and conditions. 11、贵省所产的台布在我国市场上十分畅销。 The table cloths made in your province have a ready market in our country. 12、我们的价格和国际市场上同类产品的价格相比一直是偏低的。 Our price are on the low side,compared with the prices of the similar products on the international market. 13、由于原材料涨价，我们也不得不调整产品价格。 Because of the price hike of raw material,we have to adqust our prices too. 14、产品的质量不一样，价格当然也不一样。贵方要的是我们今年 顶尖的产品，价格当然不一样。 Since the quality of the products is different,the prices are different.what you have ordered is the top of the line of our products,so the price is certainly different. 15、我们双方若在价格问题上都坚持己见，那就很难谈下去了。 If we both hang on to our own point of view on the price,it will be hard difficult to continue. 16、您看这样行不行，您在发盘的基础上减5%，我在还盘的基础上 加5%，怎么样？ How about this?You take 5% off your offer,and I add 5% on my counter-offer. 17、您同意多买200箱我们的产品，我们就可以按每箱138美元新 港FOB价成交。 If you agree to buy 200 cases more our products,we can conclude the deal at the price $138 per case FOB XinGang. 18、我们是不是先订购几台？如果确定好销，我们再来续订。 Can we place a small order? If the products do sell well,we will repeat the order. 19、你若能保证我3个月内收到货，我现在就可以向你订货。 If can guarantee that I can receive the goods in 3 month, I can place the order with you right now. 20、如果你们同意分批交货的话，我们可以保证如数供应。 If you agree to partial delivery ,we can guarantee that we can supply the mount as you required. 21、我们两天之内就会将订货单寄去，而且也请贵公司加紧执行订 单。 We will send you our purchase order in rwo days,and we want to ask you to hurry on the wxecution of the order. 22、301号乌龙茶是高档茶。由于对健康有益，愈来愈受到欢迎。 尤其是这几个月。国外订单不断地来，已经有些供不应求了。 No.301 Wulong tea is top grade tea. Because it is good for our health, it has become more and more popular. Espeially in receant moth, the oversea orders keep coming in ,we are having a supply probulem. 23、我们要公平对待所有股东,并关注其他利益相关者的利益。 We shall treat all the shareholders equally and shall be concerned with the interests of stakeholders. 24、外国银行在中国国家银行的存款和按照一般利率贷款给中国国 家银行的利息所得,应当缴纳所得税。 Income derived from interest on deposits of foreign Banks in China's state Banks and on loans given at a normal interest rate by foreign Banks to China's state Banks shall be taxed. 25、与此同时，他们拨出一部分资金购买新设备。 Meanwhile they set aside part of their funds for the new equipment. 26、生产主管每天腾出一个半小时检查新产品的生产。 The production supervisor sets aside one and a half hours each day to inspect the production of new products. 27、我们的产品靠质量、信誉,尤其是品种的多样化来竞争。 Our goods compete in terms of product quality, reliability and above all variety. 28、因此，如果依据主要由经济因素组成的基础结构，则社会的多 样性是可以解释的。 Social diversity is thus explicable in terms of an underlying structure consisting largely of economic factors. 29、很多人都赞成前一种办法, 但我个人喜欢後一种. Many support the former alternative, but personally I favour the latter
汉译英句子翻译原则
1. 主语的确定 ?主语的三种处理方法： ?①以原句主语作译文主语 ?直接法 ?②重新确定主语 ?间接法 ?③增补主语 ?添加法 ?①直接法 ?例句1：我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。 ?Our house was built over a hundred years ago. ?例句2：我是地球人。 ?I come from the earth. ?例句3：如果不恰当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 ?Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. ?例句4：如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。 ?If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writing. ?例句5：中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。 ?China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words. ?例句6：人有失错，马有漏蹄。 ?As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes. ?非常简单
?文化差异 ?应用有限 ?②间接法 ?中英文表达的习惯不同 ?语言地道，句式多样 ?例句7：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 ?译法1（直接法）：At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. ?译法2（间接法）：The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. ?例句8：1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 ?译法1：In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world significantly. ?译法2：China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. ?例句9：胎又瘪了。 ?译法1：We’ve got another flat tire. ?译法2：Our tire is flat again. ?例句10：人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 ?译法1：It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. ?译法2：We cannot judge people from their appearance, just as we cannot measure the ocean by pints. ?回忆：海纳百川，有容乃大。 ?③增补法 ?推敲语境 ?考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。