高级英语课文解析-下册

高级英语下册

Lesson One

1.The lower your position is, the more people you are afraid of . (1)—此处采用了”the + 比较级…+ the + 比

较级…”结构，表示”越…，就越…”，前者是状语从句，后者是主句。E.g. the more, the better 越多越好。

The harder she worked, the more progress she made. 她工作越努力，进步越大。

2. And all the people are afraid of the twelve men at the top who helped found and build the company and now

own and direct it. (1)—who found and build the company and now own and direct it为men 的定语从句。另外注意，found 意为”创立、设立”。E.g. The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 中华人民共和国于1949年成立。这里不要与find 的过去分词found混淆，因常用的搭配形式为help (to) do sth.

3.In the normal course of a business day… (3)—in the course of为固定词组，意为”在…当中”。E.g. In the

course of the discussion many constructive opinions were heard.在讨论当中，听到了很多具有建设

4. Green is afraid of me because most of the work in my department is done for the Sales Department, which is

more important than his department,… (3)—which is more important than his department为the Sales Department的非限时性定语从句。

5.…every now and then…(4)—意为”时时，有时”，也可用every now and again. e.g. The actress still appears

on TV ever now and then.这位女演员仍不时地出现在电视上。

6.…he is too busy with his own work to pay that much attention to (for n.) + to do意思是”由于太…以致不

能”。E.g. The problem wa s so complicated that we couldn’t solve.这个问题太复杂，我们无法解决。也可用so…that…替代。E.g. The problem was so complicated that we couldn’t solve it. 词组be busy with意为”

忙于…”，同时注意pay attention to 后接名词（动名词）。

7. Most of the work we do in my department is, in the long run, trivial. (4)—we do in my department为most of

the work的定语从句，其中的先行词that已省略。In the long run为插入部分，意为”终究，到最后”。

E.g. He will lose money in the long run. 他终究会把钱赔掉。

8. I have one other person working for me who is not afraid of anyone, not even me, and I would fire him

quic kly, but I’m afraid of him…(5)—who is not afraid of anyone为one other person的定语从句。Fire在此做动词，意为”解雇”。E.g. At the end of a month he was fired for incompetence.到月底时，他由于能力不够而被解雇了。

9. The people in the company who are most afraid of most people are the salesman.(6)—The people in the

company who are most afraid of most people为主语部分，而who are most afraid of most people为定语从句，修饰people.

10. They live and work under pressure that is extraordinary. (6)—under pressure为固定的搭配形式，意为”被

迫，迫不得已”。that is extraordinary为定语从句，修饰pressure.

11. on the verge of(7)—濒于，濒临，即将。注意该词组通常用于不好的事情。E.g. He was on the verge of

(committing) suicide. 他濒临自杀的边缘。

12.…a record of the sales results of the preceding week for each sales office and for the Sales Department as a

whole for each division of the company is kept and compared to the sales results for the corresponding week of the year before.(7)—a record of the sales results of the preceding week for each sales office and for the Sales Department as a whole for each division of the company为该句的主语部分，a record为主语，而其他为其定语。

13.The results of this photocopying and distributing is that there is almost continuous public scrutiny…(7)—that

there is almost continuous public scrutiny为该句的表语从句。

14.…for fear they may start doing worse. (8)—for fear(that)意为”以免…，以防…”。E.g. She hid her jewelry

for fear that it would be stolen.她把宝石藏起来，以防被偷。

15. It might even be canceled before it is filled, in which case no one is certain if anything was gained or

lost.(8)—in which case no one is certain if anything was gained or lost为该句的状语从句，修饰全句。16. Each o f them can name at least one superior in the company… (9)—name在此做动词，意为”说出…的姓

名”。 E.g. How many countries can you name?你能举出几个国家的名称？

17. The company encourages this. (10)—encourage鼓励。由前缀en-与courage（勇气）结合而成。前缀en-:1)

置于名词或形容词前，构成动词，表示”使得…”。E.g. enlarge”放大”；2)置于名词前，表示”放进，赋予”。 E.g. endanger”使陷入危险”。

18.…and rewards salesman who make a good impression on the golf course. (10)—who make a good

impression on the golf course为宾语salesman的定语从句。reward此处做动词，意为”奖赏”，该词还常用做名词。E.g. HE worked hard without any hope of reward.他还辛勤工作却丝毫不期待报酬。

19. …and salesman who get divorced, or whose wives die, know they had better remarry or begin looking ahead toward a different job. (11)—who get divorced和whose wives die都是定语从句，用来修饰salesman, they had better remarry or begin looking ahead toward a different job为该句的宾语从句，其先行词that已省略。begin 的用法有两种，即begin to do sth.或begin doing sth.

20. …the salesman react very well to the constant pressure and rigid supervision to which they are subjected.

(12)—该句中采用了react to这一固定搭配，注意其后接名词，意为”对…产生反应”。E.g. The eye reacts to light.眼对光会起反应。而to which they are subjected为修饰supervision的定语从句。

21. The salesmen are proud of their position and of the status and importance they enjoy within the company, for the function of my department, and of most other departments, is to help the salesmen sell.(13)—be proud of为固定搭配，意为”对…感到自豪”。they enjoy within the company为定语从句，修饰status and importance。介词for引导原因状语从句，从句中的主干为…the function is to help the salesmen sell. Help sb. (to) do为另一种搭配形式，其中的to常省略，意为”帮助某人做某事”。E.g. I helped him look for his key.我帮他找钥匙。22. The people in the company who are least afraid are the few in our small Market Research Department, who believe in nothing and are concerned with collecting, organizing, interpreting, and reorganizing statistical information about the public, the market, the country, and the world.(14)—who are least afraid为people的定语从句。而who believe in nothing and are concerned with collecting, organizing, interpreting, and reorganizing statistical information about the public, the market, the country, and the world为the few的定语从句。词组be concerned with意为”与…有关系”。E.g. He is concerned with the new project.他参与了那项新计划。23…and they know they will not have much trouble finding jobs paying just as little in other companies if they lose their jobs here.(14)—they will not have much trouble finding jobs paying just as little in other companies if they lose their jobs here为该句的宾语从句，其先行词that已省略。从句中的固定搭配have trouble doing sth.意为”做某事很费事”，口语中常用have trouble in doing sth.。e.g. I had no trouble (in) finding his office.我毫不费力就找到了他的办公室。

24. Their budget, too, is small, for they are no longer permitted to undertake large projects.(14)—too此处意为”也，而且”，通常置于句尾，但为避免意思的模糊不清，有时置于被修饰词的后面。E.g. She, too, like traveling. 她也喜欢旅行。因She likes traveling, too既可解释为”她对旅行也喜欢”，又可解释为”她也喜欢旅行”。意义不清楚。表前者之意时重读traveling，表后者之意时重读she。Undertake意为”承担”，该词由前缀under-与take构成，前缀under-意为1）“不足够的”。E.g. under value“低估”；2）“…之下的，…的下方”。E.g. underline“在…下划线”。

25. …and there is no way of knowing anymore whether the information on which we base our own information for distribution is true or false.（15）--这个句子分为几个层次，whether the information on which we base our own information for distribution is true or false为know的宾语，而the information on which we base our own information for distribution为该从句中的主语，而on which we base our own information for distribution为该从句中的主语the information的定语从句。

26. to a great extent…（15）--大大地，大部分，与to a large extent意同。E.g. It was to a great extent composed of intellectuals.它主要都是由知识分子组成的。

27. I am very good at these techniques of deception… （16）--be good at为固定的搭配形式，意为“擅长于…” e.g. He is good at (playing) tennis.他很擅长打网球。

28. There are so many now who actually believe that what we do is really important. (16)-- who actually believe that what we do is really important为many的定语从句，而who为该从句中的主语，that what we do is really important为believe的宾语从句，what we do又为该宾语从句中的主语从句。

29. This happens not only to salesmen…(16)—happen to sb.意为“发生于…身上”。E.g. She hoped nothing bad would happen to him.她希望不会有坏事发生在他身上。注意如happen to后接动词时，则意为“偶然，碰巧。

E.g. I happened to see him on the street.我碰巧在街上看见他。

30. about(16)—此处做副词，意为“大概，约”，与approximately意同。E.g. About fifty people were present.大约有50人出席。

31. It’s wise person, I guess, who knows he’s dumb, and an honest person who knows he’s a liar.(17)—I guess为插入部分。该主句采用了it is…who…的强调句型，而an honest person who knows he’s a liar为该强调句型的省略形式，其完整形式为and it is an honest person who knows he’s a liar.

32. …depending on how well or poorly things are going at the office or at home with my wife, or with my retarded son, or with my other son, or my daughter, or the colored maid, or the nurse for my retarded son…(17)—该句为状语部分，其中多处由or with my retarded son, or with my other son为with my wife的并列结构，而or my daughter, or the colored maid, or the nurse for my retarded son与my other son为并列结构。

33. I am bored with my work very often now. (19)—be bored with对…感到厌烦。E.g. He was bored with the same story.重复同样的故事使他觉得厌烦。

34. …but I usually perform at my best under under this stimulating kind of pressure and enjoy my job the most.

(20)—at one’s best为固定搭配形式，意为“处于最佳状态”。E.g. The cherry blossoms are at their best.樱花盛开。

35. I handle al l of these important projects myself,…(20)—handle在此做动词，意为“处理，应付。该词的其他常用意为：1）“把手”，e.g. The handle of the suitcase.手提箱的把手；2）“触摸”，e.g. Handle the glassware with care.玻璃制品请小心轻放。

36. I frequently feel I’m being taken advantage of merely because I’m asked to do the work I’m paid to do.(20)—I’m…do.为宾语从句。I’m paid to do为the work的定语从句。而take advantage of在此意为“利用（人或人的弱点等）”，其常用意为“利用”。E.g. I hope that this library is fully taken advantage of.我希望这座图书馆能被充分利用。

37. for a while(21)—意为“一会儿”，while还可与形容词搭配。E.g. We had to wait a little while for the bus.我们只好等了一会儿公共汽车。I haven’t seen him for a long while.我已经好久没见过他了。

38. At the very top, of course, are those people, mostly young and without dependents, to whom the company is not yet an institution of any sacred merit but still only a place to work, and who regard their present association with it as something temporary.(21)-- of course为插入部分。因该句的主语部分(those people, mostly young and without dependents, to whom the company is not yet an institution of any sacred merit but still only a place to work, and who regard their present association with it as something temporary)过长，为保持句子的平衡，故该句采用了倒装形式。mostly young and without dependents为those people的同位语，而to whom the company is not yet an institution of any sacred merit but still only a place to work, and who regard their present association with it as something temporary则为其定语从句。

39. regardless of(21)—意为“不顾，不管”。E.g. He says what he thinks, regardless of other people’s feelings.他想到什么就说什么，毫不考虑别人的感受。

40. I have the feeling now that there is no place left for me to go. (24)-- that there is no place left for me to go为feeling的定语从句。

Lesson Two

1.She sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue. (1)—本句中，现在分词短语watching the

evening invade the avenue作动词sat的伴随状语。

2.…in her nostrils was the odour of dusty cretonne.(1)—本句为倒装句，正常语序为The odour of dusty

cretonne was in her nostrils.

3.…she heard his footsteps clacking along the concrete pavement and afterwards crunching on the cinder path

before the new red houses. (2)—本句中，clacking…and…crunching为并列结构，作heard的宾语补足语。

介词短语before the new red houses作定语修饰path。

4.One time there used to be a field there in which they used to play every evening with other people’s children.

(2)—one time表示“曾经，一度”。E.g. At one time we used to go skiing every winter. 我一度每个冬天都

去滑雪。In which引导一个表示地点的定语从句修饰field。Used to be表示“过去经常”。E.g. Life here is much easier than it used to be.如今这里的生活比从前可舒服多了。请注意它与be used to (doing) sth.

的区别，后者意为“习惯，适应”。E.g. The food in England is strange at first but you will soon get used to it.英国食物一开始吃不惯，但不久你就会适应。

5.…built houses i n it—not like their little brown houses, but bright brick house with shining roofs. (2)—本句

中，not…but…为一个常用结构，表示“不是…而是…”。

6.little Keogh the cripple(2)—the cripple为little Keogh的同位语。

7.Her father used often to hunt them in out of the field with his blackthorn sti ck;… (2)—hunt本意为“打猎”，

这里是“驱赶；赶走”的意思。 E.g. Hunt the neighbor’s cat out of the garden! 把邻居的猫赶出花园！in 这里是副词，hunt in这里可译为“赶回家去”。

8.keep nix (2) –这里是俚语，意为“监视；站岗”；相当于”keep watch”。

9.Still they seem to have been rather happy then. (2)—still表示“尽管这样”，相当于”in spite of this”。E.g. He

has treated you badly; still, he’s your brother and you should help him.他待你不好，但他终究是你的兄弟，你应该帮助他。

10.She looked round the room, reviewing all its familiar objects which she had dusted once a week for so many

years, wondering where on earth all the dust came from. (3)—现在分词短语reviewing…和wondering…作looked的伴随状语。Which引导一个定语从句，修饰objects。On earth通常用来加强语气，意为“到底，究竟”。E.g. What on earth are you doing?你到底在做什么？

11.Perhaps she would never see again those familiar objects from which she had never dreamed of being

divided. (3)—from which引导一个从句修饰objects，其中介词from是与divide连用，表示“与…分开”。

Not dream of sth./doing sth.是固定短语，意为“无论如何也不做某事”。E.g. I should never have dreamt of saying such a thing. 我无论任何也不会说出这样的话来。表示“梦见某事物”时，常用”dream of/about sth./doing sth.”结构。E.g. I dreamt about flying last night.昨晚我梦见自己在飞翔。

12.And yet during all those years she had never found out the name of the priest whose yellowing photograph

hung on the wall above the broken harmonium beside the coloured print of the promises made to Blessed Margaret Mary Alacoque. (3)—本句中，whose引导的定语从句修饰the priest,其中yellow是动词，意为“变黄，发黄”。E.g. The manuscript had yellowed with age.手稿因年久而发黄了。介词短语on the wall, above the broken harmonium, beside the coloured print of the promises均为表示地点的状语；过去分词短语made…作定语修饰promises.

13.consent to do (4)—意为“同意”。E.g. They finally consented to go with us.他们最终同意跟我们一起走。

还可以说：“consent to sth.”。E.g. She made the proposal, and I readily consented to it.她提出建议，我欣然同意。

14.She tried to weigh each side of the question. (4)—weigh本意为“称重”。E.g. This piece of meat weighs four

pounds. 这片肉重四磅。在这里是“衡量”的意思。E.g. to weight the pros and cons权衡正反两方面的意

见。

15.…she had those whom she had known all her life about her. (4)—这里about相当于around，意为“在身边”。

这个句子的主句为She had those about her.其中含有一定语从句，其关联词whom在从句中作宾语。

16.…and her place would be filled up by advertisement. (4)—fill本意为“添满”，这里意为“派某人担任某职”。

E.g. The vacancy has already been filled.空缺已有人补上。

17.She had always had an edge on her, especially whenever there were people listening. (4)—have edge on/over

sb.意为“略胜过”。E.g. The young tennis player definitely had the edge on his folder opponent.年轻的网球选手显然要比年长的那个对手略胜一筹。在本文中可理解为“总想压她一头”。

18.She would not be treated as her mother had been. (8)—本句中省略了一些成分，原句应为”She would not

be treated (in a way) as her mother had been treated.”

19.She knew it was that that had given her the palpitations. (8)—本句中，第一个that指代上文中提到的“她担

心挨父亲的打”这件事，第二个that为强调句”it was…that”结构中的that.

20.go far(8)—在本文中意为“攻击；打”。E.g. The newspaper really went for him over his defense of terrorism.

报纸对他偏袒恐怖主义的行为大肆攻击。另外，go for还有以下常见的意思：1)适用于。What I said about Smith goes for you, too.我说的有关史密斯的话也适用于你。2)去找来。Shall I go for a doctor? 我去请医生来好吗？3)喜欢。I don’t go much for modern art.我不太喜欢现代艺术。4)选择。I think I’ll go for the fruit salad.我想我还是要水果沙拉吧。

21.…but latterly he had begun to threaten her and say what he would do to her only for her dead mother’s sake.

(8)—本句中，latterly是“近来”的意思，相当于“lately; nowadays”。For the sake of sb./for sb.’s sake，意

为“为了某人起见”。E.g. I’ll help you for your sister’s sake.看在你姐姐的面子上，我会帮助你。Only这里是“要不然；要不是”的意思。E.g. He would probably do well in the examination only he gets very

nervous.他要不是考试时太紧张，成绩可能会不错。这句话可译为“要不是看在她死在的母亲的面上，他会怎样对待他。”

22.In the end he would give her money and ask her had she any intention of buying Sunday’s dinner. (8)—该句

的这种说法不太普遍，通常我们会说”ask her if she had any intention of buying Sunday’s dinner”。

23.Then she had to rush out as quickly as she could and do her marketing, holding her black leather purse

tightly in her hand in her hand as she elbowed her way through the crowds and returning home late under her load of provisions. (8)—本句中，现在分词短语holding…和returning…为并列成分修饰动词do，前者作伴随状语，后者表示结果。As连接同时发生的两个动作hold和elbow。Elbow one’s way through用肘朝一方向强行开路，e.g. He elbowed his way through the crowd.他用肘开路，从人群中挤过。

24.She had hard work to keep the house together and to see that the two young children who had been left to her

charge went to school regularly and got their meals regularly. (8)—本句中，charge译为“照管，监护”。E.g.

to leave a child in a friend’s charge把孩子留给朋友照顾。That引导的宾语从句中，who引导的定语从句修饰children。

25.She was to go away with him by the night-boat to be his wife and to live with him in Buenos Ayres, where he

had a home waiting for her. (9)—本句中，不定式to be his wife和to live with him作目的状语。Where引导的非限定性定语从句修饰Buenos Ayres。

26.He was standing at the gate, his peaked cap pushed back on his head and his hair tumbled forward over a

face of bronze. (9)-- his peaked cap pushed back o n his head and his hair tumbled…为独立结构，逻辑主语分别为his peaked cap和his hair。试比较：1)Turning to the right, you will see the church.向右转，你会看到教堂。2)John arriving home, Mary asked him to dine.约翰回到家里，玛丽要他去吃饭。第一句中分句的主语是you与主句的主语的一致，可改写为”If you turn to the right, you will see the church.”。第二句中分词的主语为John，跟主句的主语从句不一致，可改写为”When John arrived home, Mary asked him to dine.”。

27.He had started as a deck boy at a month on a ship of the Allan Line going out of Canada. (9)—at指比率、价

格、速度等。E.g. I bought this coat at half-price.我用半价买了这件衣服。Line这里指“运输公司”。E.g. a shipping line轮船公司, an air line航空公司。分词短语going out to Canada作定语修饰ship。

28.He had fallen on his feet in Buenos Ayres. (9)—fall on one’s feet 表示“迅速恢复”，这里可译为“站稳脚

跟”。

29.The white of two letters in her lap grew indistinct. (12)—white这里是名词“白色”的意思。E.g. be dressed in

white穿一身白色的衣服。

30.…when she had been laid up for a day…(12)这里lay up表示“卧床不起”。E.g. I have been laid up with flu

for a week.我患流感已在家休息了一个星期了。

31.Her time was running out, but she continued to sit by the window, leaning her head against the window

curtain, inhaling the odour of dusty cretonne. (13)—run out表示“耗尽，用光”的意思。E.g. We are running out of petrol.我们的汽油快用光了。分词短语leaning…和inhaling…为并列结构，作伴随状语修饰sit。

32.She knew the air. (13)—air这里意为“曲子”。

33.Strange that it should come that very night to remind her of the promise to her mother, her promise to keep

the home together as long as she could. (13)—strange前省略了It is…，这种结构后面的宾语从句通常要用should+动词原形的虚拟语气结构。her promise to keep the home together as long as she could为前面the promise的同位语，进一步说明promise的内容。Keep the home together这里意为“维持这个家”。

34.As she mused the pitiful vision of her mother’s life laid its spell on the very quick of her being—that life of

commonplace sacrifices closing in final craziness. (15)—本句中的主句的主语为the pitiful vision of her mother’s life。Spell本意为“魔力、威势”，这里可理解为“触动；震动”的意思。that life of commonplace sacrifices closing in final craziness为her mother’s life的同位语。现在分词短语closing in final craziness 表示结果，可译为“最后却死于精神失常”。

35.Through the wide doors of the sheds she caught a glimpse of the black mass of the boat, lying in beside the

quay wall, with illumined portholes. (18)—现在分词短语lying…和介词短语with illuminated portholes作伴随状语。Catch a glimpse of意为“一眼瞥见”。E.g. He caught a glimpse of her before she banished into the crowd.他看见她一闪就在人群中消失了。

Lesson Three

1.Newspapers have two great advantages over television. (1)—句子中have two great advantages over意为

“胜于，优于”。E.g. You have an advantage over me. You can make dress.你比我强，你会做衣服。Advantage 还可用在其他短语中：give sb an advantage over意为“使某人比较有利”。E.g. John’s university education gave him advantage over other boys.约翰所受的大学教育使他比其他男孩处于更有利的地位。Take advantage of的意思为“利用”。E.g. I took advantage of the moment to leave the room.我利用那一刻离开了房间。To sb’s advantage意为“对某人有利”。E.g. It is to our advantage to recognize this characteristic.

认清这一特点对我们有利。

2.against (1)—介词，这里意思是“预防，防备”。它还有其他不同的译法。We have saved some money against

old age.我们积攒了一些钱以备养老。还可表示反对关系。E.g. We are going to call a general strike against armed intervention.我们准备号召一次大罢工以反对武装干涉。英语中常用介词来表示动作，意思相当于汉语中的某些动词，翻译时应注意词类转换。

3.But here are some interesting statistics from a little, and little known, survey… (2)—这是一个以here引起

的倒装句。由here引起谓语是be的句子常使用倒装结构，e.g. Here is your book.这是你的书。但如果主语过短，就仍用正常语序。E.g. Here we are. This is the railway station.咱们到了，这就是车站。句中第一个little为形容词，意思为“小的”，直接修饰后面的名词survey；第二个little是副词，意思为“很少”，修饰形容词known。

4.In it he asks everybody but me this question:… (2)—代词it指上文中的survey。But为介词，意思是“除

去，除了”，多和nothing, anything, nobody, nowhere, who, all等连用。E.g. There was nothing to be seen but

a few lights.除了几盏灯，什么也看不见。No one can do it but him.除了他，谁也做不了这件事。It was

anything but bad.这并不是什么坏事。Put it anywhere but on the floor.放哪儿都行，就是别放地上。I had no alternative but to walk out.除了走出来，我别无选择。The whole day long I hear nothing else but that I am an insufferable boy.我整天听到的话全都是说我是个不可容忍的孩子。

5.… as against nineteen per cent for radio. (3)—这里as against表示对比关系，意思是“而…是”。For radio

是介词短语，作定语修饰nineteen per cent (people)，介词for表示“赞成或主张”的意思。E.g. Are you for the government or against it? 你是支持政府还是反对政府？

6.…which of the four versions would you be most inclined to believe? (4)—incline原意为“倾向于”，用过去

分词作表语常表示“倾向于，感到要，喜爱”之意，后面可接不定式和介词短语。E.g. I am not specially inclined to talk to him.我并不特别想同他讲话。Do you feel inclined for a walk? 你想去散散步吗？

7.The fact is that although network television still allots too little time to… than the nation’s press as a whole.

(5)—句子中第一个that引导一表语从句，表语从句中又含有一个让步状语从句和主句，主句中含有一

形容词比较级结构better…than…。短语as a whole意思是“总起来，作为整体”。E.g. We must examine these problems on a whole.我们必须把这些问题作为一个整体来研究。注意应区别于on the whole（总的说来）。E.g. You have made a few mistakes but on the whole you have done well.你犯了几个错误，但总的说来你干得不错。

8.I am speaking of the local press which in hundreds…that pass for radio news. (5)—句子中which引导一个

定语从句修饰the local press, which在从句中作主语；从句中还有由aside form引起的短语，其中包括一个由that引导的定语从句，修饰recitals一词。短语aside from意为“除了”。E.g. Aside from his meager savings, he has nothing to fall back on.除了微薄的积蓄，他没有什么可依靠。Pass for意为“被当作，被认为”。E.g. Your accent is excellent; you’d pass for an English man.你的口音极佳，你会被当作是英国人的。

9.Well, let’s get the partisan bit over with. (6)—句中get over with的原意是“做完某事”。E.g. If we must

clean the room, let’s start early and get it over with.如果我们非得打扫房间，那就早点动手把它干完吧！

这里指“将……解释清楚”。

10.… and since advertising is big business, advertising is by nature Republican. (6)—since引起一个原因状语

从句，主句中by nature的意思是“本性上”或“天生地”。E.g. Tigers are cruel by nature.老虎的本性就是残忍的。Advertising作名词是advertisement（简称ad）的总称。

11.Yet nowhere in network n ewscasts or network commentaries on current events have I encountered… the

majority of newspapers in this country. (6)—这是一个倒装句，句子由状语nowhere…引起；the often rabid bias为宾语的同位语，后面还接修饰它的定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语，不能省略。Encounter 的意思是“以外遇到”或“遭遇”。E.g. She encountered an old friend on the street.她在街上遇到一位老朋友。They encountered every kind of difficulty.他们遇到了各种各样的困难。注意以never, little, often, not, only, not until, hardly, scarcely等词引起的句子常用倒装语序。

12.confine (6)—意为“把……限制在（某范围内）”。E.g. His illness confined him to bed.他的病让他卧床不

起。I wish you would confine yourself to the matter under discussion.我希望你不要超出所讨论的问题。注意与limit的区别。Limit常指在时间，空间，范围等方面不能超过某一规定的指标。E.g. We must limit the expense to $10.我们必须把开销限制在10美元之内。

13.This particular fact of life is a shameful one: that newspapers whose duty is to inform…t he Republican side.

(6)—句中冒号表示后面的部分起解释作用，后面that引导的从句可看作表语从句，与a shameful

one(fact)是并列关系，说明其原因。表语从句中含有一个whose引导的定语从句，修饰主语newspapers，谓语give直接引导间接宾语them和直接宾语one side of the issues, that引导一定语从句修饰issues一词；破折号起进一步解释作用，后面的the Republican side用来具体说明one side。

14.Some of the same papers which loudly extol the virtues of… a balanced and independent opinion. (6)—这句

话主语后有一个which引导的定语从句修饰它，谓语动词是进行时are failing，由代介词on的which 引导的另一个定语从句修饰宾语中facts一词。句中the same papers是指上文中提到的同一些报纸。15.…by and large… (7)—意思是“总的来说，大体上说”。E.g. There were bad days, but it was a pleasant

summer, by and large.虽然也有几次坏天气，但总的说来这是一个令人愉快的夏天。

16.…either by letting opposing spokesmen have their say, or by outlining the positions held by both major

parties on the subject involved. (7)—这是由either…or连接的两个介词短语，在句中作方式状语。第一个短语中let后面接省略to的不定式短语have one’s say，意思是“把某人的想法说出来”。E.g. Let him have his say on this matter. Don’t interrupt him.让他把对这件事情的看法讲出来，不要打断他。第二个短语中，过去分词短语held by both parties和介词短语on the subject involved都修饰positions一词。

Involved为过去分词作定语修饰subject，意思是“所涉及的，有关的”。但是作形容词时，则意为“复杂的，不好懂的”。E.g. His letter was very involved.他的信读起来不好懂。He told me an involved story about his family.他给我讲了个有关他家庭的复杂故事。

17.knock each other down (8)—knock down原意思为“打倒，击倒”，这里指在辩论中战胜对方，使对方服

输。

18.What has the local press of this nature? (8)—这句话的意思为What does the local press have of this nature?

介词短语of this nature修饰主语的疑问代词what，意思是“这种类型的什么事情”。

19.In its entertainment, television caters far too much to the lowest instincts of man, …(9)—句中cater to的意

思是“迎合，适应”。E.g. Some magazines caters to boys.有些杂志迎合男孩子的喜好。Newspapers have to cater to many different types of interest among the public.报纸必须适应公众多种不同类型的兴趣需要。句中for和too均为副词，修饰另一副词much，表示程度。

20.But there is one appetite it does not feed and which the partisan newspapers of the nation do: the appetite for

hate—hate of whatever is different. (9)—句子中有两个并列的定语从句修饰主语appetite，第一个定语从句it does not feed省略了关系代词，句中it指television；第二个定语从句由which引导，谓语动词do 代替了feed，以避免重复。冒号后面的短语用来说明主语appetite，其中含有一个whatever引导的宾

语从句作介词of的宾语，进一步说明hate一词。

21.But it has an equally sacred right to explain that position…not with emotion but with fact. (10)—句中

equally为副词修饰宾语right前作定语的形容词sacred；宾语right后还有三个并列的不定式短语作定语修饰它。第一个短语中的in the light of的意思是“根据，参照，考虑到”。E.g. Please analyze it in the light of the principles discussed.请根据经过讨论的原理进行分析。第三个短语中又含but连接的两个并列的分词短语。

22.Here, of course, is where background information helps the public to draw its conclusions. (11)—这是一个

倒装句，由where引起的是主语从句，在句子中作主语，意为“……之处，……的方面”。

23. a handful of (11)—意思为“少数几个”。E.g. Only a handful of people attended the meeting.只有少数几个人

参加了会议。但quite (a bit of) a handful则意为“很（有点）不好管，难以驾驭”。E.g. That child is quite

a handful.那个孩子很不好管。

24.…I fail to find in any local paper any attempt, however minimal, …neither nourish nor inform. (11)—本句

中however minimal为省略形式的状语从句，连接副词however可修饰形容词或副词，引起状语从句，意思是“不管多么”，从句中某些成分可省略。E.g. We shall never succeed, however much we try.不管多么努力，我们都不会成功。However cold it is, she always goes swimming.不管天多冷，她都坚持游泳。

短语muscle of digestion直译为“消化肌”，这里指“理解能力”或“领悟能力”。后面还有一带介词without 的which引导的定语从句修饰它；从句中由neither…nor连接的两并列的谓语动词，意思是“既不……

也不……”。

25.…nothing, that is except a collection of snippets use d as fillers between the ads and picked at random. (11)—

这里that is except…用来说明nothing一词，是指“除……之外”之一条件下的nothing。E.g. We disagreed on nothing, except method.除方法以外，我们没有任何地方意见不一致。而这一nothing又用来进一步说明前面一个nothing，使其含义更严格更确切。短语at random意思为“随便地，胡乱地”。E.g. He took

a book at random.他随便拿起了一本书。

26.One of the greatest and most justified criticisms of television has been that in appealing to…minority

audience and minority tastes. (12)—这句话主语中含有两并列的形容词最高级形式，后面由that引导的表语从句，从句中含一个介词短语in appealing to…，其中appeal与to连用，意思是“投合（兴趣或心意）”。E.g. This book does not appeal to children.这本书不合孩子们的兴趣。此外，在下文…that appeals to emotion rather than reason中appeal还有“诉诸，求助于”的意思。E.g. If you don’t obey me, I shall appeal to force.如果你不服从我，我就要诉诸武力了。Justified的意思是“正当的，有道理的”，e.g. The editor was justified to refuse your的区别，justifiable的意思是“可以证明是正当的，有理由的”。E.g. If it is justifiable, then we’ll take these steps.如果能证明是正确的，我们就将采取这些步骤。

27.…I pick up the local paper to find this enjoyment or interest—in vain. (12)—句中不定式to find…作目的状

语；短语in vain也是状语，意思是“白费力气，毫无结果”。E.g. He tried in vain to open the locked door.

他试图打开锁着的门，但白费力气。这个短语还可用作表语。E.g. All our efforts were in vain.我们的全部努力都没有结果。

28.How many times have I heard them say “If you want to see what a really bad paper is like, read our sheet?”

(12)—这个一个特殊疑问句，谓语动词hear后有宾语them和省略to的不定式短语作宾语补足语；不

定式短语中有一段引语，有假设状语从句和主语构成，状语从句中还含有一what引起的宾语从句，主句为一祈使句。

29.I don’t know, in fact, of any medium that has changed as little in the last twenty years as the daily press.

(13)—句中谓语动词know of的意思为“听说过，知道（有）”。E.g. Do you know Mr. Jackson? No, but I

know of him.你认识杰克逊先生吗？不认识，但我听说过他。That引导一个定语从句修饰medium一词，从句中用as…as结构表示比较。

30.in turn (13)—意思为“又（同样做某事）”。E.g. Each of the three boys teases his younger brothers—John, the

biggest, teases Bob, the middle boy; and Bob in turn teases Tim, the youngest.三个男孩都戏弄自己的弟弟，老大约翰戏弄老二鲍勃；鲍勃又戏弄最小的迪姆。此外in turn还有“轮流着，一个接一个”的意思。E.g.

They answered the teacher’s question in turn.他们一个接一个地回答老师的问题。

31.But not to learn. (15)—这是一个省略了主谓结构的句子。这个不定式实际上与上句中三个不定式短语

是并列关系，意思是They will buy your papers but not to learn.

Lesson Four

1.Americans find it difficult to think about old age until they are propelled into the midst of it by their own

aging and that of relatives and friends. (1)—find it + adj.+ to do sth.为常用的搭配形式，意为“发觉做某事很……”。E.g. He found it interesting to live alone.他发觉一个人独处是一件很有趣的事情。Many people would find it disgusting to eat rats.很多人会觉得吃老鼠是令人恶心的。The midst of意为“……的中

央，……中”，常用的搭配形式为in the midst of，意为“在……中央，在……中”。E.g. in the midst of the crowd在人群中。而此句中的that所指为前面所提到的aging。

2.…we have leaped over that long period of time proceeding death known as old age. (1)-- that long period of

time proceeding death known as old age为该句的宾语，而proceeding death known as old age为后置定语修饰that long period of time.另外leap与jump为近义词。向“前方”、“上方”任一方的跳跃皆可用jump，但是leap大多用于指向“前方”的跳跃。

3.in truth (1)—意思是“真正，实际上，的确”。E.g. The ugly frog was in truth a handsome prince.那个丑陋

的青蛙实际上是个英俊的王子。另外，常见的还有to tell you the truth,意思是“说老实话，说真的”。E.g.

To tell you the truth, I hate to do it.说实话，我真不愿意干。

4.People will speak of looking forward to their “retirement years”. (2)—speak of为固定搭配，意为“说……的

事，提及”。E.g. He never spoke of his son.他从未谈到过他的儿子。

5.Medicare has lulled the population into reassuring itself that the once terrible financial burdens of late-life

illness are now eradicated. (2)—lull sb. into…意为“哄骗某人……”。E.g. lull sb. into a false sense of

security哄骗某人产生一种虚假的安全感。而that the once terrible financial burdens of late-life illness are now eradicated为reassuring的宾语从句。

6.They are pictured as delighted residents of retirement communities with names like Leisure World and Sun

City, with lots of grass, clean air and fun. (2)-- of retirement communities with names like Leisure World and Sun City, with lots of grass, clean air and fun与delighted一起作residents的定语，而with names like Leisure World and Sun City, with lots of grass, clean air and fun用来修饰communities。

7. A second theme runs through the popular view of old age. (3)—run through在此意为“贯穿……，通

达……”。E.g. A keen humor runs through his writing.在他的文章中贯穿了一种辛辣的幽默。其他常用意思为“跑着穿过；划掉；挥霍，很快用完”。E.g. He has run through his writing.他把全部家产挥霍个精光。

8.One hears children saying they are afraid to get old, middle-aged people declaring they want to die after they

have passed their prime, and numbers of old people wishing they were dead. (3)—hear sb. doing sth.为固定搭配形式，意为“听到某人在做某事”，此处的children saying they are afraid to get old, middle-aged people declaring they want to die after they have passed their prime和numbers of old people wishing they were dead都为hear的宾语。

9.in reality (4)—意为“实际上，事实上”。E.g. We thought he was serious but in reality he was joking.我们认

为他是认真的，但事实上他是在开玩笑。

10.the life cycle (5)—生命周期

11.…they must conserve strength and resourc es where necessary and adjust creatively to those charges and

losses that occur as part of the aging experience. (5)-- where necessary这一状语为省略形式，其完整形式为where it is necessary;而that occur as part of the aging experience为修饰those charges and losses的定语从句。

12.For many elderly Americans old age is a tragedy, a period of quiet despair, deprivation, desolation and muted

rage. (6)—该句的主语为old age，而a period of quiet despair, deprivation, desolation and muted rage为表语a tragedy的同位语。

13.There are also inevitable personal and physical losses to be sustained, some of which can become

overwhelming and unbearable. (6)-- to be sustained为宾语losses的后置定语，而some of which can

become overwhelming and unbearable为该宾语的非限定性定语从句。

14.Herein lies what I consider to be the genuine tragedy of old age in American—we have shaped a society

which is extremely harsh to live in when one is old. (6)—因其主语部分what I consider to be the genuine tragedy of old age in American—we have shaped a society which is extremely harsh to live in when one is old过长，为保持句子的平衡，该处采用了倒装形式，而we have shaped a society which is extremely harsh to live in when one is old则为tragedy的同位语。

15.at times (6)—有时，偶尔。E.g. At times I go out to the beach.有时候我到海滩去。

16.For the most part the elderly struggle to exist in an inhospitable world. (6)-- for the most为固定词组，意为

“大部分是，多半”。E.g. The student could for the most part follow my lecture.学生们大都能了解我讲课的内容。而inhospitable意为“冷淡的”，其反义词为hospitable热情的，前缀in-表“无……，不……，非……”之意。E.g. incorrect不正确的，在以l起首的单词前成il-，以b,m,p起首的单词前成im-，而在以r起首的单词前成ir-。E.g. impossible不可能的；irregular不定期的；illegal非法的。

17.hand in hand (7)—为固定词组，意为“手牵手，携手，共同地”，与together意同。E.g. walk hand in hand

手牵手一起走。

18.What we do not realize is that these poor are joined by multitudes of people who become poor only after

growing older. (7)-- what we do not realize为主语部分，该句的谓语动词为is。that these poor are joined by multitudes of people who become poor only after growing older为表语从句，而who become poor only after growing older为people的定语从句。

19.keep up with (7)—不落在……的后面。E.g. keep up with the changes in fashion跟上时尚的变化。

20.pay off (7)—还清，偿清。E.g. I’ve now paid o ff all my debts.我现在已经还清了所有的债。

21.Even the relatively well-off are not assured of an income that will support them. (7)-- well-off为形容词，意

为“富裕的”。此处与the连用，起名词作用，the relatively well-off指“相对富裕的人”；其反义词为badly-off生活穷困的。而that will support them为修饰income的定语从句。

22.The American dream promised older people that if they worked hard enough all their lives, things would turn

out well for them. (9)-- that if they worked hard enough all their lives, things would turn out well for them为直接宾语从句，其中的turn out well for…意为“对……结果会很好”。

23.believe in (9)—相信。注意believe in与believe用法的区别。Believe指“相信某人的话”，而believe in

则指“信赖（人格、力量等）”。E.g. I believe him, but I don’t believe in him.我相信他的话，但不信赖他的人格。

24.Age discrimination in employment is unrestrained, with arbitrary retirement practices and bias against hiring

older people for available jobs. (10)-- with arbitrary retirement practices and bias against hiring older people for available jobs为状语部分。

25.…so there is no opportunity to learn new skills. (10)—该句中省略了for them。其完整形式为so there is no

opportunity for them to learn new skills.

26.… the balance must come from their own incomes and savings, or from Medicaid, which requires a

humiliating means test. (11)—balance此处指“收支，借贷的相抵、结余、余额”，其另一常用义为“平衡，均衡”。E.g. There is a nice balance between work and play in his life.他把生活中的工作和游戏控制得很平衡。而该句中的which requires a humiliating means test为修饰Medicaid的非限定性定语从句。

27.Psychoanalysts, the elite of the psychiatric profession, rarely accept them as patients. (11)-- the elite of the

psychiatric profession为psychoanalysts的同位语，其中应注意elite的用法：1)常将单数形式视为复数；

2)中文的“精英”通常指个人或团体，而英文的elite则指名人，有权利者及上流社会等出类拔萃的集体

分子。E.g. He considers himself to be one of the elite.他觉得自己是优秀分子之一。

28.…municipal hospitals in turn funnel them into… effort which might enable them to return home. (11)—in

turn为固定词组，意为“依次”，而which might enable them to return home则为定语从句，修饰effort。

29.dishonest (12)—不正直的，不诚实的，其反义词为honest诚实的。前缀dis-：1)表示“否定”，“相反”，

disapprove“不赞成”；2)表示“分离”、“除去”，“剥夺”，discover“发现”。

30.When windowed they do not have the same social prerogatives as older men to date and marry those who are

younger. (13)-- when windowed为省略形式。当when引导的从句中的主语与主句主语一致时，从句中的主语与be动词可一起省略，其完整形式为when they are windowed。

31.An ironic turn of events when one remembers that most of them were raised from childhood to consider

marriage the only acceptable state. (13)-- when one remembers that most of them were raised from childhood to consider marriage the only acceptable state为该从句中的宾语从句。consider marriage the only

acceptable state中使用的consider+n.1+n.2，其完整形式为consider+n.1+(to be)+n.2/adj.意为“将……视为，认为”。E.g. I consider him (to be) my best friend.我将他视为我最好的朋友。He considers himself intelligent.他认为他自己很聪明。

32.even though (13)—即使……，纵使……。注意even though与even if用法的区别：even if的从句中含

有强烈的假定性，而even though则多以此从句之内容为前提。E.g. Even if he is poor, she loves him. (He may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他很穷，她也还是爱他。Even though he is poor, she loves him. (He is poor, yet she loves him.)尽管他很穷，她还是爱他。

33.due to (14)—由于……的原因，注意该词组后接名词形式。E.g. The game was postponed due to rain.比赛

因下雨而延期。

34.However, patterns of immigration by Asian-Americans to this country, --- have all taken a toll of their elderly

and their families. (15)—they have faced为discrimination的定语从句，该句的谓语动词为have taken。Lesson Five

1.The kitchen in the now abandoned farmhouse of John Wright, … other signs of incompleted work. (8)—这

是一个省略句，省略了主谓结构，仅保留了名词词组。Kitchen为中心词，后面紧跟做定语的介词短语；a gloomy kitchen为它的同位语；过去分词left引起短语也作定语，修饰kitchen一词，破折号后面为三个并列名词词组，进一步说明分词短语描述的情况。第二个破折号后为对这三个词组的补充说明。

2.This feels good. (9)—这里feel意思为“感觉出来”，是系动词。E.g. Ice feels cold.冰摸上去感觉很凉。Silk

feels soft and smooth.丝绸感觉起来柔软光滑。

3.…you explain to Mr. Henderson just what you s aw when you came here yesterday morning. (11)—句中

what引起一个宾语从句，其中又含一个时间状语从句。What引起宾语从句时，可以作连接代词，意思是“什么”。另外，还有关系代词型用法，意思为“……的事情（或东西）”。E.g. Let me see what you have bought.让我看看你买了什么。What she saw gave her a fright.她看到的情况吓了她一跳。本句中what可看作关系代词型用法，即意思为“你看到的事情”。

4.Whe n it dropped below zero last night I thought…with a big case on…(13)—句子开始是时间状语从句，其

中主语it指temperature；主句中谓语动词thought后为省略that的宾语从句；破折号后为说明这样的原因。句中case意思是“案件”；on为副词，意思为“有某种活动，发生某种情况”。E.g. What’s on?上演什么？Breakfast is on from 8 to 10.早饭时间是8点至10点。

5.Somebody should have been left here yesterday. (14)—这是一个虚拟语气的句子，叙述与过去事实相反的

情况，这种句子的谓语结构通常为should(would, could, might)+ have +过去分词，意思是“本应该会（能

够，可能等），已经做了…….”。e.g. It was dangerous, you might have injured him.真危险，你简直可能伤着他了。I do not see how I could have done otherwise.我看不出当时不这样我还能怎样做。也可用于虚拟条件句中。E.g. I would have come if I hadn’t been so busy.要是不那么忙，我就来了。

6.…had my hands full…(15)-- have one’s hands full的意思为“非常忙”。E.g. Don’t expect him to help us, he

has his hands full already.别指望他能帮助我们，他已经非常忙了。

7.…as long as I went over everything here myself… (15)—这是一个条件状语从句，后面的主句省略。as

long as的意思是“只要”。E.g. As long as you are happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.只要你高兴，做什么都没关系。Go over这里意思为“查看，搜查”。E.g. The police went over his room several times, but found nothing.警察把他的房间搜查了好几遍，但什么也没发现。

8.I’m going to see if I can’t get John Wright to go in with me on a party telephone. (17)—句中if引起一宾语

从句。go in with意为“加入（某人）一起（干某事）”。E.g. He went in with his friends on the deal.他加入朋友们一起做这笔交易。

9.…put me off… (17)—put off这里意思为“回避（回答）”。E.g. Despite all attempts to put him off, the

question persisted until he got a satisfactory answer.不管别人怎样试图回避他的问题，这个提问者一直坚持到得到一个满意的答案。

10.…but I thought maybe if I went to the house and… much difference to John… (17)—这句话由主句和让步

状语从句构成，主句的谓语动词thought后跟一个省略that的宾语从句；宾语从句中含if引起的条件状语从句，条件状语从句中含两个并列成分，但主句被省略；though引起让步状语从句，与主句I thought 构成复合句；状语从句中含一个that引起的宾语从句，其中谓语动词know后面还有省略that的宾语从句，该从句的主语为what引起的主语从句。

11.I wasn’t sure, I’m not sure yet… (19)—第一句为一般过去时，表示所讲述的过去的事情，即“当时……”，

第二句为一般现在时，表示说话时的状态，即“现在……”。Yet为副词，这里意思是“仍然”。E.g. He is yet a child.他仍是个孩子。Father rose early and is working yet.父亲起床很早，现在仍在工作。12.…and was kind of—pleating it. (22)—kind of这里的意思是“有点儿，有些”。E.g. I’m feeling kind of tired.

我觉得有些累。

13.And kind of done up. (27)—do up有多种含义与用法，如“收拾，打扮，捆扎等”，这里则表示“累坏了，

非常疲倦”的意思。E.g. They did up the house before the tenants moved in.房客搬近来前，他们收拾了房子。She did herself up for the party.她打扮得漂漂亮亮地去参加晚会。Please do up the parcel and post it.

请捆扎好包裹，然后邮寄出去。He was quite done up after the long journey.长途旅行之后，他非常疲倦。

14.“No,” she says, kind of dull like. (29)—句中kind of dull like即She looked kind of dull。意思是“她看上去

有点迟钝”。这里like的用法有点像后词缀，-like可以作为后缀与名词构成合成形容词或副词，表示“像……一样的（地）”。E.g. childlike孩子般天真的；godlike如神的，神圣的；和下文的businesslike 公务的，有条理的。

15.“Cause he’s dead,” … (29)—口语表达常将because写成cause。

16.…says I, not knowing what to say. (29)—says I 为不规范表达，应为said I。not knowing what to say是现

在分词短语，表示伴随动作。

17.Why, what did he die of? (29)—句中die of的意思是“因（患）……而死”。E.g. Her mother died of cancer.

她母亲死于癌症。类似的表达还有die from，“由于……而死，因……而死”。E.g. The disease from which he died is incurable.导致他死亡的疾病是无法医治的。

18.I think I’d rather have you go into tha t upstairs, where you can point it all out. (30)—句中I’d rather即I

would rather (有时用had rather)意思为“宁愿”，后面可跟不带to的不定式，从句中用虚拟语气。E.g. I’d rather not go out tonight.我宁愿今晚不出去。I’d rather you told me the truth.我宁愿你对我讲实话。Go into that…也是不带to的不定式短语，have后面作宾语的不定式常省略to。Go into这里意思为“细谈，讨论”。E.g. We haven’t had enough time to go into the details.我们没有时间谈详细情况。关系副词where

引导一定语从句，修饰upstairs。Upstairs虽可作名词，但在句中为副词，因此这一用法不太严谨。（剧本中口语化较浓，有时不太讲究语法。）

19.Somebody slipped a rope round his neck and strangled him and you didn’t wake up? (31)—用陈述句的形式

和疑问句的语气，是口语中较为常见的提问方式。

20.…she said after him. (31)—这里after为介词，意思为“跟着，照着……的样子”…e.g. Repeat the words

after me.跟我重复这些词。Will you please make the box after the model.请按照原型做这个盒子。

21.We must have looked as if we didn’t see how that could be, for after a minute she said, “I sleep sound.”

(31)—这是由for连接的两个并列分句，for表示原因。第一个分句中情态动词must意为“一定，准（是）”，

后面跟现在完成时态谓语动词，表示对过去事情的判断；as if引起表语从句，其中又含一宾语从句how that could be，宾语从句有省略，应为how that could be the case，“情况总能如此。”第二个分句中sound 为副词，意思是“熟（睡）”。

22.I got a feeling that I ought to make some conversation, so I said I had come in to see if John wanted to put in

a telephone,… (33)—这是由so连接的两个并列句，so表示结果。第一个分句中有一个that引导的同位

语从句，修饰feeling一词；第二个分句中有一个省略that的宾语从句I had come…，其中有含一if引起的宾语从句作动词see的宾语。短语put in这里意思为“安装”。E.g. We can’t move into the house un til they’ve put the heating in.只有等他们装完暖气，我们才能搬进这所房子。

23.You’ve convinced that there was nothing important here-nothing that would point to any motive. (34)—句中

that引起一个宾语从句there was nothing…；破折号为补充说明，其中能够含一个修饰nothing的定语从句。Convince意为“使相信，说服”，常用过去分词作表语，表示“相信”。E.g. I was more convinced than ever that he knew the truth.我比以前更加相信他了解真相。

24.And yet, for all their worries, what would we do without the ladies? (44)—句子中for all的意思是“尽管”。

E.g. for all his wealth, he was unhappy.尽管他有万贯家产，但他并不幸福。He is a poor musician for all his

training.尽管接受了训练，他还是个蹩脚的音乐家。

25.Not much of a housekeeper, would you say, ladies? (44)—这是一个省略句，原句应为Would you say that

she is not much of a housekeeper, ladies?短语be not much of意思为“不是很好的”。E.g. He is not much of

a linguist.他不是个了不起的语言学家。

26.I’ve not seen much of her o f late years. (50)—句中see much of的意思为“常见到”，常用于疑问句和否定

句。E.g. Do you see much of your boss? 你常见到你的老板吗？late是形容词，这里意为“最近的”；of late 可作为词组，意为“近来”。E.g. My eyes have been rather bad of late.近来我的视力一直很差。27.…they didn’t get on very well? (57)—句中get on这里的意思为“相处（得好）”。E.g. We got on together like

old friends.我们在一起象老朋友一样相处。

28.But I don’t think a place’d be any cheerfuller for John Wright’s being in it. (58)—句中谓语动词think后面

跟一宾语从句，从句中为一形容词比较级，cheerfuller应为more cheerful; for John Wright’s being in it 为介词短语，作place的定语；其中又含一个带逻辑主语的动名词短语作介词宾语，结尾的it应省略。

动名词的逻辑主语通常用名词所有格或物主代词来充当，如果不是在句首，也可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格形式。E.g. Mary’s (Her) going there is a big mistake.玛丽（她）去那里是个大错误。I don’t mind John (him) going.约翰（他）去，我没意见。

29.I suppose anything Mrs. Peters does’ll be all right. (61)—句子中suppose后面跟宾语从句，从句中的主语

为anything，后面有一个省略关系代词的定语从句与Mrs. Peters does来修饰它；’ll为宾语从句的助动词的简写形式，这种情况下一般不应与宾语从句中的谓语动词does连写在一起。

30.…and keep an eye out for anything that might be of use to us. (62)—这是一个祈使句，其中含一that引起

的定语从句，修饰anything一词。keep an eye out意思是“当心，警惕”。E.g. Keep an eye out, we’re close to the enemy.当心，我们已经接近敌人了。be of use=useful意为“有用处，起作用”。E.g. Don’t throw away anything that may be of use.别把任何可能有用的东西扔掉。

31.Seems mean to talk about her for not having things slicked up when she had to come away in such a hurry.

(68)—这是一个省略句，应为He seems to mean to…。Mean后跟不定式可表示“打算，想”。E.g. Sorry,

I didn’t mean to hurt you.对不起，我并不想伤害你。介词for后接一动名词短语作介词短语，表示原因；

动名词短语中有一过去分词短语slicked up，作宾语things的补足语，还有一个when引起的时间状语从句。Slick up为口语化表达，意思为“使整洁，使漂亮”。

32.My, it’s cold in there. (74)—My通常用于感叹句，表示惊奇。E.g. My, what a downpour.哎呀，好大的雨

呀！there在这种情况下常作副词用，通常前面不加介词in。

33.I think maybe that’s why she kept so much to herself. (76)—句中that’s why…为一省略关系代词的宾语从

句，其中含有一个由why引起的表语从句。短语keep to oneself意思是“不跟别人来往”。E.g. Nobody knows much about him. He keeps to himself most of the time.大家都不太了解他，他大部分时间都不跟别人来往。此外这一短语还有“不告诉别人”的意思。E.g. He kept the news to himself.他没把这个消息告诉任何人。

34.Funny thing to want, for there isn’t much to get you dirty in jail, goodness knows. (77)—这是两个并列分

句。第一个分句为省略句，应为It is funny thing to want. To want为不定式作定语，修饰thing，第二个分句由连词for引起，表示原因，其中不定式to get you dirty in jail也作定语修饰much一词。

35.But I suppose just to make her feel more natural. (77)—这是一个省略句，在suppose后面的宾语从句中省

略了主谓结构，应为it is just to make…。

Lesson Six

1.…and he’ll make fun of her saying she didn’t wake up.(6)—句中her saying she didn’t wake up为带逻辑主

语的动名词短语，作介词宾语，其中又含一个省略that的宾语从句she didn’t wake up。短语make fun of的意思是“开……的玩笑”。E.g. It’s wrong to make fun of old people.取笑老人是不对的。

2.They say it was such a—funny way to kill a man, rigging it all up like that. (8)—句中They say后面跟一个

宾语从句，其中to kill a man为不定式短语作定语修饰way一词；rigging it all up like that为动名词短语，可以看作是宾语从句中主语it的同位语，用来说明it所指的内容。Rig up意思为“草草地做或临时改造”。E.g. They rig up a tent for the night.他们草草地搭个帐篷过夜。

3.Mr. Herderson said coming out…sudden feeling. (10)—句中coming out…应为it was coming out…，是省

略形式的宾语从句；come out这里意思为“（宣布）结果，（传出）消息”。E.g. It came out that she was aware of the facts all the time.结果是她始终了解事实。句中省略的it是宾语从句的形式主语，又含一主语从句what was needed for the case，还有一个同位语something to show…修饰motive一词。

4.I hope she had it a little more tidied up there. (11)—句中I hope后跟一宾语从句，从句中a little more tidied

为宾语it的补足语，it指楼上房间里的情况。Tidied是过去分词；tidy作动词时意思为“整理，收拾”。

E.g. He tidied the books and papers on the table.他整理了桌上的书和纸。

5.Well, let’s go out to the barn and get that cleared up. (21)—这是两个并列分句。第二个分句中cleared up

为过去分词短语，作宾语补足语，that指那里的情况；clear up这里意思是“澄清，解决”。E.g. Maybe we can clear up your problem.也许我们能解决你的问题。

6.I don’t know as there’s anything so strange, our taking up our time with little things while we’re waiting for

them to get the evidence. (23)—句中谓语动词know后面跟一个宾语从句，our taking up…是带有逻辑主语的动名词短语，其中还含一个状语从句；整个句子应为I don’t know that our taking up our time with little things while we’re waiting for them to get the evidence is anything so strange.

7.Why, it looks as if she didn’t know what she was about! (26)—本句中as if引起一个表语从句，其中又含

一个what引起的宾语从句；be about意思为“在干（某事）”。E.g. I do not like to be interrupted when I am

about an important thing.我在做重要的事情时不喜欢别人打扰。

8.What do you suppose she was so nervous about? (33)—句中do you suppose为插入语。这类插入语常见的

还有I think, I hope, I guess, I wonder, you see, you know, it seems等等。但是当它们移至句首时，就会成为句子的主要部分，而原来的句子就会变成一个分句。E.g. That will be a good beginning, I hope.希望这是一个良好的开端。The first part, it seems, is better written than the other parts.第一部分看来比其他部分写得好。

9.They may be through sooner than we think. (34)—句中sooner为副词比较级形式，than引起一比较状语

从句。be through的意思为“做完”。E.g. I’ll be through writing in a few minutes.几分钟后我将写完。10.There was a man around last year selling canaries cheap, …(37)—句中around可看作副词，意思是“在附

近”，selling canaries cheap为现在分词短语，作定语修饰主语man，其中cheap应为cheaply。这里是口语化写法。

11.Seems funny to think of a bird here. (38)—句首省略了形式主语it，真正的主语是不定式短语to think of a

bird here。

12.But she must have had one, or why would she have a cage? (38)—句中or是连词，这里意思为“否则”。E.g.

He had to have a job or go hungry.他不得不找到工作，否则就会挨饿。

13.She’s got that feeling some people have about cats--being afraid of them. (40)—句中some people have

about cats为省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰feeling一词；破折号后的动名词短语为同位语也修饰feeling，说明其内容。

14.Looks as if someone must have been tough with it. (43)—句中省略了主语it；as if引起表语从句；短语be

tough with也作get tough with，意为“强硬对待”。E.g. If you don’t answer our questions, we’ll got t ough with you.如果你不回答我们的问题，我们将对你采取强硬措施。

15.I don’t know what it is but it’s a lonesome place and always was. (50)—句中what it is为宾语从句，but引

起一并列分句，其中又含两并列谓语动词，was后面省略了a lonesome place。Lonesome是形容词，这里意思是“使人感到寂寞的”。此外指人时还有“感到寂寞”之意，此时应注意与alone和lonely的区别：lonesome常指看望有人相伴。E.g. She is lonesome without the children.孩子们不在身边，她感到寂寞。Alone常强调只有独自一人。E.g. From now I shall be alone.从现在起我就独自一人了。Lonely有时也作lone，指更深层次的孤单，寂寞。E.g. I suppose I shouldn’t have come here, but I get so lonely.我想我不该来这儿，但我是太寂寞了。

16.…and kept his word as well as most, I guess… (56)—这是该句三个并列的谓语结构之一。As well as意为

“同……一样好”，most指“大多数人”，I guess为插入语。

17.I don’t know, unless it got sick and died. (57)—句中unless为连词，引导状语从句，意四为“除非……（否

则就不），如果不”。E.g. Don’t come unless I telephone.除非我打电话，否则不要来。He will kill them unless we can prevent them.如果我们不能阻止他们，他就会杀死他们。

18.Not till they brought her yesterday. (60)—这是一个省略句，应为，I didn’t know her till they brought her

yesterday。Not…till也作not…until，意思是“直到……才”，until后面可跟名词，副词，介词短语和从句。E.g. I didn’t see Tom until the evening.我直到晚上才见到汤姆。They didn’t stop until after 12 o’clock.

直到过了十二点他们才停下。I didn’t begin work until he had gone.直到他离开我才开始工作。

19.It might take up her mind. (61)—句中take up这里意为“占用，占掉（空间，时间）”。E.g. I won’t take up

much of your time.我不会占用你很多时间。This big bed takes up a lot of room.这张大床占据了空间的许多空间。

20.It’s all-other side to. (69)—这句话应为It’s all to other side. it指上文中的its neck。

21.No sign at all of anyone having come from the outside.—(79)—句首省略了there is。anyone having come

from the outside为带有逻辑主语的完成时动名词短语，作介词of的宾语。

22.It would have to have been someone who knew just the-- (79)—句中谓语动词为would +have +过去分词，

表示对过去情况的一种猜测判断，中间插入have to起情态动词的作用，表示“不得不，只能”。Who 引导一定语从句修饰someone。

23.The two women sit there not looking at one another, but as if peering into something and at the same time

holding back.句中not looking at one another为现在分词短语，作状语表示伴随动作；one another意为“互相”，有时用于两人以上的情况，而each other常用于仅有两人的情况，但一般情况下，二者可通用；

as if引起一状语从句，由于该从句主语与主句一致，而且谓语动词为be，因此二者均被省略；从句中为两并列结构，其中hold back这里意思为“踌躇不决，犹豫不定”。E.g. He held back, not knowing what to do or say.他犹豫不决，不知该做什么，该说什么。此外，它还有“抑制，阻止，隐瞒”的意思。E.g. The dam held back the flooding river.大坝抑制了泛滥的洪水。Shortage of capital held back economic

development.资金缺乏阻碍了经济发展。Do not hold back the truth.不要隐瞒真相。

24.When they talk now it is in the manner of feeling their way over strange ground, …but as if they can not help

saying it. (80)—句首为一个时间状语从句；主句的主语it指the talk，其中feel one’s way意为“摸索着走（干）”。E.g. The blind boy felt this way up the stairs.这个失明的男孩摸索着上了楼。主句后跟两个as if引起的状语从句。第一个省略了主谓结构，第二个从句中can not help doing sth.的意思为“禁不住（做某事）”。E.g. She couldn’t help smiling.她忍不住笑了。

25.If there’d been years and years of nothing, then a bird to sing to you, it would be awful—still, after the bird

was still. (90)—这句话由if引起的假设状语从句和主句构成。从句中并列结构的主语years and years of nothing和a bird to sing to you，由then连接，其中to sing to you为bird的补足语；主句中又含一个由after引起的时间状语从句，句中两个still均为形容词，意思为“不出声的，安静的”。第一个still指生活寂寞，第二个still指鸟（因死亡而）不再啼叫。

26.Pulling herself back. (93)—pull back的原意为“往后撤，（使）后撤”。E.g. The enemy pulled back two miles

during the night.敌人趁着黑夜撤退了两英里。这里指使自己恢复到原来的立场，态度或精神状态。27.Oh, I wish I’d come over here once in a while! (94)—句中wish后跟一省略that的宾语从句。Wish这里

意为“但愿，希望（有与事实相反的情况）”，后面的从句谓语用过去式或与过去完成时相同的形式。

E.g. I wish that it were morning. 但愿这是早晨。I wish that I had never met him.我希望自己从来未见过

他。短语once in a while意思是“偶尔，每隔一些时间”。E.g. They go out together once in a while but not very often.他们隔一段时间就一起出去一词，但不经常这样。

28.We mustn’t—take on. (95)—这里take on意为“表现出强烈的情感（如愤怒，悲痛等）”。E.g. It’s no good

your taking on, because the matter’s settled.你生气也没有用，因为此事已经决定了。

29.…looks about for something to wrap it in; (97)—句中谓语动词为look for，其中插入的about为副词，意

为“向四周”；不定式短语to wrap it in作定语修饰something一词，该词在不定式短语中作介词in的宾语，即to wrap it in something（将它包在某物中）。

30.Wouldn’t they just laugh! (97)—这种否定形式的疑问词常常不期待回答，只是用来表示较强的语气，因

此被称为修辞疑问句。E.g. Can’t he do such a thing?难道他不能做这件事了？Wasn’t he a great artist!他真是一个伟大的艺术家。

31.Getting all stirred up over a little thing like a –dead canary. (97)—句子省略了主语与助动词We are；stirred

up为过去分词短语，作宾语all的补足语；引导介词短语的over这里意为“为（某事）”。

32.Something to show—something to make a story about—a thing that would connect up with this strange way

of doing it—(100)—这个短语用来进一步说明上句中的some definite thing，其中两个something后接不定式作它的定语，a thing为短语中show和make a story about的宾语，后跟that引导的定语从句修饰它。

33.For that matter,… (106)—意思是“对这一点，就此而言，对此”。E.g. “He doesn’t trust his partner. For that

matter, I can’t blame him.”“他不信任他的合作人，就这一点而言，我不能责备他。” She didn’t come, and for that matter, she didn’t even telephone.她没有来，对此甚至没打个电话。

34.…goes to pieces… (111)—这里意为“精神上垮下来”，此外还有“身体垮台，崩溃瓦解”等意。E.g. He

seems to have gone to pieces since the death of his wife.他妻子死后，他似乎是完全垮了。

Lesson Seven

1.In the seconds before the tubes warmed up, he said aloud, doing i t just to hear a human voice, “Jesus. She

will pop her lid.” (1)-- warm up意为“（指机器，发动机等）预热”。Pop是动词“使破裂”的意思，pop her lid这里可理解为“暴怒；炸锅”。Doing it指代“大声说话”这一动作，相当于“saying aloud”，不定式to hear

a human voice作目的状语。

2.register (1)—原意为“登记，注册”，这里是“声区”的意思。

3.Then the radio came on, warm and strong, so he stopped worrying. (1)—这里radio可理解为“收音机里传

出的音乐声”，相当于”music from the radio”；形容词warm and strong作主语补足语，对主语进行补充说明。

4.…to hear them made Ace feel so sure inside that…snapped match across the rusty place on the dash. (1)—不

定式to hear them作全句的主语。在so…that…句型中状语被提前，正常语序应为“He plucked a cigarette from the pack…shield”，其中过去分词短语pinched between the car roof and the sun shield作定语修饰the pack。另外，动词plucked，hung和snapped为并列结构，作that从句中的谓语。

5.cock (1)—这里是动词“使翘起”的意思。E.g. The horse cocked its ears when it heard the noise.那马听到声

音就竖起耳朵。

6.He was beginning to feel like himself, Ace Anderson, for the first time that whole day, a bad day. (1)-- feel

like原意为“喜欢”。E.g. He feels like having a cup of tea.他想喝杯茶。Feel like himself这里表示“感觉像（找到了）自己”；Ace Anderson作himself的同位语。For the first time为固定短语，表示“第一次”。

A bad day作that whole day的同位语。

7.Ace decided to stop at his mother’s place and pick up the baby, instead of waiting for Evey to do it. (2)-- pick

up这里是“接某人”的意思。该短语还有其他的用法。E.g. 1)“好转，改善”。The performance started badly but picked up towards the end.演出开始时很差劲，但接近结尾时就好多了。2)“继续，重新开始”。We will pick up where we finished yesterday.我们从昨天停的地方继续进行。Instead of可译为“不是…而是”，这个短语的用法比较活，后面不仅可以接动名词，而且还可以接不定式或介词短语。E.g. They went there on foot instead of by bus.他们没乘公共汽车而是步行的。

8.She came out on the porch holding a plastic spoon and smelling of cake. (2)—现在分词短语holding a

plastic spoon和smelling of cake作伴随状语修饰came。

9.She brought a cigarette out of her apron pocket and tucked it deep into one corner of her mouth, the way she

did when something pleased her. (5)—the way是指“将烟深深地塞在嘴角里”这一举动，后半句是对前面动作的补充说明。

10.I didn’t mind working Saturdays, but until eleven, twelve Friday nights was too much. (6)—请注意口语中

的省略，完整的句子应为”but working until eleven, twelve Friday nights was too much”，其中动名词短语working until eleven, twelve Friday nights在句子中作主语。

11.…but I, for one, thank dear God you had the brains to get out of it. (7)—brain的复数形式常用来表示“头

脑，智力”。E.g. You need brains to become a university professor.当大学教授要有才智。

12.keep at (8)—keep at意为“继续做某事”。E.g. Come on, keep at it, you’ve nearly finished it!加油，别松劲，

你眼看就要完成了！

13.He let the rest of the thought fade as he watched a kid across the street dribbling a basketball around a

telephone pole that had a backboard and net nailed on it. (10)—现在分词短语dribbling a basketball…作watched的宾语补足语，相当于he watched that a kid across the st reet was dribbling…，其中that引导的定语从句修饰a telephone pole。

14.Ace chose to let that go by. (14)—go by意为“过去；消逝”。E.g. As time goes by my memory seems to get

worse.随着时间的流逝，我的记忆力似乎越来越差。这里可理解为“不去理睬”。

15.Ace left the ignition keys in his pocket and ran along the pavement with Bonnie laughing and bouncing at his

chest. (19)—with+宾语(Bonnie)+现在分词(laughing and bouncing)作ran的伴随状语。

16.He found a can of beer in the refrigerator behind some brownish lettuce and those hot dogs Evey never got

around to cooking. (21)—省略that的定语从句Evey never got around to cooking修饰those hot dogs。Get round to sth./doing sth.意为“找出时间做某事”。E.g. I’m very busy at the moment but I hope to get around to answering your letter next week.我现在很忙，希望下星期能抽出时间给你回信。

17.Ace didn’t see what he could do but try and reason with her. (22)—but这里是介词，相当于”except”。E.g.

She is one of those guests who does nothing but complain.她是除了抱怨什么也不做的客人之一。18.…and doubting that made him feel crowded. (22)—动名词doubting that作主语，that这里指“该不该与埃

维结婚”这件事。Crowded这里可译为“有压力”。

19.It was bad enough, his mother always crowding him. (22)—这句话可理解为“It was bad enough that his

mother had always been crowding him”，it指代“his mother always crowding him.”

20.What women didn’t seem to realize was that there were things you knew but shouldn’t say. (22)—what引导

的名词性从句作主语。That后为表语从句，其中you knew bu t shouldn’t say是省略了that的定语从句修饰things。

21.That was all right, just so she kept funny. (30)—so意为“这样”，即“处于挖苦人的心情之中”。本句可译为

“只要这样她能保持玩笑的心态”。

22.She hung up her coat and stepped out her shoes and walked around the room picking up things. (42)—本句

中，hung up, stepped out和walked around为并列成分，作句子的谓语。现在分词短语picking up things 为伴随状语修饰walked。

23.Leaning over close to Bonnie’s nose, Evey grinned, smoke leaking through her teeth,… (52)—本句的主句

为“Evey grinned”，现在分词短语leaning over close to Bonnie’s nose和smoke leaking through her teeth 作伴随状语修饰grinned，其中后者为独立主格结构。

24.on top of it (53)—意为“加在某事物上”。E.g. On top of borrowing $50, he asked me to lend him my car.他

向我借了50美元，此外还向我借汽车。

25.She was going to take it like a sport… (55)—sport原意为“运动”，这里是“玩笑”的意思，还可以说make

sport of，相当于make fun of，即“嘲笑，开玩笑”的意思。

26.back (56)—此处为动词“后退”的意思。E.g. back a car into the garage将车倒进车房。另外常用的意思还

有“支持”。E.g. She’s the candidate who is backed by the Labor Party.她是工党支持的候选人。27.…but you know I cut that smart stuff out ever since Palotta laid me off. (56)—cut out意为“不再做（恼人的

事）”；不再说（恼人的话）。E.g. I’m sick of you two squabbling –just cut it out! 你们俩吵来吵去真烦人，快打住吧！另外，它还有“去掉，省去”的意思。E.g. You can cut out the unimportant details.你可以去掉次要的细节。Lay sb. off意为“解雇”。E.g. They were laid off because of the lack of new orders.由于没有新的订货，他们被解雇了。

28.But you could have looked and moved the other cars to make more room. (65)-- could have done表示“本来

可以做到而没有做到”。E.g. You could have arrived her earlier.你本来可以早点到的。

29.fed up (71)—常用于口语之中，意为“厌倦，厌烦”。E.g. I’m fed up with waiting for her to telephone.我等

她的电话都等的不耐烦了。

30.She stabbed her cigarette into an ashtray on the arm of the chair so hard the ashtray jumped to the floor.

(71)—本句中包含so…that…结构，省略了that。句子的结构可调整为“She stabbed her cigarette so hard

into an ashtray on the arm of the chair that the ashtray jumped to the floor.”其中介词短语on the arm of the chair作定语修饰ashtray。

31.What Ace hated most in their arguments was these silences after Evey had said something so ugly she

wanted to take it back. (72)—what引导的名词性从句作主语。take back意为“收回或撤回某言语”。E.g. I take back what I said about you being selfish.我承认不应该说你自私。注意本句中的so…(that)…结构。

32.…she patted where it had been and looked around puzzled. (78)—where it had been作地点状语。过去分词

puzzled作伴随状语修饰looked。

33.You’re nuts… (80)—nuts是形容词，意为“疯狂”，多用于俚语中，相当于mad或crazy。

34.Saying “Baby” over and over again, Ace backed up to the radio and, without turning aro und, switched on the

volume knob. (83)—该句的主要动词为backed和switched，二者为并列结构。现在分词短语saying “Baby” over and over again作伴随状语修饰backed，注意与主句是同一主语。介词短语without turning around作插入语，对整句起修饰作用。

35.In her crib, Bonnie whimpered at the sight of her mother being seized. (90)-- at the sight of意为“一看见”。

E.g. He felt sick at the sight of blood.他一看见血就觉得恶心。动名词短语her mother being seized作介词

短语at the sight of的宾语。

36.When, with a sudden injection of saxophones, the tempo quickened, he spun her out carefully, keeping the

beat with his shoulders. (90)—介词短语with a sudden injection of saxophones作插入语，其中injection原意为“注射；注入”，这里可理解为“（乐曲的）插入”。现在分词短语keeping the beat with his shoulders 作伴随状语修饰spun，其中beat是“节奏”的意思。

37.…all the other kids were around them, in a ring, clapping time. (90)—介词短语in a ring和现在分词短语

clapping time作伴随状语，其中time意为“节拍”。

Lesson Eight

1.My education is scientific and I have, in one field, contributed a monograph to a scientific journal.

(1)—contribute sth. To投稿给（报社、杂志）。E.g. He often contributed essays to the school paper.他经常

把小品投给学校办的报纸。而monograph意为“专著，专题文章”。该词为前缀mono-与后缀-graph构成。其中前缀mono-表示“单一，单独”。E.g. monotone“单调”，monologue“独白”；后缀-graph表示“书写/记录的东西，被记载的东西”，telegraph“电报”，photograph“照片”。

2.…when error is committed in the name of Science,… (1)-- in the name of为固定词组，意为“凭……之名，

以……的名义”。E.g. a war wraged in the name of liberation假借解放的美名而进行的战争。

3.I agree that our food is nutritious and that the diet of most of as is well-balanced. (2) that our food is

nutritious和that the diet of most of as is well-balanced皆为agree的宾语从句。agree that意为“承认……，为……事见解一致”。有时that可省略。E.g. He agreed (that) he should have been more careful.他承认他当初应该更谨慎一些。Agree的其他常用搭配形式agree with sb.（与某人意见一致）;agree to do sth.“同意做……事”，agree about/on sth.“关于某事意见一致”。

4.year by year (2)—年年，逐年。常用的还有year after year，“年复一年”；year in year out，“一年又一年”。

E.g. Year after year I have had a letter from Arthur on New Year’s Day.年复一年，我在新年时都收到亚瑟

的来信。There she lay year in year out, unable to move, and with no hope of recovery.她一年又一年地躺在那里，动弹不得，没有任何恢复的希望。

5.It appeals increasingly to the eye. (2)—appeal to为固定的搭配形式，意为“投其所好”后接名词。E.g. The

movie appeals to young people.这部电影很投年轻人的喜好。其他常用意还有“（向人）要求…….，恳求……”。E.g. They appealed to her for help.他们向她求援。

6.index (2)—此处意为“指示物，标志”。E.g. It is an index of her character.那是她性格的标志。还可表示：

1)（书籍的）索引，目录, a library index，“藏书卡”；2)“指数”，a price index，“物价指数”。

7.…I married a girl whose mother is an expert cook of the kind called ”old-fashioned”. (2)-- whose mother is

an expert cook of the kind called ”old-fashioned”为该句中宾语a girl的定语从句。of the kind

综合英语课文重点讲解(Unit 4)

Unit 4 An unusual job 课文重点讲解： 1) It’s all in a day’s work when you’re a stuntwoman. all in a/the day’s work: (colloquial) not unusual; as expected 家常便饭,不足为奇 e.g. (1) Coping with the paparazzi at any time is all in a day’s work for the celebrity.对于明星来说，随时应对狗仔队已经成为家常便饭。 (2) When the machine broke down, Mary said it was all in a day’s work. 2)it’s a profession that badly lacks female participation lack 的用法：可以做动词(及物和不及物)，也可以做名词 e.g. a lack (n.)of money; the lack (n.)of time You will not lack (vi)in support from me.你将得到我的帮助。 The plant died because it lacked (vt.) moisture. 这株植物因为缺乏水分而死。 3) A stuntperson is a man or woman who does all the hair-raisingly dangerous bits of acting work in films or on TV. "hair-raisingly": n. + adv.的复合词形式 ,意思是: 令人毛骨悚然的 e.g. heart-breakingly bad news bone-bitingly cold wind ear-deafeningly loud noise bits: small pieces 少许,少量 4) This can be anything from a relatively simple fall into a swimming pool, to tripping off the top of a skyscraper building. 本句中最主要的结构是:from …to…需要用平行结构,from 后面用的是名词a fall, 那么to 后面也要用名词,动名词或者名词词组, 这里tripped off是动名词词组. trip off: jump from 从…跳离 5) It sounds like a crazy profession that only the crazy would attempt, but it’s actually a job that many people think about -few people actually go through with it. the crazy: 定冠词+形容词表示一类人. e.g. the weak the ordinary the young the rich think about: consider doing 考虑 e.g. I would like to think about your suggestion before I give a definite reply. go through with: to complete or pursue (sth. which has been agreed or planned) to the end (often with difficulties)完成, 把...进行到底

高级英语下lesson13课文翻译

Lesson Thirteen Work 工作 究竟工作是幸福还是痛苦的源泉，这可能是一个难以回答的问题。 Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. 毫无疑问有许多工作是非常令人厌烦的，而且过多的工作总是十分痛苦的事。 There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful. 然而我认为，只要不过量，对多数人来说即使是最枯燥的工作也比终日无所事事要好些。 I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. 工作给人的愉快的程度多种多样，从仅仅是消烦解闷到产生巨大的快乐，这会随工作的性质和工 作者的能力而异。 There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. 大多数人不得不从事的工作本身大都无乐趣可言，但即使是这样的工作也有一些很大的好处。Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. 首先，工作可将一天的许多时间占满，人们不必再费神来决定应干些什么，大多数人在可以自由地按自己的愿望打发时间时，常常会不知所措，想不起有什么令人愉快的事值得去做。 To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. 而他们的决定又总是受到干扰，觉得干别的什么事也许会更令人愉快。 And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. 能够有意义地利用闲暇时间是文明发展到最高阶段的结果，而目前很少有人能达到这一层次。To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. 何况作出选择本身就是件令人厌烦的事。 Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. 除了那些具有非凡主动性的人，其他的人肯定有人乐于被告诉一天中的每时每刻该做什么， 当然命令他们做的事不能太令人厌烦。 Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. 多数无所事事的阔佬免遭从事单调乏味工作之苦，但代价是莫名其妙的无聊。 Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. 有时他们去非洲猎取巨兽或环绕世界飞行来解闷，但这类刺激的数量有限，尤其到了中年以后更 是如此。 At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. 因此较为明智的阔佬们工作起来几乎像穷人一样卖力，而有钱的女人则大多忙于她们自以为

自考高级英语上册11课课文翻译

Lesson Eleven On Getting off to Sleep谈睡眠 人真是充满矛盾啊! 毫无疑问，幽默是惟一帮助我们摆脱矛盾的办法，要是没有它，我们就会死于烦恼。 What a bundle of contradictions is a man! Surety, humour is the saving grace of us, for without it we should die of vexation. 在我看来，没有什么比睡眠更能说明事物间的矛盾。 With me, nothing illustrates the contrariness of things better than the matter of sleep. 比如，我打算写一篇文章，面前放好了笔、墨和几张白纸，准保没写几个字我就会困得要命，无论当时是几点都会那样。 If, for example, my intention is to write an essay, and 1 have before me ink and pens and several sheets of virgin paper, you may depend upon it that before I have gone very far I feel an overpowering desire for sleep, no matter what time of the day it is. 我瞪着那似乎在谴责我的白纸，直到眼前一片模糊，声音也难以辨清，只有靠意志力才能勉强坚持。 I stare at the reproachfully blank paper until sights and sounds become dim and confused, and it is only by an effort of will that I can continue at all. 即使这时，我也会迷迷糊糊地像在做梦一样继续坚持工作。 Even then, I proceed half-heartedly, in a kind of dream. 但是当深夜躺在床上，我什么事都能干，只有睡觉无法做到。 But let me be between the sheets at a late hour, and I can do any-thing but sleep. 随着时钟一遍一遍的报时，我可以完成大量的文章。 Between chime and chime of the clock I can write essays by the score. 极有吸引力的主题和崇高的思想纷纷出现在脑海，随之而来的还有恰如其分的意象和措辞。Fascinating subjects and noble ideas come pell-mell, each with its appropriate imagery and expression. 除了笔、墨和纸，什么也不能阻止我写出半打不朽的杰作。 Nothing stands between me and half-a-dozen imperishable masterpieces but pens, ink, and paper. 如果，我们的思想和主观意象对于来世的人来说真的就像我们的书本和图片一样是有形的、摸得着的，那么我在来世会比在今生获得更高的声誉。 If it be true that our thoughts and mental images are perfectly tangible things, like our books and pictures, to the inhabitants of the next world, then I am making for myself a better reputation there than I am in this place. 只要我躺在床上有一两个小时睡不着觉，我就能令自己满意地解决人类一切的疑虑。 Give me a restless hour or two in bed and I can solve, to my own satisfaction, all the doubts of humanity. 如果我有兴致的话，我可以谱写出宏伟的交响乐，描绘出壮丽的画卷。 When I am in the humour I can compose grand symphonies, and paint magnificent pictures. 我就是莎士比亚、贝多芬和米开朗基罗。但这一切仍无法令我满意，因为我还是无法入睡。

大学高级英语下册翻译.pdf

Lesson One 1.This picture brings back many pleasant memories of her Spanish holiday. 2.News and weather forecasts reports are staples of radio programmes. 3.By mere accident Tom met in a bar his long-lost brother who was thought to have been killed in action during the war. 4.Bill intuited something criminal in their plan. 5.They think that obsessive tidiness in factory is a bad sign . 6.Yesterday his mother sold several years’ worth of paper and magazines. 7.His heartening speech impelled us to (work with) greater efforts. 8.Those who enjoy pulling off a miracle often fail. 9.As language students we should have a sense of nuances of plain words and expressions. 10.The rude behavior of Mrs. Taylor’s ado pted son is driving her into a nervous breakdown. 11.I like to see films in general, and American Western and horrors in particular. 12.In some sense Mary saw in her aunt a surrogate of her mother. 13.My father never equivocated, and he always gave some brief but poignant opinions. 14.Though he disabled, he never tries of helping people. 15.In any country, those who are remiss in their duty must be severely punished. 16.Awareness of the fact that the child was in danger impelled the policeman to action. Lesson 2 1. A. The chances are that they will be held up by traffic on their way to the airport. B. the plane takes off at 6:35. It would be a pity if they couldn’t make it. 2.Another popular notion which is in fact a misconception is that expensive clothes invariably raise one’s status. 3.Can you imagine what kind of life a man has lived who aspires to excellence and abhors mediocrity? 4. A copy of our latest product catalogue will be sent free of charge if you will fill up the form on the reverse of this card and post it. 5.It will be an absurdity, if not a catastrophe. If half of the population of this city abandons their posts and goes in for business. 6.Because they want their kids to be somebodies, some well-intentioned parents exercise enormous pressures on their children and the results all too often prove the reverse. 7.The revered professor predicted that these brilliant young people would surely make their way in the scientific-technical realm in a few years. 8.Many writers have quitted writing stories because, as they say there is no market for them. Yet Lessing sticks and she would go on even if there really wasn’t any home for them but a private drawer. 9.Satire under his pen is only a means to an end, a form to expose social evils. 10.It seemed no body at the party, not even the reporters, made special note of the general’s absence which might have aroused the suspicion of his rivals.

21世纪大学英语英语课文讲解unit1( B )

Text B Little Sister of the Poor 1.Mother Teresa (1910~1997) Mother Teresa, a Roman Catholic nun, was born to Albanian parents in Yugoslavia. She is known as “the Saint of the Gutters” for bringing comfort and dignity to the destitute贫穷的. She founded an order (Missionaries of Charity) which is noted for its work among the poor and the dying in Calcutta, India, and throughout the world. Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. 2. Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church, also called the Catholic Church or the Church of Rome, is the Christian Church with administrative headquarters in the Vatican, of which the pope, or the Bishop of Rome is the supreme head. 3.John Paul II (1920~) John Paul II is the first non-Italian Polish Pope in the history of the Roman Catholic church. He was elected pope on Oct. 16, 1978. John Paul II is a conservative pope who firmly holds traditional Catholic views. 4. Chernobyl The world’s worst nuclear-reactor accident occurred at the Chernobyl (Ukraine) nuclear power plant on Apr. 26, 1986. The accident caused the immediate death of 31 people, while many others suffered radioactive contamination污染. 6. the Nobel Prize Any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually by four institutions (three Swedish and one Norwegian) from a fund established under the will of Alfred Bernhard Nobel. Distribution was begun on Dec. 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of the death of the founder, whose will specified that the awards should annually be made “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” The five prizes established by his will are: the Nobel Prize for Physics; the Nobel Prize for Chemistry; the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine; the Nobel Prize for Literature; and the Nobel Prize for Peace. An additional award, the Prize for Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was set up in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden, and the first award was given in 1969. Text Analysis: Part I (Para 1-3) death of the Mother Teresa and the public response 1.(para.1) Mother Teresa served the dying and desperate all over the world. 2.(para.2) Mother Teresa died of illness and many people felt personal grief over her death. 3.(para.3) Mother Teresa was regarded as a living saint and what she did transcended the boundaries of religion and nationality. Part II(para.4~8) The development of Mother Teresa’s cause and countless acts of mercy Part III(para.9~11) Mother Teresa gained fame and honor as well as criticism. Her act will be remembered by people. Words & Expressions: 1. Hospitalize vt. (usu. pass.) put (a person) into hospital [常被动] 送…进医院治疗 He hospitalizes patients for minor ailments. 他把只有小病的患者也送进医院。 Mrs Smith seriously ill already hospitalize. 史密斯夫人病重已住院。 You must hospitalize right now. 你必须立即住院。

高级英语下lesson 13课文翻译

Lesson Thirteen Work工作 究竟工作是幸福还是痛苦的源泉，这可能是一个难以回答的问题。 Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. 毫无疑问有许多工作是非常令人厌烦的，而且过多的工作总是十分痛苦的事。 There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful. 然而我认为，只要不过量，对多数人来说即使是最枯燥的工作也比终日无所事事要好些。 I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. 工作给人的愉快的程度多种多样，从仅仅是消烦解闷到产生巨大的快乐，这会随工作的性质和工作者的能力而异。 There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. 大多数人不得不从事的工作本身大都无乐趣可言，但即使是这样的工作也有一些很大的好处。 Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. 首先，工作可将一天的许多时间占满，人们不必再费神来决定应干些什么，大多数人在可以自由地按自己的愿望打发时间时，常常会不知所措，想不起有什么令人愉快的事值得去做。To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. 而他们的决定又总是受到干扰，觉得干别的什么事也许会更令人愉快。

(完整版)高级英语2第三版_张汉熙_课文翻译

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit 这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。 当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。 那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen’s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：

大学高级英语下册翻译

Lesson One 1. This picture brings back many pleasant memories of her Spanish holiday. 2. News and weather forecasts reports are staples of radio programmes. 3. By mere accident Tom met in a bar his long-lost brother who was thought to have been killed in action during the war. 4. Bill intuited something criminal in their plan. 5. They think that obsessive tidiness in factory is a bad sign . 6. Yesterday his mother sold several years’ worth of paper and magazines. 7. His heartening speech impelled us to (work with) greater efforts. 8. Those who enjoy pulling off a miracle often fail. 9. As language students we should have a sense of nuances of plain words and expressions. 10. The rude behavior of Mrs. Taylor’s adopted son is driving her into a nervous breakdown. 11. I like to see films in general, and American Western and horrors in particular. 12. In some sense Mary saw in her aunt a surrogate of her mother. 13. My father never equivocated, and he always gave some brief but poignant opinions. 14. Though he disabled, he never tries of helping people. 15. In any country, those who are remiss in their duty must be severely punished. 16. Awareness of the fact that the child was in danger impelled the policeman to action. Lesson 2 1. A. The chances are that they will be held up by traffic on their way to the airport. B. the plane takes off at 6:35. It would be a pity if they couldn’t make it. 2. Another popular notion which is in fact a misconception is that expensive clothes invariably raise one’s status. 3. Can you imagine what kind of life a man has lived who aspires to excellence and abhors mediocrity 4. A copy of our latest product catalogue will be sent free of charge if you will fill up the form on the reverse of this card and post it. 5. It will be an absurdity, if not a catastrophe. If half of the population of this city abandons their posts and goes in for business. 6. Because they want their kids to be somebodies, some well-intentioned parents exercise enormous pressures on their children and the results all too often prove the reverse. 7. The revered professor predicted that these brilliant young people would surely make their way in the scientific-technical realm in a few years.

高级英语课文翻译

青年人的四种选择 Lesson 2: Four Choices for Young People 在毕业前不久，斯坦福大学四年级主席吉姆?宾司给我写了一封信，信中谈及他的一些不安。 Shortly before his graduation, Jim Binns, president of the senior class at Stanford University, wrote me about some of his misgivings. 他写道：“与其他任何一代人相比，我们这一代人在看待成人世界时抱有更大的疑虑 ,, 同时越 来越倾向于全盘否定成人世界。” “More than any other generation, ” he said, “ our generation views the adult world with great skepticism, there is also an increased tendency to reject completely that world. ”很 明显，他的话代表了许多同龄人的看法。 Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries. 在过去的几年里，我倾听过许多年轻人的谈话，他们有的还在大学读书，有的已经毕业，他 们对于成人的世界同样感到不安。 During the last few years, I have listened to scores of young people, in college and out, who were just as nervous about the grown world. 大致来说，他们的态度可归纳如下：“这个世界乱糟糟的，到处充满了不平等、贫困和战争。 对此该负责的大概应是那些管理这个世界的成年人吧。如果他们不能做得比这些更好，他们又能拿 什么来教育我们呢？这样的教导，我们根本不需要。” Roughly, their attitude might be summed up about like this:“ The world is in pretty much of a mess, full of injustice, poverty, and war. The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running thing. If they can’ t do better than that, what have they got to teach our generation? That kind of lesson we can do without. ” 我觉得这些结论合情合理，至少从他们的角度来看是这样的。 There conclusions strike me as reasonable, at least from their point of view. 对成长中的一代人来说，相关的问题不是我们的社会是否完美（我们可以想当然地认为是这 样），而是应该如何去应付它。 The relevant question for the arriving generation is not whether our society is imperfect (we can take that for granted), but how to deal with it. 尽管这个社会严酷而不合情理，但它毕竟是我们惟一拥有的世界。 For all its harshness and irrationality, it is the only world we’ ve got. 因此，选择一个办法去应付这个社会是刚刚步入成年的年轻人必须作出的第一个决定，这通 常是他们一生中最重要的决定。 Choosing a strategy to cope with it, then, is the first decision young adults have to make, and usually the most important decision of their lifetime. 根据我的发现，他们的基本选择只有四种： So far as I have been able to discover, there are only four basic alternatives: 1）脱离传统社会