高级英语第二册第三课课文翻译对照(修订版)

第三课酒肆闲聊与标准英语

1人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。

2闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。

3或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。

4有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。

5“几天前，我听到一个人说…标准英语‟这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。”

6此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。

7告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。

8看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。

9有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。

10撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底

人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。

11当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。

12那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen‟s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：“你把…标准英语‟(King‟s Engligh)简化了”。莎士比亚作品中是否也出现过这一提法呢?如出现过，那就证明这个词在当时即已通用。他用过一次，在《温莎的风流娘儿们》中，快嘴桂嫂在讲到她家老爷回来后将会有的盛怒情形时说，“……少不了一顿臭骂，骂得鬼哭神愁，伦敦的官话(即“标准英语”)不知要给他糟蹋成个什么样子啦。”(朱生豪译)后来的事实果然被她说中了。

13我们有理由认为这个词语就是那个时期产生的。经过前后五百年的发展和与诺曼底人、安茹王朝及金雀花王朝的法语的竞争，英语最终同化了法语。被征服者变成了征服者，英语取得了国语的地位。

14这样便有了一种值得引以自豪的“标准英语”。伊丽莎白时代的人没费吹灰之力，使其影响日盛，遍及全球。“标准英语”再也不带有今天所谓的种族歧视的性质了。

15不过，那个澳大利亚人所作的解释也有一定的道理。下层阶级在用这一名词时总带着一点轻蔑或讥讽的味道。我们会发现，就连快嘴桂嫂这样一个婢女也会说她的主子凯厄斯大夫会管不住自己的舌头，而讲起平民百姓们所讲的那种粗话。如果说标准英语就是所谓“规范英语”，这种看法常常会受到下层人民的嘲笑讥讽，他们有时故意开玩笑地把它说成是“规反英语”。下层人民对文化上的专制仍是极为反感的。

16正如卡莱尔所说，始终存在着的一种危险是，“对我们来说。词语会变成具体的事物”。词语本身并不是现实，它不过是用以表达现实的一种形式而已。标准英语就像诺曼底人的盎格鲁法语一样，也是一个阶级用来表达现实的一种形式。让人们学着去讲也许不错，但既不应当把它作为法令，也不应当使它完全不接受来自下层的改变。

17我一向对词典有着始终不渝的酷爱一奥登说过，一个作家的全部所需就是一支笔、够用的纸张和“他所能弄得到的最好的词典”——但我更赞同另一种说法，即把词典看成是一种常识的工具。标准英语是一种典范——一种丰富而有指导作用的典范——但并不是一种最高的典范。

18由此我们可以回到我先前的话题上了。即便是那些学问再高、文学修养再好的人，他们所讲的标准英语在交谈中也常常会离谱走调。要是有谁闲聊时也像做文章一样句逗分明，或者像写一篇要发表的散文一样咬文嚼字的话，那他讲起话来就一定会极为倒人胃口。看到E?M?福斯特笔下写出“当今这个时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时，其用语之生动及由其所产生的生动有力、甚至可怖的形象令我们拍案叫绝。但假若福斯特坐在我们的会客室里说“我们大家正一个接一个地步

入这个时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时，那我们完全有理由请他走开。

19常常有一些愚人要求大文豪们谈话时也像写文章一样字字珠玑。也有些人对18世纪巴黎的文艺沙龙里那些文人雅士的高谈阔论极表称羡。可是，说不定那些文人雅士们在那里也不过是闲聊，谈论酒食的好坏哩。当时的巴黎大法院第一厅厅长亨奥尔特在德苏侯爵夫人家的沙龙里作客时就曾大叫着说“调料糟透了”，接着还大发议论说侯爵夫人家的厨子和总厨师长布兰维利耶之间的唯一差别只不过用心不一而已。

20会客室里和餐桌上是无需摆上词典的。闲聊过程中若遇上弄不明白需待查实的问题可留待第二天再说，不要话说到一半却去一边查起字典来。否则，谈话便会受到妨碍，不能如流水般无拘无束地进行。那天晚上，如果我们当场弄清了“标准英语”的意义，也就不可能再有那一场交谈论辩，我们也就不可能一会儿跳到澳大利亚去，一会儿扯回到诺曼底征服者时代了。

21而且，我们也就没有什么可以留到第二天去思考了。尤为重要的是，如果那个问题当场得到解决的话，人们就不会对于那位引出话题的“火枪手”那样发生兴趣，想多了解她的情况了。教黑猩猩说话之所以很困难，其原因就在于它们往往可能尽想着要讲出些正经八百的话来，因而使得谈话失去意趣。

3 Pub Talk and the King' s English

Henry Fairlie

1 Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.

2 The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has "something to say." Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.

3 Perhaps it is because of my up-bringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. They are companions, not intimates. The fact that their marriages may be on the rooks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into,each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.

4 It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no need for one, that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it--she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind--but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.

5 "Someone told me the Other day that the phrase, 'the King's English' was a term of criticism, that it means language which one should not properly use."

6 The glow of the conversation burst into flames. There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could still go ignorantly on.

7 It was an Australian who had given her such a definition of "the King's English," which produced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descendants of convicts. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Of course, there would be resistance to the King's English in such a society. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken."

8 Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors. The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19th century to the English peasants of the 12th century. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. The conversation was on wings.

9 Someone took one of the best-known of examples, which is still always worth the reconsidering. When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of the animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo-Saxon words. It is a pig in its sty ; it is pork (porc) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickens become poultry (poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau). Even if our menus were not wirtten in French out of snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English. What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman conquest.

10 The Saxon peasants who tilled the land and reared the animals could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their fields and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin.

11 As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. There must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Hereward the Wake. "The King's English"--if the term had existed then--had become French. And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it.

12 So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. The phrase came into use some time in the 16th century. "Queen's English" is found in Nash's "Strange Newes of the Intercepting Certaine Letters" in 1593, and in 1602, Dekker wrote of someone, "thou clipst the Kinge's English." Is the phrase in Shakespeare? That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. He uses it once, when Mistress Quickly in "The Merry Wives of Windsor" says of her master coming home in a rage, "... here will be an old abusing of God's patience and the King's English," and it rings true.

13 One could have expected that it would be about then that the phrase would be coined. After five centuries of growth, o1f tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror. English had come royally into its own.

14 There was a King's (or Queen' s) English to be proud of. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. "The King's English" was no longer a form of what would now be regarded as racial discrimination.

15 Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australian. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. One feels that even Mistress Quickly--a servant--is saying that Dr. Caius--her master--will lose his control and speak with the vigor of ordinary folk. If the King's English is "English as it should be spoken," the claim is often mocked by the underlings, when they say with a jeer "English as it should be spoke." The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.

16 There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that "words will harden into things for us." Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict , and made immune to change from below.

17 I have an unending love affair with dictionaries-Auden once said that all a writer needs is a pen, plenty of paper and "the best dictionaries he can afford"--but I agree with the person who said that dictionaries are instruments of common sense. The King's English is a model—a rich and instructive one--but it ought not to be an ultimatum.

18 So we may return to my beginning. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides in conversation. There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing, or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print. When E. M. Forster writes of " the sinister corridor of our age," we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image. But if E. M. Forster sat in our living room and said, "We are all following each other down the sinister corridor of our age," we would be justified in asking him to leave.

19 Great authors are constantly being asked by foolish people to talk as they write. Other people may celebrate the lofty conversations in which the great minds are supposed to have indulged in the great salons of 18th century Paris, but one suspects that the great minds were gossiping and judging the quality of the food and the wine. Henault, then the great president of the First Chamber of the Paris Parlement, complained bitterly of the "terrible sauces " at the salons of Mme. Deffand, and went on to observe that the only difference between her cook and the supreme chef, Brinvilliers , lay in their intentions.

20 The one place not to have dictionaries is in a sit ting room or at a dining table. Look the thing up the next morning, but not in the middle of the conversation. Other wise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and

there. There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at one the meaning of "the King's English." We would never hay gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.

21 And there would have been nothing to think about the next morning. Perhaps above all, one would not have been engaged by interest in the musketeer who raised the subject, wondering more about her. The bother about teaching chimpanzees how to talk is that they will probably try to talk sense and so ruin all conversation.

(完整版)高级英语2第三版_张汉熙_课文翻译

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit 这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。 当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。 那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen’s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：

张汉熙《高级英语》第二册课后释义

1.We’re elevated 23 feet. =our house has been raised by 23 feet in comparison with the past. 2.The place (house) has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered (caused any damage to it) 3.We can batten down and ride it out. =we can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage. 4.The generator was doused, and the lights went out. =water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the light also went out. 5.John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. =as john watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland. 6.Janis had just one delayed reaction.=Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane. 1.and it is an activity only of humans =and conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings 2.conversation is not for making a point = conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas 3.in fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose = in fact, a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his viewpoint 4.bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’ lives = people who meet each others for a drink in a bar are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each others’ life 5.it could still go ignorantly on = the conversation could go without anybody knowing who was right or wrong 6.there are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef =these animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at table to eat we called their meat beef 7.the new ruling class had built a cultural barrier him by building their French against his own lg. = the new ruling class by using French instead of eg made it difficult for the eg to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers 8.eg had come royally into its own =the eg lg received proper recognition and was used by the king once more 9.the phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes = the phrase, the king’s eg, has always disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often made fun of the proper and formal lg of the educational people 10.the rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there =there still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class 11.there is always a great danger that” words will harden into things for us”= there is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent 12.even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s eg slips and slides in conversation = even the most educated and liberated people use non-standard, informal, rather than standard, formal eg in their conversation 13.And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe. =but today this issue has not been decided in many countries around the world. 14.United, there is little we cannot do in host of cooperative ventures. =bound together we can accomplish a lot of things in the variety of joint ventures. 15.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. =we will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries. 16.Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace.=the US is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace. 17.Before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction. = before the terrible forces of destruction which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place.

(完整word版)高级英语第三课Ships in the Desert

Lesson 3 Ships in the Desert AL Gore 1.I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capable of processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day. But it wasn’t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be the most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow, the prospects of a good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand——as far as I could see in all directions. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon. Ten years ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America’s Great Lakes. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton in the desert. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people were still canning fish——brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away. 2.My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of the earth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about the tunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago. “Here’s where the U.S Congress passed the Clean Air Act,” he said. At the bottom of the world, two

高级英语第三版第二册张汉熙课课后翻译

U n i t1 1. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 不管动物之间的交流方式多么复杂，它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。 2. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. 争论会经常出现于交谈中，但争论的目的不是为了说服。交谈中没有胜负之说。 3. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. 或许我从小就混迹于英国酒吧缘故，我认为酒吧里的闲聊别有韵味。 4. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it ---she clearly had not come into the bar to say it , it was not something that was pressing on her mind---but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk. 我不记得是什么使得我的一个同伴说起它来的---她显然不是来酒吧说这个的，这不是她事先想好的话题----但她的话相当自然地插入到了交谈中。 5. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken .” 下层社会总会抵制上层社会企图给“标准英语”制定得规则。 6. Words are not themselves a reality ,but only representations of it ,and the King’s English ,like the Anglo-French of the Normans , is a class representation of reality. 词语本身并不是现实。正如诺曼底人讲的英格鲁--法语一样，标准英语是一个阶层用来表达现实的形式。

高级英语第二册第三课课文翻译对照(修订版)

第三课酒肆闲聊与标准英语 1人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 2闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 3或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 4有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 5“几天前，我听到一个人说…标准英语‟这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 6此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 7告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 8看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 9有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 10撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底

高级英语第三版第二册课后翻译

1、However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation、 不管动物之间的交流方式多么复杂,它们不能参与到称得上就是交谈的任何活动中。 2、Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince、There is no winning in conversation、 争论会经常出现于交谈中,但争论的目的不就是为了说服。交谈中没有胜负之说。 3、Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own、 或许我从小就混迹于英国酒吧缘故,我认为酒吧里的闲聊别有韵味。 4、I do not remember what made one of our companions say it ---she clearly had not come into the bar to say it , it was not something that was pressing on her mind---but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk、 我不记得就是什么使得我的一个同伴说起它来的---她显然不就是来酒吧说这个的,这不就是她事先想好的话题----但她的话相当自然地插入到了交谈中。 5、There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken 、” 下层社会总会抵制上层社会企图给“标准英语”制定得规则。 6、Words are not themselves a reality ,but only representations of it ,and the King’s English ,like the Anglo-French of the Normans , is a class representation of reality、 词语本身并不就是现实。正如诺曼底人讲的英格鲁--法语一样,标准英语就是一个阶层用来表达现实的形式。 7、Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict , and made immune to change from below、 或许试着去说它还就是值得的,但就是它不能被制定成法令,从而拒绝来自下层的变化。 8、There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing , or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print、如果一个人说出的话就像写出来的文字,或者试图使用那些创作书面散文的文字,那么没有比这样的交谈者更糟糕的了。 9、When E、M、Forster writes of “ the sinister corridor of our age,” we sit up at the vividness of the phrase , the force and even terror in the image、 当E、M、福斯特写到“我们这个时代的险恶长廊”时,其用语之生动及由其所产生的生动有力,甚至可怖的形象苦令我们拍案叫绝。 10、There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at once the meeting of “ the King’s English、” 那天晚上如果我们立刻解决了“标准英语”的含义,就不会有第二天晚上的谈话了。 1、当您穿行于这样的城镇中—20万居民中至少有2万人除了一身勉强蔽体的破衣烂衫外,一无所有——当您瞧到这些人就是如何生活,又如何轻易死亡时,您总就是很难相信自己就是行走在人类之中。 2、当您穿过犹太人聚居区时,您就会了解中世纪的贫民区大概就是个什么样子。 3、很多街道远远不足6英尺宽,房屋根本没有窗户,眼睛肿痛的孩子成群结队,随处可见,像成群的苍蝇,数也数不清。 4、甚至在后面的窝棚里的一个盲人听到要烟的吵嚷声也爬了出来,伸手在空中乱摸。 5、噢！那只不过就是装样子罢了。实际上她们都就是些放贷获利的人。

高级英语第二册LESSON3课后答案

Questions on appreciation: 1. Speeches are generally highly rhetorical. Point out some of the different rhetorical devices Kennedy employs to make his inaugural address as forceful and impressive as possible. 2. Is the address well organized? Comment on the order in which he addressed the different groups of nations and people. 3. Cite examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice and use of words. 4. Is his tone and message suited to the different groups he ad-dresses? Give your reasons. 5. This inaugural address is regarded by many in the United States as a classical speech, and many passages are often , quoted. Could you pick out some passages likely to be quoted by Americans? Give reasons for your choice. 6. Is Kennedy's argument and persuasion based mainly on facts and logic or on an appeal to emotions? Would this type of speech be successful on all occasions? III. Paraphrase： 1. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe (para 2) 2．This much we pledge --- and more. (para 5)

高级英语第三版第二册张汉熙1-6-8课课后翻译

Ｕnit1 １．Howeｖｅr iｎtrｉｃａteｔhe ways in which animalｓcoｍmunicate wiｔｈeach otheｒ, thｅｙdo noｔindulge iｎanything tｈａｔdeservesｔhe namｅoｆconveｒｓatｉon． 不管动物之间的交流方式多么复杂，它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。 2．Aｒguｍenｔmａｙoｆten be a pａrt of it,but the purpoｓe ｏf ｔhe ａｒgumｅnt ｉs ｎｏｔto coｎvｉnｃe. There ｉs no wｉnniｎg iｎ convｅrｓation． 争论会经常出现于交谈中，但争论的目的不是为了说服。交谈中没有胜负之说。 3．Pｅrｈapｓｉt is beｃause of my ｕｐbringing in Ｅnｇlｉsｈpｕｂs ｔhａｔI ｔｈｉnk ｂar ｃoｎverｓation haｓa charm of itｓown. 或许我从小就混迹于英国酒吧缘故，我认为酒吧里的闲聊别有韵味。 4．I do ｎoｔrｅｍeｍbeｒｗhat madｅｏne of oｕr cｏmｐanions say it ---ｓhｅcｌearｌy had ｎｏt ｃoｍeｉnto theｂar to ｓaｙiｔ，ｉｔwａｓnoｔｓomethｉnｇtｈaｔwas presｓｉng on hｅｒmind---ｂut her remａrｋfｅｌl quite natuｒａlly into the talk. 我不记得是什么使得我的一个同伴说起它来的－－-她显然不是来酒吧说这个的，这不是她事先想好的话题－---但她的话相当自然地插入到了交谈中。 5. Thｅre is alwａys resistａnce iｎtｈe lｏwer classｅs toａｎy attｅmpt by an ｕpｐer ｃlass to lay doｗn ｒules fｏｒ“Engｌiｓh as it should be spoken .” 下层社会总会抵制上层社会企图给“标准英语”制定得规则。

高级英语张汉熙第三版第二册第三课Inaugural Address 中英对照 多知识点

Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961) John F. Kennedy 1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago. 我们今天举行的不是一个政党的祝捷大会，而是一次自由的庆典。这是一个承先启后、继往开来的大事件。因为刚才我已依照我们的先辈在将近一又四分之三个世纪以前拟好的誓言在诸位和全能的上帝面前庄严宣誓。 inaugural (adj.) : of an inauguration就职(典礼)的 signify (v.) : be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味 almighty (adj.) : having unlimited power；all-powerful有无限权力的；全能的 forebear (n.) : an ancester 祖先，祖宗 prescribe (v.) : set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立

高级英语第三版第一册课后答案1,3,4,6,7,9,10及高级英语第三版第二册1-6,8课课后翻译

高英课内考点： 第一课：Paraphrase 1、we’re elevated 23 feet. Our house is 23 feet above sea level. 2、The place has been here since 1915,and no hurricane has ever bothered it. The house was built in 1915,and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it. 3、We can batten down and ride it out. We can make the necessary preparation and survive the hurricane without much damage. 4、The generator was doused,and the lights went out. Water got into the generator,it stopped working.As a result all lights were put out. 5、Everybody out the back door to the cars! Everyone go out through the back door and get into the cars! 6、The electrical systems had been killed by water. The electrical systems in the cars had been destroyed by water. 7、John watched the water lap at the steps,and felt a crushing guilt. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps,he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the family by making the wrong decision not to flee inland. 8、Get us through this mess,will You? Oh,God,please help us to get through this dangerous situation. 9、She carried on alone for a few bars;then her voice trailed away. She sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped. 10、Janis had just one delayed reaction. Janis didn’t show any fear on the spot during the storm,but she revealed her feelings caused by the storm a few nights after the hurricane by getting up in the middle of the night and crying softly. 英译汉： 1、But,like thousands of others in the coastal communities,John was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family----his wife,Janis,and their seven children,aged 3 to 11---was clearly endangered. 但是，和住在沿岸的其他成千上万的居民一样，约翰不愿舍弃家园，除非他的亲人-----妻子珍妮丝和他们的七个孩子，大的十一岁，小的才三岁----明显处于危险之中。 2、The French doors in an upstairs room blew in with an explosive sound,and the group heard gun-like reports as other upstairs windows disintegrated. 随着一声巨响，楼上的一个房间里的法式双开门砰的一声被风吹倒了。大家听到楼上其他玻璃窗破碎时发出的像开枪一样的啪啪的响声。 3、Frightened,breathless and wet,the group settled on the stairs,which were protected by two interior walls. 大家都吓坏了，喘不过气来了，全身都湿透了。他们坐在楼梯上，楼梯的两侧有内墙保护。 4、Everyone knew there was no escape;they would live or die in the house. 谁都清楚已经无路可逃，是死是活他们只能留在房子里了。 5、A moment later,the hurricane,in one mighty swipe,lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. 过了一会儿，一阵强风把整个屋顶掀到了空中，将其抛到了40英尺之外。 6、In its concentrated breadth of some 70 miles it shot out winds of nearly 200 mph and raised tides as high as 30 feet.

高级英语第二册(张汉熙)课文翻译

高级英语第二册课文翻译 第一课迎战卡米尔号飓风 第二课马拉喀什见闻 第三课酒肆闲聊与标准英语 第四课就职演说（1961年1月20日) 第五课爱情就是谬误 第六课从天窗中消失 第七课爱丑之欲 第八课工人是创造者还是机器 第九课从奥米勒斯城出走的人 第十课悲哀的青年一代 第十一课英国人的未来 第十二课一个发现:做一个美国人意味着什么 第十三课为死刑辩护 第十四课亦爱亦恨话纽约 第一课 迎战卡米尔号飓风 小约翰。柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时,收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击.路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样,不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃,除非等到他的一家人一-妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。 为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策,他与父母商量过。两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来,住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里.他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理？希尔的意见。

约翰的全部产业就在自己家里（他开办的玛格纳制造公司是设计、研制各种教育玩具和教育用品的。公司的一切往来函件、设计图纸和工艺模具全都放在一楼)。37岁的他对飓风的威力是深有体会的.四年前，他原先拥有的位于高尔夫港以西几英里外的那个家就曾毁于贝翠号飓风(那场风灾前夕柯夏克已将全家搬到一家汽车旅馆过夜)。不过，当时那幢房子所处的地势偏低,高出海平面仅几英尺。“我们现在住的这幢房子高了23英尺,，’他对父亲说,“而且距离海边足有250码远。这幢房子是1915年建造的。至今还从未受到过飓风的袭击。我们呆在这儿恐怕是再安全不过了。" 老柯夏克67岁．是个语粗心慈的熟练机械师。他对儿子的意见表示赞同.“我们是可以严加防卫。度过难关的，”他说？“一但发现危险信号,我们还可以赶在天黑之前撤出去。" 为了对付这场飓风，几个男子汉有条不紊地做起准备工作来。自米水管道可能遭到破坏，他们把浴盆和提俑都盛满水。飓风也可能造成断电，所以他们检查r手提式收音机和手电筒里的电池以及提灯里的燃料油。约翰的父亲将一台小发电机搬到楼下门厅里．接上几个灯泡.并做好把发电机与电冰箱接通的准备。 那天下午，雨一直下个不停．乌云随着越来越猛的暴风从海湾上空席卷而来。全家早早地用r晚餐。邻居中一个丈夫去了越南的妇女跑过来。问她和她的两个孩子是否能搬进柯夏克家躲避风灾：另一个准备向内陆带转移的邻居也跑来问柯夏克家能否替他照看一下他的狗。 不到七点钟，天就黑了．，狂风暴雨拍打着屋子。约翰让大儿子和大女儿上楼去取来被褥和枕头给几个小一点的孩子.他想把全家人都集中在同一层楼上.“不要靠近窗户!”他警告说，担心在飓风巾震破的玻璃碎片会飞来伤人.风凶猛地咆哮起来？屋子开始漏雨了……那雨水好像能穿墙透壁，往屋里直灌。一家人都操起拖把、毛巾、盆罐和水桶，展l开了一场排水战。到八点半钟，电没有了。柯夏克老爹便启动了小发电机。 飓风的咆哮声压倒了一切。房子摇晃着,起居室的天花板一块块掉下来。楼上一个房问的法兰西式两用门砰地一声被风吹开了。楼下的人还听到楼上其他玻璃窗破碎时发出的劈劈啪啪的响声。积水已经漫到脚踝上了. 随后，前门开始从门框上脱落。约翰和查理用肩膀抵住¨,但一股水浪冲击过来。撞开了大门，把两人都掀倒在地板上。发电机泡在水里，电灯熄灭了。查理舔了舔嘴唇，对着约翰大喊道：“这回可真是大难临头了.这水是成的.”海水已经漫到屋子跟前？积水仍不断上涨。 “都从后门到汽车上去！"约翰提高嗓门大叫道。“我们把孩子2们一个个递过去，数一数！一共九个！” 孩子们从大人手上像救火队的水桶一样被递了过去.可是汽车不能发动了？它的点火系统被水泡坏了。水深风急。又不可能靠两只脚逃命。“回屋里去!．'约翰高声喊道.“数一数孩子们。一共九个！” 等他们爬着回到屋里后。约翰又命令道:“都到楼梯上去！，，于是大家都跑到靠两堵内墙保护的楼梯上歇着。个个吓得要命，气喘吁吁,浑身湿透.孩子们把取名为斯普琪的一只猫和一个装着四只小猫仔的盒子放在楼梯平台上.斯普琪心神不定地打量着自己的幼仔，邻人的那条狗已蜷起身子睡着了。 狂风就像在身边呼啸而过的列车一样发出震耳的响声，房屋在地基上晃动移位。一楼的外墙坍塌了，海水渐渐地漫上了楼梯。大家沉默无语？谁都明白现在已是无路可逃．死活都只好留在崖子里了. 查理。希尔对邻家的妇女和她那两个孩子多少尽了一点责任。那妇女简直吓昏了头。她紧紧地抓住他的胳膊连声叫道:“我不会游泳,我可不会游泳啊r “不会游泳也不要紧？”他强作镇定地安慰她道，．．一会儿便什么都过去了。” 柯夏克老奶奶伸出胳臂挽住丈夫的肩膀。把嘴凑到他的耳边说,“老爷子,我爱你。”柯老爹扭过头来也回了一句“我爱你,，一一…说话声已不像平日那样粗声粗气的厂。