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2012年职称英语等级考试模拟试题及答案解析理工类A级模拟试题(二)

2012年职称英语等级考试模拟试题及答案解析理工类A级模拟试题(二)
2012年职称英语等级考试模拟试题及答案解析理工类A级模拟试题(二)

2012年度全国职称英语等级考试

理工类(A级)全真模拟试题二

第1部分:词汇选项(第1-15题,每题1分,共15分)

下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线,请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项

1. He was unable to give a credible explanation for his behavior.

A. workable

B. convincing

C. practical

D. reliable

2. Smoking is banned in the building.

A. listed

B. forbidden

C. handled

D. investigated

3. I want a job with good prospects for promotion.

A. advancement

B. replacement

C. retirement

D. advertisement

4. The report was compiled from a survey of 5000 households.

A. printed

B. attached

C. written

D. sent

5. The patient showed a marked improvement in her condition after changing

medication.

A. great

B. clear

C. quick

D. regular

6. Actors dressed in authentic costumes re-enact the battle.

A. faithful

B. royal

C. genuine

D. sincere

7. People who travel by rail still read an immense amount.

A. immediate

B. enormous

C. equal

D. moderate

8. He demolished my argument in minutes.

A. disapproved

B. disputed

C. accepted

D. supported

9. Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife.

A. evidence

B. danger

C. case

D. picture

10. Ashley gazed at him, her thoughts in turmoil.

A. failure

B. doubt

C. confusion

D. relief

11. It was an article in the local newspaper which finally spurred him into action .

A. attract

B. encourage

C. require

D. spend

12. He impressed all his colleagues as a vigorous man in the prime of his career.

A. hot-tempered

B. healthy

C. friendly

D. patient

13. From my standpoint, you know, this is ridiculous.

A. position

B. point of view

C. knowledge

D. opinion

14. The journalist was probing into several financial scandals.

A. solving

B. investigating

C. involving

D. disputing

15. You have to abide by the referee's decision.

A. stick to

B. persist in

C. safeguard

D. apply

第2部分:阅读判断(第16-22题,每题1分,共7分)

下面短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断:如果该句提供的是正确的信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误的信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C。

California Gives Green Light to Space Solar Power

Energy beamed down from space is one step closer to reality, now that California has given the green light to an agreement that would see the Pacific Gas and Electric Company buy 200 megawatts of power beamed down from solar-power satellites beginning in 2016. But some major challenges will have to be overcome if the technology is to be used widely.

A start-up company called Solaren is designing the satellites, which it says will use radio waves to beam energy down to a receiving station on Earth.

The attraction of collecting solar power in space is the almost uninterrupted sunshine available in geosynchronous orbit. Earth-based solar cells, by contrast, can only collect sunlight during daytime and when skies are clear.

But space-based solar power must grapple with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space, says Richard Schwartz of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. “If you're talking about it being economically viable for power of the Earth, it's a tough go,” he says.

Cal Boerman, Solaren’s director of energy services, says the company designed its satellites with a view to keeping launch costs down. “We knew we had to come up with a different, revolutionary design,” he says. A patent the company has won describes ways to reduce the system's weight, including using inflatable mirrors to focus sunlight on solar cells, so a smaller number can collect the same amount of energy.

But using mirrors introduces other challenges, including keeping the solar cells from overheating, says Schwartz. “You have to take care of heat dissipation because you’re now concentrating a lot of energy in one place,” he says. According to the company's patent, Solaren's solar cells will be connected to radiators to help keep them cool.

Though Boerman says the company believes it can make space-based solar power work, it is not expecting to crowd out other forms of renewable energy. Laws in California and other states require increasing use of renewable energy in coming years, he points out. “To meet those needs, we're going to need all types of renewable energy sources,” he says.

16. Solar-power satellites will use radio waves to beam energy down from space.

A. Right.

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

17. Solaren is going to design 200 solar-power satellites.

A. Right.

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

18. Space-based solar cells could collect solar power only when skies are clear.

A. Right.

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

19. One advantage of space-based solar power system is that it is economical.

A. Right.

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

20. Inflatable mirrors are used to reduce the weight of the space-based solar power

system.

A. Right.

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

21. 6.Space-based solar power will rule out other forms of renewable energy source.

A. Right.

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

22. Many countries will grant permission for the use of the space-based solar power system.

A. Right.

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

第3部分:概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题,每题1分,共8分)下面的短文有2项测试任务:(1)第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1—4段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27—30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。

The Natural Gas

Natural gas is produced from reservoirs deep beneath the earth surface. It’s a fossil fuel, meaning that it is derived from organic material buried in the earth millions of years ago. The main component of natural gas is methane.

The popularity and use of clean natural gas has increased dramatically over the past 50 years as pipeline infrastructure has been installed to deliver it conveniently and economically to millions of residential, commercial and industrial customers world wide. Today, natural gas service is available in all 50 states in the U.S. and is the leading energy choice for fueling American homes and industries. More than 65 million American homes use natural gas. In fact, natural gas is the most economical source for home energy needs, costing one third as much as electricity. In addition to heating homes, much of the gas used in the U.S. is used as a raw material to manufacture a wild variety of products, from paint, to fibers for clothing, to plastics for healthcare, computing and furnishings. Natural gas is also used in a significant number of new electricity-generating power plants.

Natural gas is one of the safest and cleanest fuels available. It emits less pollution than other fossil fuel sources. When natural gas is burned, it produces mostly carbon dioxide and water vapor—the same substances emitted when humans breathe. Compared with some other fossil fuels, natural gas emits the least amount of carbon dioxide into the air when combusted—making natural gas the cleanest burning fossil fuel of all.

The U.S. consumes about one third of the world’s natural gas output, making it the largest gas-consuming region in the world. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration forecasts that natural gas demand will grow by more than 50 percent by 2025.

There are huge reserves of natural gas beneath the earth’s surface. The largest reserves of natural gas can be formed in Russia, West and North Africa and the Middle East. LNG has been produced domestically and imported in the U.S. for more than four decades. Today, the leading importers of LNG are Japan, Korea, France and Spain.

23. Paragraph 2 ___.

24. Paragraph 3 ___.

25. Paragraph 4 ___.

26. Paragraph 5 ___.

27. Natural gas is stored deep _______.

28. Natural gas is recognized as the most economical energy resource _______.

29. When manufacturing many different products, people use natural gas ________.

30. It is estimated by 2025 the natural gas demand in the US will increase ________.

第4部分:阅读理解(第39-53题,每题3分,共45分)下面有3篇短文,每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容,为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇

Too Little for Global Warming

Oil and gas will run out too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize pr edictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predicti ons, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change say they c onsidered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal wo uld be even worse for the planet.

The IPCC's predictions of global meltdown pushed forward the 1997 Kyot o Protocol, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil -fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Ander

s Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say ther e is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC s cenarios to come to pass.

Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers ar e part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak a s soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggests that oil and gas re serves combined about to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil c onsiderably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billio n barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world's remaining res erves.

Nebojsa Nakicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, A ustria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says t he panel's work still stands. He says they factored in a much broader and inte rnationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the “conservative” Swe des.

Even if oil and gas run out, “there's a huge amount of coal underground that could be expl oited”, he says that burning coal could make the IPCC scena rios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2 for each unit of energy, as w ell as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest analysis is a “shot across the bows” for policy makers.

31. What do the authors of the new analysis presented at the University o

f Uppsala intend to say?

A. the burning of coal will accelerate the arrival of Earth's doomsday.

B. The oil reserves are big enough to materialize the doomsday scenarios

C. Melting ice caps and searing temperatures exist only in science fiction

D. Oil and gas will run out so fast that Earth's doomsday will never mate rialize.

32. Nations that signed the Kyoto Protocol agree to

A. pay attention to global meltdown

B. cut CO2 emissions

C. use more green energy

D. stop using fossil fuels

33. What are the estimates of the world's oil and gas reserves?

A. 4,000 billion barrels by the average forecast

B. 8,000 billion barrels estimated by the Swedes

C. 3,500 barrels envisaged by IPCC

D. 3,500 billion by a growing number of scientists

34. Which of the following about Nebojsa Nakicenovic is true?

A. he thinks fossil fuels are as dirty as oil and gas

B. he thinks green fuels will replace oil and gas eventually

C. he thinks IPCC's view on the world's reserves is too optimistic

D. he thinks that IPCC's estimates are more optimistic than the Swedes

35. Which of the following is the near explanation of Nakicenovic's assertion t hat “…… such a switch would be disastrous……?

A. The IPCC scenarios would come true because burning coal will emit l arger amounts of CO2“

B. A switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental probl ems

C. Oil and gas to replace coal as fuel would speed up the process of glo bal warming

D. A switch from the IPCC scenarios to the policymakers' ones would be disastrous

第二篇

Listening to Birdsong

A male zebra finch1 chirps away2to himself. Suddenly he notices a female bird nearby. He realizes he has an audience and immediately changes his song. Can the female tell the difference in his performance? According to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. And she prefers the special trills he creates when he sings to her.

A male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people can barely detect. But ~the female finch can tell the difference.

Scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of mal~ zebra f'mches based

on whether they were singing alone or whether there was a female (and potential mate) nearby. With an audience, the males sped up the pace of their songs and controlled the notes they used.

For this study, researchers Sarah C. Woolley and Allison Doupe at the University of California, San Francisco decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past.

In the study, Woolley and Doupe set up ,a long cage with a sound speaker at each end. One broadcast the sound of a male zebra finch singing to himself, like someone singing in the shower. The other speaker broadcast a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert.

Female birds were placed between the two speakers. Some of the birds had mates, others didn't. The females shifted around a bit, and then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. All the birds that made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience, even if they'd never met the male.

Mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance songs, one from an unknown male, and one from their mate. They spent more time listening to the concert version of their mates' songs. This suggests that after a while, females learn to recognize--and prefer—the songs of their mates.

Scientists then studied the brains of the females. They found certain areas of the brain perked up3 when the birds listened to the concert songs. These brain areas may be involved in recognizing and evaluating the songs, and storing the memories of them.

This research deals with what's called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender, focuses the message for a specific audience. One example is the way moms speak to their babies. Mothers around the world use the same sort of high'pitched4 sing-song chatter, and the babies respond best to those sounds. Songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication, in this case their songs.

36. What does the first paragraph say about zebra finches?

A) Male zebra finches like to sing to female zebra finches.

B)Male zebra finches sing louder than female zebra finches.

C)Male zebra finches change their songs in female zebra finches' presence.

D)Male zebra finches like to listen to female zebra finches sing.

37. What did the researchers fred in their study of female zebra finches?

A)Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them.

B)Female finches only liked songs male finches sang for their mates.

C)Female finches liked to listen to songs from both speakers.

D)Female finches chose the best male singers as their mates.

38. What is meant by "concert songs" in the seventh paragraph?

A)Songs sung by zebra finches at a concert.

B)Songs sung by male finches for female finches.

C)Songs sung by female fmches for male finches.

D)Songs sung by male fmches to many female finches.

39. What is NOT true of directed communication?

A)The sender of a message has a specific audience.

B)Male zebra finches sing to female finches.

C)Mothers talk to their babies,

D)Male zebra finches sing to themselves.

40. Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?.

A)Chirping away.

B)Birdsongs as communication.

C)Zebra finches and their life.

D)Enjoying birdsongs.

第三篇

Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”

Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.

Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.

Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.

Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university’s Center for Ecology and Conservation, said: “Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They’re also very territorial and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”

“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said.

The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species can be found across Europe, including in the UK. It found that a low density if ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive

influence.

Dr. Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said: “What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect ——thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”

Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.

41. Why are ants regarded as ecosystem engineers? ________

A. Because they build their own nests.

B. Because they collect food.

C. Because their activity affects the environment.

D. Because they are predators.

42. As predators, ants ________________.

A. prey on small as well as large animals

B. collect nutritious food from the soil

C. collect food as decomposers

D. prey on species much higher up the food chain

43. Dirk Sanders’ study centered on how ants _________.

A. can manage to thrive in huge numbers

B. defend their sources and territory against other predators

C. attack those invading animals for survival

D. produce such a big impact on the environment

44. What does paragraph 6 tell us?

A. Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.

B. Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.

C. Ants’ predation counteracts the po sitive influence they may have on an area.

D. At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.

45. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?

A. What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?

B. How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?

C. How do human activities affect ants’ influence on a given ecosystem?

D. How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?

第5部分:补全短文(第46-50题,每题2分,共10分)下面的短文中有5处空白,短文后有6个句子,其中5个取自短文,请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置,以恢复文章原貌。

Sleeping Giant

Right now, an eruption is brewing in Yellowstone National Park. Sometime during the next two hours, the most famous geyser. Old Faithful, will begin gurgling boiling water and steam._____1_____

Old Faithful is not only a spectacular sight; it’s also a constant remainder that Yellowstone sits on one of the largest volcanoes in the world. If you’ve never heard of Yellowstone’s volcano, you’re not alone._____ 2_____ yet it has erupted three times during the last million years. And one of those eruptions spewed enough volcanic ash and other debris to blanket half the United States.

Yellowstone’s volcano is sometimes called a “supervolcano,” or extremely large and explosive caldera volcano._____3_____. This supervolcano formed over a hot

spot, an extremely hot area in Earth’s mantle. John Valley, a volcano professors, said that as the crust moves across a hot spot, the hot spot melts a section of the plate moving ove r it,forming “one volcano after another.”

The Yellowstone hot spot melts thick continental crust, which may cause catastrophic eruptions. According to experts the eruptions that created each of the three calderas in and around Yellowstone National Park were larger than any other volcanic eruption in recorded history. The most recent eruption, which happened 640,000 years ago, produced at least 1,000 cubic kilometers of ash and debris, which blanketed most of the western half of the United States._____4_____

Geological evidence shows Yellowstone has blown its stack every 700,000 years or so. “If nature were truly that regular and reliable, we would be due for another eruption soon,” said Valley. “However, these processes are subject to variability, so we don’t really know when the next eruption will happen.”

_____5_____It is the volcanic energy that powers the geysers and hot springs, creates the mountains and canyons, and generates the unique ecosystems that support Yellowstone’s diverse wildlife.

A Three calderas make up more than a third of Yellowstone National Park.

B The first Yellowstone eruption, 2 million years ago, released more than double that amount of ash and debris.

C The volcano is so inconspicuous (不显眼的) that few people know it exists.

D Then, an enormous fountain will shoot high into the air.

E While the active geologist processes at Yellowstone do pose some risk to the public, they also make it a unique treasure.

F Yellowstone National Park attracts the interest of geologists the world over.

第6部分:完型填空(第51-65题,每题1分,共15分)下面的短文有15处空白,请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

Solar Power without Solar Cells

A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.

The researchers find a way to make an “optical __51__,” said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.

Light ahs electrical and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the __52__ on the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million time stronger than __53__ expected. __54__ these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.

“This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation,” Rand said. “In solar cells, the __55__ goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a captive power __56__.” What makes this possible is a previously undetected band of “optical rectification,” says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light’s electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling __57__ of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to __58__ in a battery.

Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light’s magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through a _59__ that does not __60__ electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter. Sunlight isn’t this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fish said.

“In our most recent paper, we show t he incoherent light like sunlight is

theoretically almost as __61__ in producing charge separation as laser light is,” Fisher said.

This new __62__ could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in __63__ solar power to usable energy. That’s equivalent to today’s commercial-grade solar cells.

“To manufacture __64__ solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing,” Fisher said. “All we would need are len ses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for __65__. It’s already made in bulk, and it doesn’t require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.”

51. A. microscope B. instrument C. fiber D. battery

52. A. modification B. effects C. application D. results

53. A. frequently B. privately C. previously D. formerly

54. A. Under B. At C. On D. Over

55. A. light B. electricity C. chemical D. magnetism

56. A. plant B. equipment C. source D. line

57. A. down B. up C. together D. apart

58. A. this B. that C. those D. it

59. A. material B. lens C. meter D. detecter

60. A. produce B. convey C. use D. conduct

61. A. remote B. poor C. effective D. rare

62. A. prototype B. skill C. technique D. miracle

63. A. converting B. obtaining C. delivering D. transmitting

64. A. compact B. modern C. durable D. handy

65. A. others B. some C. all D. both

2012年度全国职称英语等级考试

理工类(A级)全真模拟试题(二)

答案

第1部分:词汇选项(第1-15题,每题1分,共15分)

1. B

2. B

3. A

4. C

5. B

6. C

7. B

8. B

9. B 10. C

11. B 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. A

第2部分:阅读判断(第16-22题,每题1分,共7分)

16. A 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. B 22. C

第3部分:概括大意与完成句子

23. A 24. D 25. F 26. B 27. B 28. F 29. E 30. C

第4部分:阅读理解(第31-45题,每题3分,共45分)

31. D 32. B 33. D 34. D 35. B

36. C 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. B

41. C 42. A 43. D 44. B 45. C

第5部分:补全短文

46. D 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. E

第6部分:完型填空

51. D 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. A

56. C 57. D 58. B 59. A 60. D

61. C 62. C 63. A 64. B 65. D

2012年职称英语等级考试模拟试题及答案解析理工类A级模拟试题(二)

2012年度全国职称英语等级考试 理工类(A级)全真模拟试题二 第1部分:词汇选项(第1-15题,每题1分,共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线,请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项 1. He was unable to give a credible explanation for his behavior. A. workable B. convincing C. practical D. reliable 2. Smoking is banned in the building. A. listed B. forbidden C. handled D. investigated 3. I want a job with good prospects for promotion. A. advancement B. replacement C. retirement D. advertisement 4. The report was compiled from a survey of 5000 households. A. printed B. attached C. written D. sent 5. The patient showed a marked improvement in her condition after changing medication. A. great B. clear C. quick D. regular 6. Actors dressed in authentic costumes re-enact the battle. A. faithful B. royal C. genuine D. sincere 7. People who travel by rail still read an immense amount. A. immediate B. enormous C. equal D. moderate 8. He demolished my argument in minutes. A. disapproved B. disputed C. accepted D. supported 9. Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife. A. evidence B. danger C. case D. picture 10. Ashley gazed at him, her thoughts in turmoil. A. failure B. doubt C. confusion D. relief 11. It was an article in the local newspaper which finally spurred him into action .

2013年职称英语综合类B级真题及答案(基本完整版)

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